279 KNm

PFw

N 400x8
P PwP
001
2
3

CONTENTS

400x80
PP W
WP F
PP
a
b
4
T
C
0

SYMBOLS
SECTION I
A
B

INTRODUCTION
LAYOUTS

SECTION II

12

12 3

4 30
2
0

0.
1
Hi
B
34
3
7
gh
ed
0
.K
8
Fl
R
2
5
oo
oc
N
- 017
kd
m
7
Le
ve
l
-

02lo
03od

Le
ve
l

DESIGN SUMMARY

C
D

DESIGN INFORMATION
LOAD CASES
D-1 LOAD COMBINATIONS

06
07
07

ABUTMENT STEM
E-1 LOADS ON ABUTMENT STEM
E-2 DESIGN LOADS
E-2-1
DESIGN LOAD EFFECTS AT ABUTMENT BOTTOM LEVEL
DESIGN LOAD EFFECTS AT 2.0m FROM ABUTMENT BOTTOM LEVEL
E-2-2
E-3 REINFORCEMENT SUMMARY OF ABUTMENT STEM
E-4 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL

08
09
09
09
10
11

WING WALLS AND CHAMFERS

F-1 DESIGN LOADS
F-1-1
DESIGN LOAD EFFECTS FOR LEFT WING WALL AND LEFT CHAMFER
DESIGN LOAD EFFECTS FOR RIGHT WING WALL AND RIGHT CHAMFER
F-1-2
F-2 SUMMARY OF RESULTS
F-2-1
LEFT WING WALL AND LEFT CHAMFER
F-2-2
RIGHT WING WALL AND RIGHT CHAMFER
F-3 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL
F-3-1
LEFT WING WALL AND LEFT CHAMFER
F-3-2
RIGHT WING WALL AND RIGHT CHAMFER

12
13
13
14
14
15
16
16
17

ABUTMENT STEM
G-1 LOADS ON ABUTMENT STEM
LOADS ON ABUTMENT STEM AT BOTTOM LEVEL
G-1-1
LOADS ON ABUTMENT STEM AT 2.0m FROM ABUTMENT BOTTOM LEVEL
G-1-2
G-2 DESIGN LOADS
DESIGN LOAD EFFECTS AT ABUTMENT BOTTOM LEVEL
G-2-1
DESIGN LOAD EFFECTS AT 2.0m FROM ABUTMENT BOTTOM LEVEL
G-2-2
G-3 DESIGN OF ABUTMENT STEM FOR ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE
DESIGN OF ABUTMENT STEM AT BOTTOM LEVEL
G-3-1
DESIGN OF ABUTMENT STEM AT2.0m FROM ABUTMENT BOTTOM LEVEL
G-3-2
G-4 DESIGN TO CONTROL THERMAL CRACKING
G-5 SUMMARY OF RESULTS
G-4 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL

18
19
22
25
25
25
26
26
28
30
33
34

WING WALLS AND CHAMFERS

H-1 LOADS ON WING WALLS AND CHAMFERS
H-1-1
LOADS ON LEFT WING WALL AND LEFT CHAMFER
H-1-2
LOADS ON RIGHT WING WALL AND RIGHT CHAMFER
H-2 DESIGN LOADS
H-2-1
DESIGN LOAD EFFECTS FOR LEFT WING WALL AND LEFT CHAMFER
H-2-2
DESIGN LOAD EFFECTS FOR RIGHT WING WALL AND RIGHT CHAMFER
H-3 DESIGN OF WING WALLS AND CHAMFERS FOR ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE
H-3-1
LEFT WING WALL AND LEFT CHAMFER
H-3-2
RIGHT WING WALL AND RIGHT CHAMFER
H-4 DESIGN TO CONTROL THERMAL CRACKING OF WING WALLS

35
35
37
39
39
39
40
40
43
46

SECTION III
G

DETAILED DESIGN CALCULATIONS

H-5

SUMMARY OF RESULTS

48

H-5-1
LEFT WING WALL AND LEFT CHAMFER
H-5-2
RIGHT WING WALL AND RIGHT CHAMFER
H-6 REINFORCEMENT DIAGRAM

48
49
50

H-6-1
H-6-2

50
51

LEFT WING WALL AND LEFT CHAMFER

RIGHT WING WALL AND RIGHT CHAMFER

Reference

Calculations

Output

Design of Box Culvert on A022 Road

1.0 Introduction
The Purpose of this report is to carry out detailed engineering design of a
single cell box culvert with internal dimensions of 1.20m x1.20m x0.2m
(breath x height x thickness).
The design parameters and loading combinations used are based on BD/01
(the design of Buried concrete Box and Portal frame structures ) of the DMRB
(Design Manuals for Road and Bridges) published by the Highway Agency UK.
Analysis was done using a 3D plate element Model on Commercial software of
SAP 2000.

