CLIENT

Date

7-Apr-15

PROJECT

By

M Rampersad

Location

Structural Frame

Sub-Location

Wind Analysis

Project:

CALCULATIONS / DESCRIPTION

Reference

Output

References:
1 - ASCE 7-10: Minimum Design Loads for Buildings & Other Structures, 2010
2 - Seismic & Wind Forces Design Examples, 4th Edition, 2012
3 - Structure Geometry and Layouts
4 - Ministry of Works Strutural Design Guidelines, Mar 2010
The method of wind analysis outlined herein is based on the provisions of ASCE 7-10 Clause 27.4 (Analytical Directional Design
method) for Low-Rise Buildings. User data is input into the coloured cells only.

RISK CATEGORY OF BUILDING

Ref 1, Table 1.5-1
1.5 1

Category

Risk Category

II

1.00

BASIC WIND SPEED PARAMETERS

Ref 4

Basic Wind speed (700 yr return period), V (m/s)

Basic Wind speed to be used (km/hr)

52 m/s

V (m/s) =

52.3

Kd =

0.85

188 km/hr

TOPOGRAPHY AND EXPOSURE PARAMETERS

Ref 1, Cl. 26.6
Ref 1, Tbl 26.6-1

Wind Directionality Factor, Kd

Buildings - Main wind force resisting system
Topographic Effects

Ref 1: Cl. 26.7.2

Surface roughness
B | Urban / Suburban / Wooded areas or others with closely spaced obstructions having the size of a single family
dwelling or larger

Ref 1: Cl. 26.7.3

B | Where surface roughness B prevails upwind for 800m or 10 x [structure height], whichever is the greater.

Ref 1: Cl. 26.8

Surface Roughness

Exposure
Category

Exposure Category of the Site

Topographic Factor
Wind speed-up effects need to be considered for isolated hills, ridges, and escarpments constituting abrupt changes in the general
topography, located in any exposure category. This shall be included in the design when buildings and other site conditions and
locations of structures meet all of the following conditions:
Is the structure isolated/unobstructed on a hill, escarpment for 100x the height of the structure or 3.22km?

No

Does the hill protrude more than twice the height of any upwind terrain fatures within a 3.22km radius?

No

Is the structure located as shown (upper half of a hill or near the crest of an escarpment?

No

Is H/Lh 0.2?

Yes

Is H > 4.5m for exposure Class [C] and [D] and or 18m for [B]?

No

From the above tabulation, at least one condition is not met for the topographic factors, so we can ignore topographic effects. A Kzt
value of 1.00 is therefore used

KZT = (1+K1K2K3)2
Type of hill:

g
Ref 1,, Figure
26.8-1

C-3D Axisymm

Lh (m)

0.0

( )
H (m)

0
0
0.0

x (m)

0.0

z (m)

0
10

0.0

H/Lh

10.00

x/Lh

10.00 x = horizontal distance from ridge to level ground

z/Lh

10.00 z = vertical distance from level ground to top of structure

K1

0.57 Accounts for the shape of the topographic feature

K2

0.00 Accounts for the location of the structure from the crest

K3

0.00 Accounts for the structure height

Kzt [Topographic factor]=

1.00

KZT =

1.00

Page 1 of4

CLIENT

Date

7-Apr-15

PROJECT

By

M Rampersad

Location

Structural Frame

Sub-Location

Wind Analysis

Project:

CALCULATIONS / DESCRIPTION

Reference

Output

STRUCTURE GEOMETRY
The overall building envelope dimensions should be input here denoting the maximum extermities of each dimension.Heights should be to
the highest point above ground

Ref 3

Total height, hn

Ref 3

Breadth of structure, B

13.76 m

Ref 3

Length of structure, L

39.74 m

Ref 3

Mean roof height between ground and apex, h

9.70 m

8.13 m

Roof angle (degrees from horizontal)

25.04

Main Frame component

Structural Steel & Concrete Buildings with other lateral force resisting systems
Classification of Building = Low Rise Building

2
Ref 1: Cl
Cl. 26
26.2

Ref 1: Cl. 26.2

DETERMINATION OF BUILDING POROSITY

For wind analysis calculations, a building may be considered as Open, Partially Enclosed or Enclosed, depending on the ratio of
openings to solid wall & roof areas. Note that openings may consist of windows, vent blocks, doors, etc.
The wall, roof and opening areas must be hand calculated and input below to perform this calculation
Note that each wall area should be checked for opening sizes

