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d
[ ( x ) ] =f ( x ) , then
dx
(iii)
f ( x) dx
a
In condition (i) is not satisfied (that is, a, b or both are infinite), the integral
f ( x)dx
a
is
x m1 (1x )n1 dx
0
x m1 (1x )n1 dx
m1
(1x)
=
1
f ( ax ) dx
a
(since
(1x)m1 x n1 dx
0
f ( x ) dx=
0
x n1 (1x )m1 dx
= B(n, m).
cos d
p
2. If p > -1, q > -1 then sin
1
2 B
( p+2 1 , q +12 ) .
sin
cos d
sin p
Verification:
( 2 )
( p1)
2
cos
( 2 )
(q1)
2
sin cos d
Therefore
sin
cos d
(
1
x
2 0
1
2 B
p+1
1
2
2 , we have x = 1.
x
=
0
p1
2
(1x)
q 1
2
1
. dx
2
q +1
(
)1
( 1x ) 2 dx
( p+2 1 , q +12 ) .
Note: By taking
p+1
2
= m and
2 m1
q+1
2
cos 2n1 d .
4.
B(m+1, n) B(m, n)
=
m
m+n
ex x n1 dx
0
ex x n1 dx .
0
ex x 0 dx
Therefore (1) =
ex dx
=
0
lim ex e 0
x
[ ]
e
1
= -(0-1) = 1.
Verification: By definition, (n + 1) =
[ ( )]
x
e
x
1
n
ex n1
- 0 1 n x dx
ex x n dx
0
xn
lim
0 + n ex x n1 dx
x
=
x e
0
B ( m , n )=
(m) (n)
(m+ n) .
et t n1 dt
Verification: By definition,
x
( 2)n1 2 xdx
Therefore (n) =
ex x 2 n1 dx .
= 2
0
ey y 2 n1 dy .
Similarly (m) = 2
0
e
Multiplying, (m) (n) = 2
0
2 n1
dx
ey y 2 n1 dy
2
0
e(x + y ) x 2n 1 y 2 n1 dxdy
= 4
0 0
The range of this integral is the entire first quadrant of the XOY plane. Converting to polar
coordinates, by writing x = r cos , y = r sin so that dx dy = r d dr.
and r from to .
r
2 n1
r d dr
Therefore (m) (n) = 4 e (r cos )
0 r =0
= 4
sin
2 m1
cos
2 n1
0 r =0
er ( r)2 (m+n)1 dr
r=0
( 12 B (m ,n))( 12 (m+n))
=4
= B(m, n) (m + n).
Property 5:
( 12 )=
Verification: Use
( 12 )=2
B ( m , n )=
( m) (n)
1
m=n=
,
by
taking
2 , we get
(m+ n)
1
1
( ) ( )
1 1
2
2 . But (1) = 1.
B , =
2 2
(1)
( )
2( )1
2( )1
1 1
2
2
cos
d
Therefore B , =2 sin
2 2
0
( )
sin
cos
2
0
=2
( 2 0)= .
1
Therefore ( 2 ) =
Put
n=
1
2 , we get
1
(n ).
n1
( 12 )= 11 ( 12 )
2
= -2
( 12 )
m+
(2 m)
2 m 1
(m) (n)
Verification: B ( m , n )= (m+ n) .
(m) (m)
Therefore B ( m , m )= (m+m)
[ (m)]2
(2m)
But
______(equation 1)
2
2
2 m 1
( 2 sincos )2 m 1 d
0
2
2 m 1
( sin 2 )2 m1 d
1
d . When = 0, we have = 0 and when =
2
Then d =
1
2 m 1
2 ( sin )
2 m1
we get = .
( sin )2 m1 12 d
0
2 sin 2 m1 cos
2 m 1
( 12 )1 d
1
=
2 m1
Therefore B(m, m) =
. Put 2 = .
2 m 1
1
B( m, )
2 =
1
2
2 m 1
(m).
( 12 )
1
(m+ )
2
_______(equation 2).
( m) .