10.0000

1.6000

Figure 1 :

Plan view of culvert

Figure 2 : Section view of culvert

2.0 Design Codes and References

2.1 Design Codes

Page - 1

British standard BS 5400 1978- Steel, Concrete and Composite Bridges

Design Manual for Road and Bridges BD 31/01- The design of Buried concrete
Box and Portal frame structures.

Reference

Calculations

Output

2.2 Reference
Bowels J.E (1997) - Foundation Analysis and Design (Fifth Edition)

3.0 General Data

3.1 Dimensions
Type of the Structure

= Single cell box culvert

Total Length of the culvert

= 10.00 m

Carriageway width of the culver

7.00 m

Internal Span of the culvert

Width of footwalk

=
=

1.20 m
1.50 m

Wall / SlabThickness

0.20 m

3.2 Parameters of Soil

Saturated density of soil (gs)

18

kN/m3

Angle of shearing resistance (f)

30

deg

Cohesion intercept (c')

3.3 Properties of Concret

Concrete Grade

25

N/mm2

Density of Asphalt concrete

23

N/mm3

Young's modulus of G25 concrete

26

Gpa

Poisson Ratio

0.17

Concrete cover to reinforcement

50

mm

3.4 Properties of Steel

Strength of Tor steel

Strength of mild steel

460 N/mm2
250 N/mm2

Young's modulus of steel

200 Gpa

4.0 Load Data and Load Calculations

4.1 Dead Load
Dead load of the structure is not calculated seperately since SAP 2000
acounts the self weight of the structure

Page - 2

4.2 Super Imposed Dead Load

For the purpose of super imposed dead load calculations it was
assumed that the culvert would have an asphalt overlay of 60 mm.
Super imposed dead load

Weight of parapat wall

BS 5400
Part 2: 1978

= 23 x 0.06
=

1.38 kN/m2

2.10 kN/m

5.00 kN/m2

4.3 Pedestrian Load

Pedestrian Loading

7.1.1

Reference

Calculations

Output

4.4 Vehical Loads

Span of the culvert
width of the carriage way

1.20 m

7.00 m

No of Notional Lanes

HA UDL

= 30

kN/1m of notional lane

= 30/3.5
8.57 kN/m2
HA KEL

= 120

HA UDL (kN/m2)
=

8.57

kN/notional lane

= 120/3.5
34.29 kN/m

HA KEL (kN/m)
= 34.29

30 units of HB (for one axle)

300 kN

4.5 Traction
Traction load HA

= 8 x 1.6 + 200
= 212.8 kN

Traction load HB

= 25% x 300
=

75

kN

4.6 Surcharge Load

HA Surcharge

= 10.00 kN/m2

HB Surcharge

12.5 kN/m2

4.7 Soil Load & Surcharge

Soil load on the walls are triangularly ditributed and the load due
to surcharge is a constant which does not vary with the depth

Values of Earth pressure coefficients

K min = 0.2
Ka

= 0.33

Ko

= 0.6

Page - 3

The horizontal pressure is different for different loading senarios. The value of
relavent K is obtained in accordance with BD 031.

5.0 Support Data

Page 503 ,
Foundation
analysisi
and Design
- Joshep E
Bowels

For SAP 2000 model spring supports are used. The spring constants are
calculated based on subgrade modulus value
Spring stiffness of the soil at the base of box culvert shall be calculated based on:
Ks = 40 qult (kN/m3)

40 x 2 x 125

###

Ks = ###

6.0 Load Combinations and Partial Sefety Factors

To obtain the critical load cases and combinations BS 5400 part 2: 1978 and BD 031 are used.

