Introduction To Power Quality

WIRING DESIGN WORKSHOP
M ODULE PQ2 F UNDAMENTAL OF P OWER Q UALITY
Fundamental of Power Quality
P r o f . H e w W o o i P i n g / I r H P L o o i / I r L i m K i m Te n
xxxxxx@gmail.com
Ve r s i o n 2 . 0 0 , M a r c h 2 0 1 5
SYNOPSIS FUNDAMENTALS OF POWER QUALITY
The presentation explains fundamental concepts in Power

Quality for industry with the following topical discussions:
1. Defining and understanding Power Quality.

2. PQ & EMC Concepts
3. International Standards on PQ
4. The economics of PQ
5. Current Status of Malaysian system.
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
POWER QUALITY AN ANALOGY
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
EXPLAINING POWER QUALITY
ISO 9000:
Quality is all inner and
distinct elements that satisfy
the
clear
or
coercive
expectations of customers
and interested parties".
Mark McGranaghan:
Any power problem manifested in voltage, current, or
frequency deviation that results in failure or
misoperation of customer equipment".
In principle even natural level of quality MAY NOT be
satisfactory for some end-user (Angelo Bagini)
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
PQ IS A MULTIDIMENSIONAL ISSUE
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
PQ IS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY
M. Bollen:
Various sources use the term power quality with different
meanings. [] What all these terms have in common is that
they treat the interaction between the utility and the
customer, or in technical terms, between the power system
and the load".
Power
Quality
Consumer
PQ looks different to
stake holders. PQ may
even look different for
different consumers.
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
Defining PQ Phenomenon
Types of HF & LF Phenomenon
EMC Concepts
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
Power Quality are issues relating to disturbance to the

power source due to external or internal influence.
POWER
SUPPLY
L.V. MAINS INTERFERENCE

PQ2,
V2; March
2015
10
PQ PHENOMENA
Two terms are associated (and often confused with

each other):
1.
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
2.
Power Quality (PQ);
Technically PQ is
a sub set of EMC
But often PQ is
used
as
the
catch-all phrase
for
the
same
issue
EMC
PQ
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
11
EMC AND PQ PHENOMENA
PQ
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
12
CONCEPT ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY
ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC)
EMC DEFINITION
THE ABILITY OF A DEVICE, EQUIPMENT OR SYSTEM TO
FUNCTION SATISFACTORILY IN ITS ELECTROMAGNETIC
ENVIRONMENT
WITHOUT
INTRODUCING
INTOLERABLE
DISTURBANCES TO THAT ENVIRONMENT OR TO OTHER
EQUIPMENT
Emission A
ipment X
Susceptibility B
Equipment A
Equipment M
Equipment B
Equipmen
t
Electromagnetic
Environment
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
13 CONCEPT ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY

DEFINITION ELECTROMAGNETIC DISTURBANCE
Any
Electromagnetic
phenomenon capable of impairing
the performance of a device,
equipment or system.
ELECTRO - MAGNETIC
Electric (E)
Field
Magnetic (H)
Field
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
14
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
15
The
Environment
can
be
characterised by a controller and
device exchanging signals
via a
media (e.g. cable).
The controller/device exist in an environment which has
electromagnetic emitters and susceptible devices.
EM disturbance is defined as any electro-magnetic
phenomenon capable of impairing the performance of a
device, equipment or system.
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
16
CONCEPT HF/LF PHENOMENA
Low Frequency (LF) Interference

Frequency range
:
0 < frequency < 1 to 5 MHz
LF interference mainly through conducted form (i.e. via cables etc.
Duration
Long duration (> 10ms), may be continuous.
Energy :
Conducted energy may be high , high possibility of
damage to connected devices.
High Frequency (HF) Interference