Ref 3

Gross area of selected wall receiving positive pressure, Ag =

Ref 3

Total area of openings in that wall, AO =

260.0 m2
51.1 m2
483.8 m2

Gross surface area of all remaining walls around the building =

610 9 m2
610.9

Gross surface area of roof in plan =

Ref 3

Gross surface area of all remaining walls & roof around the building, Agi =

Ref 3

Total area of all remaining wall & roof openings, AOi =

1094.7 m2
153.3 m2

Aggregate ratio of openings to wall & roof areas

0.15

Partially Enclosed or Enclosed

All conditions below MUST be satisfied to classify as Partially Enclosed

Condition

Classification

Check that AO>lesser of [0.37m2 or 0.01Ag]

use

Check AOi/Agi 0.20

Check against AO 1.10AOi

m2

Partially Enclosed

0.14

[unitless]

Partially Enclosed

m2

Enclosed

168.68
Final Determination of Building Porosity =

Ref 1, Tbl 26.11

26.11-1
1

0.37

Enclosed

Internal Pressure Coefficients, GCpi as determined by the Building Porosity

GCpi

Ref 1: Cl. 28.3.1

GCpi

Enclosed (+)

0.18

0.18

Enclosed (-)

-0.18

-0.18

VELOCITY PRESSURE EXPOSURE COEFFICIENTS, KH and KZ

These are coefficients that are dependent on the Exposure Classification of the site
For 4.6m<z<zg, KZ = 2.01(z/zg)2/
For z<4.6m, KZ = 2.01(4.6/zg)2/
For Exposure Category B
3-sec gust-speed power law exponent, =

Ref 1, Tbl 26.9-1

Nominal height of the atmospheric boundary layer adopted, zg =

Ref 1: Cl. 28.3.2

7 [unitless]
365.8 m

VELOCITY PRESSURE, qz
Velocity pressure, q z , evaluated at height z shall be calculated by the following equation:

qz = 0.613 KzKztKdV2

Ref 1: Eqn 28.3.1

This analysis
Ref 4, pg 19

(N/m2)
KZT =

This analysis

Z (m)

Kz

qz (kN/m2)

Kd =

0.00

0.70

1.00

V=

0.60

0.70

1.00

Building height, hn =

1.20

0.70

1.00

Use qh =

1.80

0.70

1.00

2.40

0.70

1.00

3.00

0.70

1.00

3.60

0.70

1.00

4.20

0.70

1.00

4.80

0.70

1.00

5.40

0.70

1.00

6.00

0.70

1.00

6.60

0.70

1.00

7.20

0.70

1.00

7.80

0.70

1.00

8.40

0.70

1.00

9.00

0.70

1.00

9.60

0.71

1.01

10.20

0.72

1.03

10.80

0.73

1.05

11.40

0.75

1.06

12.00

0.76

1.08

1.00 [unitless]
0.85 [unitless]
52.30 m/s
9.70 m
1.03 kN/m2

Page 2 of4

CLIENT

Date

7-Apr-15

PROJECT

By

M Rampersad

Location

Structural Frame

Sub-Location

Wind Analysis

Project:

CALCULATIONS / DESCRIPTION

Reference

Output

Ref 1, Figure 28.4-1

DESIGN WIND PRESSURES

Ref 1: Tbl 28.4.1

Design wind pressure, p, for the different zones as indicated above is determined by the equation:

p = qh[(GCpf) - (GCpi)]
qh = velocity pressure at roof height
GCpf is derived from Figure 28.4.1 of ASCE 7-10, and is a function of roof angle and surface considered
(-) indicates pressure away from the surface, (+) indicates pressure towards the surface
FOR LOAD CASE A (WIND NORMAL TO LONGER SIDE (Transverse Direction))
GCpi (+)

Roof
Zone
Roof
Zone

GCpi (-)

GCpf-GCpi p (kN/m2)

GCpf-GCpi p (kN/m2)