Reference

Calculations

Output

6.1 Partial Safety factors

BS 5400
Part 2: 1978
Table 1

Page - 4

Figure 4 :

Partial Safety Factor Table

6.2 Load Combinations

Load combinations to be considered are Combination-1, Combination-3
and Combination- 4
Combination-1

Permanent loads, Vertical live loads and Horizontal

live load surcharge

Combination-3

Combination-1 plus temperature effects

Combination-4

Permanent loads,Horizontal live load surcharge plus Traction

** Combination 1 and 4 are considered for the design

7.0 Analysis Method

The box structure is analyzed without modeling wing walls to it . Wing

walls are seperately analyzed.

Reference

Calculations
8.0.

Output

Analysis

Analysis was done by creating a finite element Model using the structural
analysis software SAP 2000.
8.1 Load Cases considered for the Modeling.
Load cases were selected based on the BD 031. Accordingly 17 load
combinations were considered for ultimate limit state . For servicibility
limit state also another 17 load combinations are created. For both
senarios separate envelopes are made results were taken based on those
two envelopes.
8.2 Finite Element Model
For the purpose of analysis a finite element model is made . Modeling was
done based on centerline dimensions. Major concern of the modelling
process was the selection of element size.

Since th ethickness of walls and slabs are 300 mm the element size was
decided as 300 mm x 300 mm in order to ensure the shell like behavior.
The model was done using shell elements . Four noded elements were
selected for modeling.

All the permanent and live loads were calculated according to Apendix - A
of BD 031 /01: Design Manual for Roads and Bridges published by the
Road Agency ,UK. The base was modeled with spring supports , where the
spring constants were calculated based on subgrade modulus and the
effective area for node from adjoining shell elements.

Page - 5

All the permanent and live loads were calculated according to Apendix - A
of BD 031 /01: Design Manual for Roads and Bridges published by the
Road Agency ,UK. The base was modeled with spring supports , where the
spring constants were calculated based on subgrade modulus and the
effective area for node from adjoining shell elements.

SAP 2000
User
References
- Analysis
Reference
Manual

Figure 5 :

SAP 2000 Shell Element Axis and Faces

Each Shell el e ment has its own element local coordinate system used to define
Material properties, loads and out put. The axes of local system are denoted 1, 2
and 3. The first two axes lie in the plane of the element with an orientation
specified; the third axis is nor mal.
In SAP 2000 out put the moments given are M11, M22 and M12 and
the forces F11, F22 and F22. According to the sign convention M11
gives the moments relavent to design of reinforcwement along the
direction of local axis 1. relavent shear force can be obtained from F11.
The positive moment gives the reinforcement for bottom face of the
element.

Reference

Calculations

Output

Load Cases considered

Case -01 (Maximim horizontal and Maximum vertical load)
case 1 -1 (With HA Alone & KEL applied near a wall)
case 1 -2 (With HA Alone & KEL applied at culvert center)
case 1 -3 (With HB Alone & applied near a wall)
case 1 -4 (With HB Alone & applied at culvert center)
Case -02 (Maximim horizontal and Minimum vertical load)
Case -03 (Minimum horizontal and Maximim vertical load)
case 3 -1 (With HA Alone & KEL applied near a wall)
case 3 -2 (With HA Alone & KEL applied at culvert center)
case 3 -3 (With HB Alone & applied near a wall)
case 3 -4 (With HB Alone & applied at culvert center)
Case -04 (Traction and Maximim vertical load)

Page - 6

case 4 -1 (With HA Alone & KEL applied near a wall)

case 4 -2 (With HA Alone & KEL applied at culvert center)
case 4 -3 (With HB Alone & applied near a wall)
case 4 -4 (With HB Alone & applied at culvert center)
Case -05 (Traction with Minimum vertical load)
case 5 -1 (With HA Alone & KEL applied near a wall)
case 5 -2 (With HA Alone & KEL applied at culvert center)
case 5 -3 (With HB Alone & applied near a wall)
case 5 -4 (With HB Alone & applied at culvert center)