Frequency range
:
Frequency > 30 MHz
HF interference mainly radiated form (through air)
Duration
HF pulses, pulse rise time < 10ns
Energy :
Radiated
spurious tripping etc.
energy
is
low.
Equipment
malfunction,
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
17
CONCEPTS LV MAINS INTERFERENCE
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
18
Phenomenon
Amplitude of
variations
V Fluctuation
U < 10%
Duration of fault
Arc Furnaces;
Welding machines;
Frequent starting of large loads
(slow variation)
Flicker
U < 10%
V Surge
U < 10%
Origin
Switching of large loads (motors,

furnaces, boilers etc).
(fast variation)
V Dip
10% < U <

100%
10ms 500ms
Powering up of large loads (motors,

large transformers etc)
Short circuit on main LV dist.
Brief power
failure
U = 100%
Brief 10ms 1min

Long 0.3s 1min
Permanent >1min
Powering up inrush current of large

loads (motors, large transformers
etc)
Surge
Voltage
U > 10%
Impulsive
Accidental (connection mistake)

MV system origination
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
19
Phenomena
Variations
Origins
Harmonics
Multiple 50Hz, 3rd,

5th, 7th, 11th
Harmonics are mainly LF interference and

are therefore conducted. Source are nonlinear
loads
(rectifiers,
electronics,
fluorescent lamps etc.
Transients
5ms rise, 50ms

pulse duration;
Over-V > 4kV.
Conducted but are also easily injected into

neighbouring cables by radiation. High
speed switching of mechanical or electronic
switches. Lightning, earth faults,
commutation failure etc.
Electrostatic
Discharge
(ESD)
5ns rise, 60ns

pulse duration;
Over-V > 2-15kV
Charge transfer between surfaces especially

synthetic materials (plastics, fabric etc).
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
20
CONCEPTS HARMONICS
Harmonics
Distortion
of
the
sinusoidal
waveform.
The waveform can be broken
down (or analysed) based on its
frequency (Fourier series).
Harmonic are principally LF
phenomenon and are therefore
mainly conducted.
All non-linear loads (rectifier,
discharge lamps, etc consume nonsinusoidal
wave
&
therefore
generate harmonic.
Power source converts harmonic
into harmonic voltages thro its
internal impedance.
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
21
CONCEPTS HARMONICS
Total Harmonics Distortion (THD)

The THD in percentage is a metric to determine the amount of
distortion to any signal compared with the fundamental (first order)
sinusoidal signal.
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
22
CONCEPTS HARMONICS
Main sources of harmonics

Inverters, choppers
Bridge rectifiers, electrolysis,
welding machines
Arc furnaces,
Induction ovens,
Electronic starters,
Variable Speed Drives (VSD)
Frequency converters
Saturable
magnetic
circuits
(transformers etc)
Harmonics
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
23
CONCEPTS IMPACT OF HARMONICS
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
24
CONCEPTS TRANSIENTS
Transients
Very short duration 5 ms
Pulse duration 50ms
Repetitive
phenomenon;
bursts for roughly 15ms
pulse
Repetitive frequency; successive

bursts roughly every 300ms
Low energy pulses
High amplitude overvoltage<4kV

HF phenomenon; can be injected
thro conduction and radiation.
Origins: High speed switching;
capacitor
switching;
lightning,
atmospheric EM radiation
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
25
CONCEPTS TRANSIENTS
Lightning Induced Transient
Capacitor Switching
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
26
CONCEPTS TRANSIENTS
Switching an inductive circuit

Under steady-state conditions, inductive load do not generate disturbance. Switching an inductive
circuit produces the following across contact terminals:
Significant overvoltages in a series of breakdowns of dielectric, followed possibly by arcing;
Damped oscillation of the voltage at the natural frequency of the circuit consisting of the inductive
load and its control line.
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
27
TRANSIENTS ELECTRO STATIC DISCHARGE
ESD
Impulse current flowing from an object with
higher potential in contact with another object
with lower potential.
Very short duration of pulse rise time ~ 1ns
Pulse duration ~ 60ns
Isolated nature of the phenomenon : 1
discharge per event.
Every high voltage at the start of the
discharge (2 to 15kV or more),
Origins: Mainly electrostatic discharges.
Frequency domain
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
28
TRANSIENTS ELECTRO STATIC DISCHARGE
ESD - Origins
Electrostatic charges
HF
phenomena;
conducted & radiated.
ESD - Effect
Equipment
malfunction
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
29
PRINCIPLE EMC PHENOMENA
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
30
PRINCIPLE EMC PHENOMENA
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
Cartoon courtesy of IEC Guide 107