( 12 ) .
[ (m)]
1
= 2 m1
1
(2m) 2
(m+ )
2
(m)
( 12 )
m+
(2 m).
2 m 1
we get
n1
(log 1y )
Property 7: (n) =
dy
ex x n1 dx
1
y .
Example: Evaluate
x 4 (1x)3 dx
0
Solution: By definition
x m1 (1x )n1 dx
0
= B(m, n).
Take m = p + 1 and n = q + 1.
1
We get
x p (1x )q dx
0
= B(p+1, q+1).
Therefore
x 4 (1x)3 dx
0
(5) (4)
(5+ 4)
= B(5, 4) =
4!3!
8!
1
.
280
Example: Evaluate
sin5 cos7 d
0
Solution: Use
sin p
cos d
sin5 cos7 d
1
2 B
( 62 , 82 )=
Example: Evaluate
( xa ) p (bx)q dx
0
1
2 B
( p+2 1 , q +12 ) .
1 (3) ( 4)
2 (7)
1
= 2
2!3!
6!
1
.
120
Therefore
( xa ) p (bx)q dx
0
p
q
[(ba)t ] [ (ba)(1t) ]
0
(ba)
p +q+1
t p [(1t)]
0
(b-a)
p+ q+1
( ba )
B p+1, q+1).
d
d
sin
sin d
cos q d
sin
1
2
2 B
cos d
sin d = 2 B
0
sin
0
1
2 B
1
+1
2
0+1
,
2
2
( 34 , 12 )
= .
( p+2 1 , q +12 ) ,
_______(equation 1)
1
2
cos d
2 B
1
+1
2
0+1
,
2
2
d
d
sin
1
2 B
( 14 , 12 )
________(equation 2).
d
d
sin
sin d
0
1
2 B
( 34 , 12 ) 12 B ( 14 , 12 )
[ ( )] ( )
1
1
.
2
4
1
4
5
()
1
4
2
[ ] . 1
(4)
5
( )
4
( 14 )
1
4 1
1
( )
4
4
= .
ex dx
0
et t n1 dt
0
. Put t = x2.
Therefore (n) =
ex ( x 2)
0
n1
2 xdx =
ex x2 n1 dx
0
1
( 2 ) = 2
(12 )1
dx
ex dx
Therefore
.
2
Example: Evaluate
x 4 a2x 2
0
dx
1
2 t
dt
x 4 a2x 2
Therefore
a 4 r 2 a 2a2 t 2a t dt
a6
t 2 ( 1t ) 2 dt
2 0
a6 3
1
B + 1, +1
2
2
2
a
5 3
B ,
2
2 2
a6
( )
5 3
2 2
( ( ))
(4 )
dx
e x dx = 2 ex dx .
= 2
0
0
x
31
1
a 22
2
2
3!
a
32
Solution:
tan d=
0
sin
1
2
sin
cos
1
2
cos d
1
1
+1
+1
1
2
2
B
,
2
2
2
1
3 1
B ,
2
4 4
( )
)
( 14 ) ( 34 )
1 3
( + )
4 4
( 14 ) ( 34 )
(1)
1
4
( 14 ) ( 34 )= ( 14 ) ( 14 + 12 )= 2 ( 12 )
1
1
2
Therefore
tan d=
0
1
2
2
, we get
2 .
2 .
Example: Express
dx
(1x 4 )
1
Solution: Put x = sin . Then dx= 2 sin
2
Therefore
dx
(1x 4 )
1
2
cos d .
1
2
12 sin cos2 d
0
(1sin )
=
1
2
sin
1
2
1
+1
2
2
1
2 2
1
+2
2
( )
( )
( 14 )
3
( )
4
Exercises:
1
3
1. Compute (3.5), (4.5), ( 4 ) ( 4 )
2. Express
x n ea x
0
xa
1x 3 10 dx
x5
1
4. Evaluate
x 2 dx
dx
=
4
4
5. Prove that
4 2 .
0 (1x )
0 (1+ x )