Load Type

Case -01

fL

f3

Dead

1.15

Su. Dead

1.75

Handrail

Ka

Case -02

fL

f3

1.1

1.1

1
1

Case -03

Ka

fL

f3

1.15

1.1

1.75

1.1

1.75

1.1

1.75

1.1

Pedestrian

1.5

1.1

1.5

1.1

HA Loads

1.5

1.1

1.5

1.1

HB Loads

1.3

1.1

1.3

1.1

Earth Pressure

1.5

1.1

0.6

1.5

1.1

0.6

HA Surcharge

1.5

1.1

0.6

1.5

1.1

0.6

HB Surcharge

1.5

1.1

0.6

1.5

1.1

0.6

Ka

0.2

Traction HA
Traction HB

Load Type

Case -04

fL

f3

Dead

1.15

Su. Dead
Handrail

Ka

Case -05

fL

f3

1.1

1.75

1.1

1.75

1.1

Pedestrian

1.5

1.1

HA Loads

1.5

1.1

HB Loads

1.3

1.1

Ka

Earth Pressure 1.5,1.01.1,1.00.33,0.61.5,1.01.1,1.00.33,0.6

Reference

Traction HA

1.25

1.1

1.25

1.1

Traction HB

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

HA Surcharge

1.5

1.1 0.33,0.0 1.5

1.1 0.33,0.0

HB Surcharge

1.5

1.1 0.33,0.0 1.5

1.1 0.33,0.0

Calculations

Output

8.3 Results of the Finite Element Modeling

Page - 7

Figure 6 :

Finite Element Model and Mesh

Figure 7 :

Assigning the earth pressure

Figure 8 :

Reference

Assigning the HA UDL

Calculations

Output

Page - 8

Figure 9 :

Assigning the HB Loads

Figure 10 :

Figure 11 :

Assigning the Pedestrian Loads

Assigning the HA Traction

Page - 9

Reference

Calculations

Figure 12 :

Assigning the HA surcharge

Figure 12 :

Defining a load combination

Output

Page - 10

Reference

Calculations

Output

8.3.1 SAP 2000 Stress Contour Diagrams

8.3.1.1 SAP 2000 Stress Contour Diagrams for ULS

(a)Top Slab

Top slab : Top mesh

Main R/F:
Figure 7 : Momets for main r/f design - Top slab

Moment
shear =

4.5
85

Top slab : Bottom

mesh , Main R/F:
Moment
shear =

35
5

Figure 8 : Shear forces for main r/f design - Top slab

(b)Bottom Slab

Page - 11

Bottom slab : Top

mesh , Main R/F:
Moment
shear =

15
2

Figure 9 : Momets for main r/f design - Bottom slab

Reference

Calculations

Output

Bottom slab : Bottom

mesh , Main R/F:
Moment
shear =

5
30

Figure 10 : Shear forces for main r/f design - Bottom slab

Page - 12

Figure 11 : Moments fortransverse r/f design - Bottom slab

Bottom slab : Top

mesh , Transverse R/
Moment
shear =

5
30

Bottom slab : Bottom

mesh , Transverse R/
Moment
shear =

2
30

Figure 12 : Shear forces for transverse r/f design - Bottom slab

Reference

Calculations

Output

(c)Side walls

Side walls : Soil face

Main R/F:
Figure 13 : Moments for main r/f design - Side walls

Moment
shear =

28.6
25

Side walls : Water fac

, Main R/F:
Moment
shear =

4
5

Page - 13

Figure 14 : Shear forces for main r/f design - Side walls

Side walls : Soil face

,Transverse R/F:
Moment
shear =

12
8

Figure 15 : Moments for Transverse r/f design - Side walls

Side walls : Water fac

, Transverse R/F:
Moment
shear =

0
2

Figure 16 : Shear forces for transverse r/f design - Side walls

Reference

Calculations

Output

Side walls :Torsional

Moment

5.2

Figure 17 : Torsional moments for r/f design - Side walls

(d)

Torsion- top slab

Top Slab :Torsional

Moment

6.00

Page - 14

Figure 18 : Torsional moments for r/f design - top slab walls

Reference

Calculations

Output

9.0. Design
9.1 Design of Top Slab
9.1.1 Design of Reinforcement

Tt =

Cover to main r/f

50

mm

Characteristic strength of concrete

25

N/mm

Characteristic stregth of steel

Width of the slab considered

1000 mm

Depth of the top slab

200 mm

Max. Hogging moment of slab

4.5 kNm

Max. Sagging moment of slab

35

460 N/mm

Ultimate limit state

kNm

Page - 15

Diameter of main r/f

12

mm

Secondary reinforcement

10

mm

Effective Depth d =
K' =

144.0 mm
0.156

9.1.1.1 Design of sagging r/f

Msag

35 kNm/m
M / fcubd

0.068

< K'

So, compression reinforcement not required.