PQ2,
V2; March
2015
32
EMC STANDARDS
CISPR = Special international

committee on radio interference)
CIGRE = International
Conference on Large HV Electric
System
UNIPE = International Union of
Producers and Distributors of
Electric Energy
Advisory Committee on
Electromagnetic Compatibility;
Coordination of all cross
committees on EMC
International
Organisation of
Legal Metrology
TC77 created
in 1973
International Telecommunication Union

PQ2,
V2; March
2015
33
CLASS OF EMC STANDARDS
EMC Standards may be typed as:
Standards
Technical Report (TR)
Technical Specifications (TS)
Guide
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
34
CLASS OF EMC STANDARDS
EMC Standards may be Class as:

Basic Standards
Specifies the general conditions or rules necessary for achieving EM
Compatibility. Serves also as a building block for the IEC technical
committees that develop EMC Product standards. Technical reports
are considered basic standards
Generic Standard
Are simplified product standards related to a specified environment
and are applicable for all equipment installed in this environment.
Generic Standards may be developed for residential, commercial
and light industrial environments.
Product Standards
Specifies the requirements and tests specific to a product. A product
family standard relates to a group of products where similar rules
apply. Product standards must only apply Basic Standards
(applicable); be coordinated with Generic Standards and keep to
emission limit specified by TC77.
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
35
EMC STANDARDS
EMC IEC 61000 SERIES DEALS WITH EMC

PART 1 GENERAL
Definitions, Terminology
PART 2 ENVIRONMENT
Description of the Environment
Classification of the Environment
Compatibility Levels
PART 3 LIMITS
Emission Limits
Immunity Limits
PART 4 TESTING & MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES

Measurement Techniques
Testing Techniques
PART 5 INSTALLATION and MITIGATION GUIDELINES

Installation Guidelines
Mitigation methods and device
PART 6 GENERIC STANDARDS

PART 7 - MISCELLANEOUS
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
IEC 61000 - Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)

Part 1
General
TR
Section 1
Application and interpretation of fundamental definitions and terms 2005
TS
Section 2
Methodology for the achievement of functional safety of electrical

and electronic systems including equipment with regard to
electromagnetic phenomena .
2011
TR
Section 3
The effects of high-altitude EMP (HEMP) on civil equipment and

systems .
2006
TR
Section 4
Historical rationale for the limitation of power-frequency conducted

harmonic current emissions from equipment, in the frequency
range up to 2 kHz
2005
TR
Section 5
High power electromagnetic (HPEM) effects on civil systems
2011
TR
Section 6
Guide to the assessment of measurement uncertainty
2012
Part 2
Description of the environment
TR
Section 1
Electromagnetic environment for low-frequency conducted disturbances and 2005

signalling in public power supply systems
Section 2
Compatibility levels for low-frequency conducted disturbances and

signalling in public low-voltage power supply systems
2003
Section 3
Radiated and non-network-frequency-related conducted

phenomena
2010
36
PQ2,
V2; March
2015

Part 2
Description of the environment

Section 4
Compatibility levels in industrial plants for low-frequency

conducted disturbances
2006
TR
Section 5
Description and classification of electromagnetic environments
2011
TR
Section 6
Assessment of the emission levels in the power supply of industrial

plants as regards low-frequency conducted disturbances.
2009
TR
Section 7
Low frequency magnetic fields in various environments
2001
TR
Section 8
Voltage dips and short interruptions on public electric power supply systems
with statistical measurement results
2011
Section 9
Description of HEMP environment - Radiated disturbance.
2002
Section 10
Description of HEMP environment - Conducted disturbance
2011
Section 11
Classification of HEMP environments
2010
Section 12
Compatibility levels for low-frequency conducted disturbances and

signalling in public medium-voltage power supply systems
2004
Section 13
High-power electromagnetic (HPEM) environments - Radiated and

conducted
2003
Section 14
Over-voltages on public electricity distribution networks
2012
TR
37
PQ2,
V2; March
2015

