1.

PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Equipment and chemicals: - rack with test tubes, wooden clamp, burner, and plastic spatula
- sugar, grease, citric acid, acetone, and ethanol
Put some sugar with spatula into the test tube. Heat the test tube, starting with low flame, then
increase the heat. Observe and make notes of changes during the heating. Repeat the same
experiment with grease and citric acid.
Pour 1 mL of water into each of four test tubes. Try to dissolve sugar, grease and citric acid in
water. Then try to dissolve same substances in acetone and ethanol. Results can be presented
in table. According to results of tests, try to answer which are the polar substances, and which
are the non-polar substances. Which are the polar solvents?
Substance

Observations during heating

Solubility:
Solvent
Substance

water

acetone

ethanol

2. CARBON AND HYDROGEN QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

Equipment and chemicals: - test tubes, punctuated rubber stopper, glass tube, and wooden
clamp
- starch, copper(II) oxide, and lime water
Mix 0,5 g of organic sample and 1 g of copper(II) oxide in the test tube. Add some extra CuO
upon the mixture. Close the test tube with rubber stopper. Glass tube is dragged through the
punctuated rubber stopper. Pour some lime water into the second test tube. Heat the test tube
with sample, and put the end of the glass tube into the lime water in second test tube. Make
notes of changes during the heating. What conclusions can you make according to your
observations? Write down chemical equations.
Observations:
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Chemical equations: __________________________________________________________

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3. HALOGENS QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

Equipment and chemicals: - test tube, cork stopper, burner, and copper wire
- chloroform (CHCl3) or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
Put the end of the copper wire into the cork stopper and use it as a handle. Heat the other end
of wire in flame until it turns red-hot. Leave the wire until it cools down. Why is wire black
now? Heat it again and submerge it in organic solvent in the test tube. Put the wire again in
the flame. What happened?

Observations and explanation:

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4. SULPHUR QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

Equipment and chemicals: -

test tube, and wooden clamp

NaOH solution (w = 30%), lead acetate solution,
hydrochloric acid (w = 10%), egg white, wool or human hair

Put some egg white or wool into the test tube and pour some sodium hydroxide solution. Heat
the mixture until it boils. Keep heating until the wool or hair dissolves completely. Add few
millilitres of hydrochloric acid. It smells real badly - why? What will happen if you pour some
lead acetate solution? Why it precipitates?
Observations and explanation: __________________________________________________
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Write the chemical reaction of precipitate origin: ___________________________________

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5. NITROGEN QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

Equipment and chemicals: - test tube rack, burner, litmus paper, mortar and pestle
- quick lime, NaOH(s), and urea (NH2-CO-NH2)
Mix 0,1 g of urea with 0,5 g of natronic lime (mix of quick lime and sodium hydroxide,
m(CaO) : m(NaOH) = 2:1, grinded in mortar) in dry test tube. Be careful not to contaminate
the upper part of the test tube with natronic lime. Heat the test tube. Put some wet litmus
paper on the test tube opening. What can you see? Which gas is released, and what is
happening with the litmus paper?
Observations and explanation: __________________________________________________
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Reaction equations: __________________________________________________________

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