M = (0.87fy)Asz
z = (1 - 1.1fyAs/ fcubd) d

equation 1
equation 5

by simplifying
z = 0.5d ( 1 + (1 - 5.0K)^0.5)
z = 130.6
0.95d = 136.8
so ,

= 130.6

As1= M/0.87xFy x Z
=

670

=
minimum reinforcement As2 =

0.15

100 As/bd

So provide AS2 =

mm2

216 mm2
670 mm2

As = 12 mm dia. @ 150
Aspro = 679 mm2

T12@150

9.1.1.2 Design of Hogging r/f

Mhog

4.5 kNm/m
M / fcubd

0.009

< K'

So, compression reinforcement not required.

Reference

Calculations
M = (0.87fy)Asz
z = (1 - 1.1fyAs/ fcubd) d

Output
equation 1
equation 5

by simplifying
z = 0.5d ( 1 + (1 - 5.0K)^0.5)
z = 142.4

Page - 16

0.95d = 136.8
so ,

= 136.8

As1= M/0.87xFy x Z
=

82.2

=
minimum reinforcement As2 =

0.15

100 As/bd

mm2

216 mm2

So provide AS2 =

216 mm2

T12@150
As = 12 mm dia. @ 150
Aspro = 679 mm2
9.1.1.3 Distribution steel
100 As/bd

= 0.12
As = 172.8 mm2

As = 10 mm dia. @ 15
Aspro = 471 mm2

T10@150

9.1 Check for servicibility crack width

Servicibility limit state
Mq =
Mg =
Total SLS moment for crack widt=
Design for crack width = 3acrm
1+2(acr-cnom)/(h-dc)

9.2 kNm
1

kNm

10.2 kNm

acr = Distance from crack

location to surface of
the nearest bar/ mm
cnom = nominal cover/ mm
h = overall depth of the section/ mm
dc = depth of concrete in compression/ mm
m = Strain at the cracking level

150 mm

acr

Reference

Calculations

50 mm

Output
Page - 17

Diameter of the reinforcement(d) = 12

spacing =
=

mm

150
75

mm

from geometry, (acr + (d/2)) = ((d/2) + c)2 + (s/2)2

acr = ((12.5+50)2+752)1/2-10
= 87.60 mm
2

m = 1- 2
1 = stiffening ignored strain of
concrete at crack level
2 = strain of fully cracked section
2 =
(3.8) bt h ( a' - dc) x (1-Mq/Mg)x10-9
s As (h - dc)
a' = Distance from the compression
face to the crack
s = strain in the tension rienforcement
Mq = Moment due to liveloads
Mg = Moment due to Deadloads
y1 = distance of extreme tension fiber
to nutral axis
IC = moment of inertia of cracked section
e = Modulous ratio
= ES / E C
1 = M y
I C EC
y = distance from NA to crack location
x = depth to NA
= dc
Calculating Neutral axis depth
1/2bx2 + eAsx - eAsd = 0
2
x = - eAs [ (eAs) + 2b e As d ]

b
Es =
Short term Modulus =
of Elastic of crt

200 kN/mm2
26

kN/mm2

Ec = 26 / 2
Ec = 13
kN/mm2
(It is necessary to consider the apparent concrete strain. This must done by
Elastic analysis using half value of Ec)
e = 200 / 13
= 15.38
As = 678.8 mm2
d = 144.0 mm

Page - 18

x (dc) = 45.39 mm
y = 1240 - 180.21
y = 154.6 mm
IC = 1/3 bx3 + eAs(d - x Cracked
)2
section
considering material transformation

Reference

Calculations

Output

2
= 1/3 x 1000 x3 45.4 + 15.385
x 679 ( 144 - 45.4 )