GCpf

GCpi

0.75

0.55

-0.18

0.37

0.38

0.03

0.03

-0.15

-0.18

-0.33

-0.34

0.18

-0.27

-0.28

-0.45

-0.18

-0.63

-0.65

0.18

0.21
-0.21

0.22
-0.22

0.39
-0.39

0.18
-0.18

0.57
-0.57

0.59
-0.59

0.73

0.18

0.91

0.94

0.73

-0.18

0.55

0.57

-0.27

0.18

-0.09

-0.09

-0.27

-0.18

-0.45

-0.46

GCpf

GCpi

0.55

0.18

0.73

-0.15

0.18

-0.45

0.39
-0.39

1E
2E

Surface

Ref 1: Fig 28.4.1

3E

-0.59

0.18

-0.41

-0.43

-0.59

-0.18

-0.77

-0.80

4E

-0.54

0.18

-0.36

-0.38

-0.54

-0.18

-0.72

-0.75

FOR LOAD CASE B (WIND NORMAL TO SHORTER SIDE (Longitudinal Direction))

GCpi (+)

Roo
of
Zone
Roof
Zone

GCpi (-)

GCpf-GCpi p (kN/m2)

GCpf-GCpi p (kN/m2)

GCpf

GCpi

-0.28

-0.45

-0.18

-0.63

-0.65

-0.51
0.51

-0.53
0.53

-0.69
0.69

-0.18
0.18

-0.87
0.87

-0.90
0.90

0.18

-0.19

-0.20

-0.37

-0.18

-0.55

-0.57

-0.45

0.18

-0.27

-0.28

-0.45

-0.18

-0.63

-0.65

0.40

0.18

0.58

0.60

0.40

-0.18

0.22

0.23

-0.29

0.18

-0.11

-0.11

-0.29

-0.18

-0.47

-0.48

GCpf

GCpi

-0.45

0.18

-0.27

-0.69
0.69

0.18

-0.37

Surface

1E

-0.48

0.18

-0.30

-0.31

-0.48

-0.18

-0.66

-0.68

2E

-1.07

0.18

-0.89

-0.92

-1.07

-0.18

-1.25

-1.29

3E

-0.53

0.18

-0.35

-0.36

-0.53

-0.18

-0.71

-0.73

4E

-0.48

0.18

-0.30

-0.31

-0.48

-0.18

-0.66

-0.68

5E

0.61

0.18

0.79

0.81

0.61

-0.18

0.43

0.44

6E

-0.43

0.18

-0.25

-0.26

-0.43

-0.18

-0.61

-0.63

Page 3 of4

CLIENT

Date

7-Apr-15

PROJECT

By

M Rampersad

Location

Structural Frame

Sub-Location

Wind Analysis

Project:

CALCULATIONS / DESCRIPTION

Reference

Ref 1: Tbl 28.4.1

Torsional Cases
Transverse

Note 5

Longitudinal

Zone

GCpi (+)

GCpi (-)

GCpi (+)

1T

0.19

0.09

-0.07

-0.16

2T

0.01

-0.09

-0.13

-0.22

3T

-0.07

-0.16

-0.05

-0.14

4T

-0.06

-0.15

-0.07

-0.16

5T

0.15

0.06

6T

-0.03

-0.12

GCpi (-)

Dimensional calculation for zones

Ref 1: Fig. 28.4-1

Fig. 28.4-1, Note 9

Ref 1: Cl. 28.4.4

Output

End zone at building corners, a =

1.38 m

Mean roof height, h =

8.13 m

Check on Minimum allowable wind loads

Minimum allowable wall load =

0.77 kN/m2

[]

Minimum allowable roof load =

0.38 kN/m2

[]

Wind loading summary from Load Case & Torsional calculations above
Roof

Longitudinal wall

Maximum windward load, roof =

2
0.03 kN/m

Use

2
0.38 kN/m

Maximum suction load, roof =

2
-1.29 kN/m

Use

2
-1.29 kN/m

Maximum windward load, longitudinal wall =

2
0.94 kN/m

Use

2
0.94 kN/m

Maximum suction load, longitudinal wall =

2
-0.75 kN/m

Use

2
-0.77 kN/m

Maximum torsional load, longitudinal wall =

2
0.19 kN/m

Use

2
0.77 kN/m

Minimum torsional load, longitudinal wall =

2
-0.15 kN/m

Use

2
-0.77 kN/m

ximum windward load, transverse/gable wall =

2
0.81 kN/m

Use

2
0.81 kN/m

Gable Maximum suction load, transverse/gable wall =

Wall
aximum torsional load, transverse/gable wall =

2
-0.63 kN/m

Use

2
-0.77 kN/m

2
0.15 kN/m

Use

2
0.77 kN/m

inimum torsional load,

load transverse/gable wall =

2
-0.12
0 12 kN/m

Use

2
-0.77
0 77 kN/m

Page 4 of4