Part 3
Limits
Section 2
Limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment input current

16A per phase)
2014
Section 3
Limitation of voltage changes, voltage fluctuations and flicker in

public low-voltage supply systems, for equipment with rated
current 16 A per phase and not subject to conditional connection
2013
TS
Section 4
Limitation of emission of harmonic currents in low-voltage

power supply systems for equipment with rated current greater
than 16 A
2010
TS
Section 5
Limitation of voltage fluctuations and flicker in low-voltage power

supply systems for equipment with rated current greater than 75 A
2009
TR
Section 6
Assessment of emission limits for the connection of distorting

installations to MV, HV and EHV power systems
2008
Section 7
Assessment of emission limits for the connection of fluctuating

2008
Section 8
Signalling on low-voltage electrical installations - Emission levels,

frequency bands and electromagnetic disturbance levels
2009
Section 11
2008
Limitation of voltage changes, voltage fluctuations and flicker in
public low-voltage supply systems - Equipment with rated current
75 A and subject to conditional connection
PQ2, V2; March 2015
38
Part 3
Limits
Section 12
Limits for harmonic currents produced by equipment connected to

public low-voltage systems with input current >16 A and 75 A per
phase.
2011
TR
Section 13
Assessment of emission limits for the connection of unbalanced

2008
TR
Section 14
2011
Assessment of emission limits for harmonics, inter-harmonics,
voltage fluctuations and unbalance for the connection of disturbing
installations to LV power systems
TR
Section 15
Assessment of low frequency electromagnetic immunity and

emission requirements for dispersed generation systems in LV
network
Part 4
Testing and Measurement Techniques
39
2011
Section 1
Overview of 61000-4 series
2010
Section 2
Electrostatic discharge immunity test
2012
Section 3
Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test
2010
Section 4
Electrical fast transient/burst immunity test
2012
Section 5
Surge immunity test
2014
Section 6
2013
Immunity to conducted disturbances, induced by radio-frequency
fields
PQ2, V2; March 215

Part 4
40

Section 7
General guide on harmonics and inter-harmonics measurements and

instrumentation, for power supply systems and equipment
connected thereto.
2010
Section 8
Power frequency magnetic field immunity test
2009
Section 9
Pulse magnetic field immunity test
2006
Section 10
Damped oscillatory magnetic field immunity test
2011
Section 11
Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations immunity

tests
2004
Section 12
Oscillatory waves (Ring wave) immunity test
2009
Section 13
Harmonics and inter-harmonics including mains signalling at a.c.

power port, low frequency immunity tests
2009
Section 14
Voltage fluctuation immunity test for equipment with input current

not exceeding 16 A per phase
2009
Section 15
Flickermeter - Functional and design specifications
2010
Section 16
Test for immunity to conducted, common mode disturbances in the

frequency range 0 Hz to 150 kHz
2011
Section 17
Ripple on d.c. input power port immunity test.
2009
Section 18
Damped oscillatory wave immunity test
2011

Part 4
41

Section 19
Test for immunity to conducted, differential mode disturbances and

signalling in the frequency range 2 kHz to 150 kHz at a.c. power ports
2014
Section 20
Emission and immunity testing in transverse electromagnetic (TEM)

waveguides
2010
Section 21
Reverberation chamber test methods
2011
Section 22
Radiated emissions and immunity measurements in fully anechoic rooms