IC =

###

mm4

1 = 0 x 106 x155
3

132726082.84 x 13 x 10
1 =

###
###

1 = 0.00091 mm

(1-M
(3.8) bt h ( a' - d
) q/Mg).10-9
c

2 =

s As (h - dc)
a' = h
h = 200
s = ( d - x ) x 1
(h-x)
= ( 144 - 45.4 ) x 0.000914
( 200 - 45.4 )
= 0.090
155
s = 0.00058 mm
Mq =
Mg =

9.2 kNm
1.0 kNm

2 = 3.8 x1000 x1240( 1240-679 )

(1-9.2/1)10

0.00058x679 (200-155 )
2 = -0.01575 <0
Therefore 3 = 0
m = 1577070645.57405 - 0
=

0.0009 mm

Design for crack width = 3acrm

1+2(acr-cnom)/(h-dc)
=

0.162

<0.25 ok

9.2 Design of Bottom Slab

Page - 19

Moments obtained from sap2000 analysis does not show significant values.
Therefore minimum R/f would be provided for base slab.
Top main bar

= T12@150
= T10@150

Top Secondry bar

= T12@150
= T10@150

Bottom main bar

Bottom secondry bar

Reference

Calculations

Output

9.3 Design of Side Walls

Cover to main r/f

50

mm

Characteristic strength of concrete

Characteristic stregth of steel

25

N/mm

Width of the slab considered (b)

1000 mm

Depth of the top slab (Tt)

200 mm

Max. Hogging moment of slab

28.6 kNm

Max. Sagging moment of slab

4.0 kNm

Diameter of main r/f

12

mm

Secondary reinforcement

10

mm

460 N/mm

Ultimate limit state

Effective Depth d =
K' =

144.0 mm
0.156

9.1.1.1 Design of sagging r/f

Msag

4 kNm/m
M / fcubd

0.008

< K'

So, compression reinforcement not required.

M = (0.87fy)Asz
z = (1 - 1.1fyAs/ fcubd) d

equation 1
equation 5

by simplifying
z = 0.5d ( 1 + (1 - 5.0K)^0.5)
z = 142.6
0.95d = 136.8
so ,

= 136.8

As1= M/0.87xFy x Z

Page - 20

= 73.06 mm2
100 As/bd

0.15

minimum reinforcement As2 =

216 mm2

So provide AS2 =

216 mm2

As = 12 mm dia. @ 150
Aspro = 679 mm2
9.1.1.2 Design of Hogging r/f

Mhog

28.6 kNm/m
M / fcubd

0.055

< K'

So, compression reinforcement not required.

Reference

Output
M = (0.87fy)Asz
z = (1 - 1.1fyAs/ fcubd) d

equation 1
equation 5

by simplifying
z = 0.5d ( 1 + (1 - 5.0K)^0.5)
z = 144.0
0.95d = 136.8
so ,

= 136.8

As1= M/0.87xFy x Z
=

522

=
minimum reinforcement As2 =

0.15

100 As/bd

So provide AS2 =

mm2

216 mm2
522 mm2

As = 12 mm dia. @ 150
Aspro = 679 mm2
9.1.1.3 Distribution steel
100 As/bd

= 0.12
As = 172.8 mm2

As = 10 mm dia. @ 15
Aspro = 471 mm2

9.1 Check for servicibility crack width

Page - 21

Servicibility limit state

Mq =

8.2 kNm

Mg =

0.85 kNm

Total SLS moment for crack widt=

Design for crack width = 3acrm
1+2(acr-cnom)/(h-dc)

9.05 kNm

acr = Distance from crack

location to surface of the
nearest bar/ mm
cnom = nominal cover/ mm
h = overall depth of the section/ mm
dc = depth of concrete in compression/ mm
m = Strain at the cracking level

150 mm

acr

50 mm

Reference

Output
Diameter of the reinforcement(d) = 12
spacing =
=

mm

150
75

mm

from geometry, (acr + (d/2)) = ((d/2) + c)2 + (s/2)2

acr = ((12.5+50)2+752)1/2-10
= 87.60 mm
2

m = 1- 2
1 = stiffening ignored strain of
concrete at crack level
2 = strain of fully cracked section
2 =
(3.8) bt h ( a' - dc) x (1-Mq/Mg)x10-9
s As (h - dc)
a' = Distance from the compression
face to the crack
s = strain in the tension rienforcement
Mq = Moment due to liveloads
Mg = Moment due to Deadloads
y1 = distance of extreme tension fiber
to nutral axis
IC = moment of inertia of cracked section

Page - 22

e = Modulous ratio
= ES / E C
1 = M y
I C EC
y = distance from NA to crack location
x = depth to NA
= dc
Calculating Neutral axis depth
1/2bx2 + eAsx - eAsd = 0
2
x = - eAs [ (eAs) + 2b e As d ]

b
Es =
Short term Modulus =
of Elastic of crt

200 kN/mm2
26

kN/mm2

Ec = 26 / 2
Ec = 13
kN/mm2
(It is necessary to consider the apparent concrete strain. This must done by
Elastic analysis using half value of Ec)
e = 200 / 13
= 15.38
As = 678.8 mm2
d = 144.0 mm
x (dc) = 45.39 mm
y = 1240 - 180.21
y = 154.6 mm
IC = 1/3 bx3 + eAs(d - x Cracked
)2
section
considering material transformation

Reference

Calculations

Output

= 1/3 x 1000 x3 45.4 + 15.385

x 679 ( 144 - 45.4 )
2
IC =
### mm4
1 = 0 x 106 x155
3

132726082.84 x 13 x 10
1 =

###
###

1 = 0.00081 mm

2 =

(1-M
(3.8) bt h ( a' - d
) q/Mg).10-9
c
s As (h - dc)

a' = h
h = 200

Page - 23

s = ( d - x ) x 1
(h-x)
= ( 144 - 45.4 ) x 0.000811
( 200 - 45.4 )
= 0.080
155
s = 0.00052 mm
Mq =
Mg =

8.2 kNm
0.9 kNm

2 = 3.8 x1000 x1240( 1240-679 )

(1-8.2/0.85)10

0.00052x679 (200-155 )

Therefore

2 = -0.01872 <0
3 = 0
m = 1399263661.02403 - -0.018716
=

0.0008 mm

Design for crack width = 3acrm

1+2(acr-cnom)/(h-dc)
=

0.143

<0.25 ok

Design Shear force at critical section

Shear stress,

V = 85.0
v = V/bd
= ###

0.75(fcu)1/2 = ### >v ok

1/3
1/3
Ultimate shear stress i vc = (0.27/m)(100As/bwd) (fcu)
= 0.49

Depth factor, s = (500/d)1/4

= 1.26

svc= ### > v

Hence shear r/f not required

Page - 24

Output

Page - 25

Output

Page - 26

Output

HA UDL (kN/m2)
8.57

HA KEL (kN/m)
34.29

Page - 27

kN/m3

d BD 031 are used.

Output

Page - 28

Output

Page - 29

Output

Page - 30

Output

Page - 31

Output

Page - 32

Page - 33

Output

Page - 34

Output

Top slab : Top mesh ,

Main R/F:
4.5 kNm/m
85

kN/m

Top slab : Bottom

mesh , Main R/F:
35
5

kNm/m
kN/m

Page - 35

Bottom slab : Top

mesh , Main R/F:
15
2

kNm/m
kN/m

Output

Bottom slab : Bottom

mesh , Main R/F:
5
30

kNm/m
kN/m

Page - 36

Bottom slab : Top

mesh , Transverse R/F:
5
30

kNm/m
kN/m

Bottom slab : Bottom

mesh , Transverse R/F:
2
30

kNm/m
kN/m

Output

Side walls : Soil face ,

Main R/F:
28.6 kNm/m
25

kN/m

Side walls : Water face

, Main R/F:
4

kNm/m

kN/m

Page - 37

Side walls : Soil face

,Transverse R/F:
12
8

kNm/m
kN/m

Side walls : Water face

, Transverse R/F:
0

kNm/m

kN/m

Output

Side walls :Torsional

5.2 kNm/m

Top Slab :Torsional

6.00 kNm/m

Page - 38

Output

Page - 39

T12@150

Output

Page - 40

T12@150

T10@150

Output
Page - 41

Page - 42

Output

Page - 43

Output

Page - 44

Output

Page - 45

Output

Page - 46

Output

Page - 47

Page - 48