(FARs)
2010
Section 23
Test methods for protective devices for HEMP and other radiated disturbances 2010
Section 24
Test methods for protective devices for HEMP conducted disturbance 2002
Section 25
HEMP immunity test methods for equipment and systems
2012
Section 27
Unbalance, immunity test for equipment with input current not

exceeding 16 A per phase
2009
Section 28
Variation of power frequency, immunity test for equipment with

input current not exceeding 16 A per phase
2009
Section 29
Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations on d.c. input

power port immunity tests
2008
Section 30
Power quality measurement methods
2015

Part 4
TR
Section 32
High-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) simulator compendium
2010
Section 33
Measurement methods for high-power transient parameters
2009
Section 34
Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations immunity tests for
equipment with mains current more than 16 A per phase
2011
Section 35
Testing and measurement techniques - HPEM simulator compendium
2009
Section 36
IEMI immunity test methods for equipment and systems
2014
TR
Part 5
Installation and Mitigations
TR
Section 1
General considerations
2012
TR
Section 2
Earthing and cabling
2011
TR
Section 3
HEMP protection concepts
2007
TS
Section 4
Immunity to HEMP - Specifications for protective devices against

HEMP radiated disturbance. Basic
2008
Section 5
Specification of protective devices for HEMP conducted disturbance.
2002
Section 6
Mitigation of external EM influences
2006
Section 7
Degrees of protection provided by enclosures against electromagnetic disturbances
2001
Section 8
HEMP protection methods for the distributed infrastructure
2009
Section 9
System-level susceptibility assessments for HEMP and HPEM
2009
TR
TS

Part 6
TS
Generic Standards
Section 1
Immunity for residential, commercial and light-industrial

environments
2005
Section 2
Immunity for industrial environments
2005
Section 3
Emission standard for residential, commercial and light-industrial

environment
2011
Section 4
Emission standard for industrial environments
2011
Section 5
Immunity for power station and substation environments
2007
Section 6
HEMP immunity for indoor equipment
2004
Section 7
Immunity requirements for equipment intended to perform functions in a

safety-related system (functional safety) in industrial locations
2014
CISPR11
Industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio-frequency equipment - Electromagnetic disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement
2008
CISPR12
Vehicles, boats and internal combustion engine driven devices Radio

disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement for the
protection of receivers except those installed in the vehicle/boat/device itself
or in adjacent vehicles/boats/devices
2009
CISPR13
Sound and television broadcast receivers and associated equipment - Radio

disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement
2004
43
IEC 61000 - Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)2001
CISPR14
Electromagnetic compatibility - Requirements for household appliances ,

electric tools and similar apparatus Part 1
Emission
Part 2
Immunity - Product family standard
CISPR15
Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of

electrical lighting and similar equipment
CISPR16
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and

methods
TR
2008
Part 1
Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
2010
Part 2
Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity
2008
Part3
Reports and recommendations of CISPR
2005
Part 4
Uncertainty in EMC measurements
CISPR17
Methods of measurement of the suppression characteristics of passive radio

interference filters and suppression components
CISPR18
Radio interference characteristics of overhead power lines and high-voltage

equipment.
2001
Part 1
Description of phenomena
2002
Part 2
Methods of measurement and procedure for determining limits
2010
Part 3
Code of practice for minimizing the generation of radio noise
2009
45
EMC STANDARDS
IEC 61000 - Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)2001
CISPR20
Sound and television broadcast receivers and associated equipment - Immunity

characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement
200
2
CISPR21
Interference to mobile radio-communications in the presence of impulsive noise

- Methods of judging degradation and measures to improve performance
201
0
CISPR22
Information technology equipment - Radio disturbance characteristics - Limits

and methods of measurement
201
1
CISPR23
Determination of limits for industrial, scientific and medical equipment
201
2
CISPR24
Information technology equipment - Immunity characteristics - Limits and

methods of measurement
200
9
CISPR25
Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics for the

protection of receivers used on board vehicles
201
1
CISPR28
TR3
Industrial, scientific and medical equipment (ISM) - Guidelines for emission

levels within the bands designated by the ITU
200
4
CISPR30
TR3
Test method on electromagnetic emissions from electronic ballasts for singleand double-capped fluorescent lamps
200
2
46
EMC PRODUCT STANDARDS - EXAMPLES
IEC 61204-3 LV power supplies d.c. output; Part 3 EMC

IEC 61326-1 Electrical equipment for measurement control and
laboratory use EMC requirement
IEC 61543 Residual current operated protective devices
(RCDs) for household and similar use EMC
IEC 61547 Equipment for general lighting purposes EMC
immunity requirements
IEC 61800-3 Adjustable speed electrical power drive systems
Part 3; EMC product standard including specific test
methods
IEC/TR 61917 Cables, cable assemblies and connectors
introduction to EMC screening measurements
IEC 62040-2 UPS; Part 2: EMC requirements
47 HOW ABOUT US PQ STANDARDS?
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
48 HOW ABOUT US PQ STANDARDS?
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
49
SEMI F47
http://www.semi.org
While the IEC EMC 61000 suite on voltage dips and sags may have
been branded as inadequate by the semi conductor industry, the
Semiconductor Manufacturers, Tool Suppliers and Compliance
Testing Companies has developed a standard called:
SEMI F47 (0706)

Semi conductor requires high levels of PQ and are more
sensitive to PQ variations.
SEMI F47 addresses issues of voltage sags and dips

immunity for tools and subsystems in the semiconductor
industry.
Mirror standard in IEC is 61000-4-11 and 61000-4-34.
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
51
1. Direct
2. Indirect
3. Social
ECONOMICS OF PQ IMPACT CATEGORIES
loss of production
unrecoverable down time and resources
(e.g. raw material, labour, capital)
process restart costs
spoilage of (semi-)finished production
equipment damage
direct costs associated with human health
and safety
financial penalties incurred through nonfulfilment of contract
environmental financial penalties
utility costs associated with the
interruption
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
52
1. Direct
2. Indirect
ECONOMICS OF PQ IMPACT CATEGORIES
the costs to an organization of revenue/

income being postponed.
the financial cost of loss of market share.
the cost of restoring brand equity.
3. Social
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
53
ECONOMICS OF PQ - MITIGATIONS
Cost of:
mitigating solutions (deterministic)
poor PQ (Stochastics)
Deterministic:
Bottom-up approach (tech)
Top-down approach (survey)
Causes: Events and Phenomena
Effects: Technical and Economical
Statistics: Internal and External
Knowing the exact variables or cause

and effect of PQ in the system and
determining the solution
Stochastics:
Not knowing the exact variables or

cause but using statistical methods
and knowing the effect to determine
the mitigation masures.
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
54
ECONOMICS OF PQ - MITIGATIONS
Cost of:
mitigating solutions (deterministic)
poor PQ (Stochastics)
Deterministic:
Bottom-up approach (tech)
Top-down approach (survey)
Causes: Events and Phenomena
Effects: Technical and Economical
Statistics: Internal and External
Knowing the exact variables or cause

and effect of PQ in the system and
determining the solution
Stochastics:
Not knowing the exact variables or
cause but using statistical methods
and knowing the effect to determine
the mitigation measures.
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
PQ2, V1; January 2015
56
THE MALAYSIAN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Transmission Voltages;
500kV /132kV/33kV/11kV
Capacity
18 GW
Over 7.8 million consumers
57
ELECTRICAL SECTOR INDICATORS
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
58
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
59
Delivery Point Unreliability Index (DePUI) System Minutes
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
60
Electricity Interruptions per 1000 Consumers TNB System
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
61
Monthly Average Electricity Supply Interruptions
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
62
Electricity Supply Interruptions per 1,000 Consumers KHTP System
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
63
Monthly Average Electricity Supply Interruptions
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
64
Reported Overvoltages Incidents
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
65

Types of Unscheduled Interruptions
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
66
System Average Interruptions Duration Index (SAIDI)
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
67
Customer Average Interruptions Duration Index (CAIDI)

SAIDI (Minutes/Customer/Year) by Voltage Level
System Average Interruptions Frequency Index (SAIFI)

SAIFI (No of Interruptions/Customer/Year) by Voltage Level
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
68
Voltage Dip Incidents at Kulim Hi-tech Park
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
69
System Average RMS Frequency Index (SARFI)

System sags below % of nominal RMS Level
SARFI Comparison with Selected Utilities
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
70
Covert all LV O/H lines using bare aluminum to Aerial Bundled Cables
Cost against reliability of the various over

head cabling system (IET, Power & Energy
Series, Volume 48 B. Wareing)
PQ2,
V2; March
2015
WIRING DESIGN WORKSHOP

M ODULE PQ2 F UNDAMENTAL OF P OWER Q UALITY
Fundamental of Power Quality
PLANNING AN URBAN TRANSITION

SUSTAINABILITY BENCHMARKS
T h a n k Yo u f o r Yo u r A t t e n t i o n
Ve r s i o n 2 . 0 0 , M a r c h 2 0 1 5

Introduction To Power Quality

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Introduction To Power Quality

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WIRING DESIGN WORKSHOP

M ODULE PQ2 F UNDAMENTAL OF P OWER Q UALITY

Fundamental of Power Quality

SYNOPSIS FUNDAMENTALS OF POWER QUALITY

The presentation explains fundamental concepts in Power

1. Defining and understanding Power Quality.

POWER QUALITY AN ANALOGY

EXPLAINING POWER QUALITY

PQ IS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY

Power Quality are issues relating to disturbance to the

L.V. MAINS INTERFERENCE

Two terms are associated (and often confused with

EMC AND PQ PHENOMENA

CONCEPT ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY

ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC)

13 CONCEPT ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY

CONCEPT ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY

DEFINITION ELECTROMAGNETIC DISTURBANCE

CONCEPT ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY

DEFINITION ELECTROMAGNETIC DISTURBANCE

CONCEPT HF/LF PHENOMENA

Low Frequency (LF) Interference

Long duration (> 10ms), may be continuous.

High Frequency (HF) Interference

HF pulses, pulse rise time < 10ns

CONCEPTS LV MAINS INTERFERENCE

CONCEPTS LV MAINS INTERFERENCE

Switching of large loads (motors,

10% < U <

Powering up of large loads (motors,

Brief 10ms 1min

Powering up inrush current of large

Accidental (connection mistake)

CONCEPTS LV MAINS INTERFERENCE

Multiple 50Hz, 3rd,

Harmonics are mainly LF interference and

5ms rise, 50ms

Conducted but are also easily injected into

5ns rise, 60ns

Charge transfer between surfaces especially

Total Harmonics Distortion (THD)

Main sources of harmonics

CONCEPTS IMPACT OF HARMONICS

Repetitive frequency; successive

High amplitude overvoltage<4kV

Lightning Induced Transient

Switching an inductive circuit

TRANSIENTS ELECTRO STATIC DISCHARGE

TRANSIENTS ELECTRO STATIC DISCHARGE

PRINCIPLE EMC PHENOMENA

PRINCIPLE EMC PHENOMENA

Cartoon courtesy of IEC Guide 107

CISPR = Special international

International Telecommunication Union

CLASS OF EMC STANDARDS

EMC Standards may be typed as:

CLASS OF EMC STANDARDS

EMC Standards may be Class as:

EMC IEC 61000 SERIES DEALS WITH EMC

PART 4 TESTING & MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES

PART 5 INSTALLATION and MITIGATION GUIDELINES

PART 6 GENERIC STANDARDS

IEC 61000 - Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)