Computer-Aided

Power Systems Analysis

Second Edition

Dr. George Kusic

University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Contents

Contents
Preface

vii
xi

1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

1
1
2
5
7
9
12
12
14
14
19
24
25
30
34
38

Central Operation and Control of Power Systems

General
Control Center of a Power System
Digital Computer Configuration
Automatic Generation Control for a Power System
1.4.1 Area Control Error
1.4.1.1 CPS1, 1 Minute Average
1.4.1.2 CPS2,10 Minute Average
1.4.1.3 Disturbance Conditions
1.5 Operation without Central Computers or AGC
1.6 Parallel Operation of Generators
1.7 Network Power Flows
1.7.1 Oversimplified Power Flow (de Power Flow)
1.8 Area Lumped Dynamic Model
Problems
References
2 Elements of Transmission Networks
2.1 Phasor Notation
2.2 Symmetrical Component Transformation
2.2.1 Floating Voltage Base Per-Unit Systems
2.3 Overhead Transmission Line Representation
2.3.1 Inductance of Long Parallel Conductors
2.3.2 Balanced Three-Phase Lines
2.3.3 Unbalanced Lines
2.3.4 Capacitance of Transmission Lines
2.3.5 General Method to Determine Aerial Transmission Line Parameters
2.4 Transformer Representation
2.4.1 Wye-Delta and Phase-Shift Transformers
2.4.2 Multiple-Winding Transformers
2.5 Synchronous Machine Representation
2.5.1 Steady-State Synchronous Machine Equivalent
2.5.1.1 Short-Circuit Characteristics
2.5.2 Transient Time-Frame Synchronous Machine Equivalent
2.5.3 Subtransient Time-Frame Synchronous Machine Equivalent
Problems
References

39
40
44
52
56
59
65
74
76
87
97
100
105
108
114
120
120
122
131
139

3 Bus Reference Frame

3.1 Linear Network Injections and Loads
3.2 Bus Impedance Matrix for Elements without Mutual Coupling
3.2.1 Adding a Tree Branch to Bus p
3.2.2 Adding a Tree Branch to the Reference
3.2.3 Adding a Cotree Link between Buses p and q
3.2.4 Adding a Cotree Link from Bus p to Reference
3.3 The Bus Admittance Matrix
3.3.1 Bus Impedance Matrix for Elements with Mutual Coupling
3.4 Inversion of the YBUS Matrix for Large Systems
3.4.1 Tinney's Optimally Ordered Triangular Factorization [3]
3.4.1.1 Tinney's Schemes for Near-Optimal Ordering
3.4.2 Several Iterative Methods for Linear Matrices
3.4.2.1 Gaussian Iteration
3.4.2.2 Gauss-Seidel Iteration
Problems
References

141
142
151
253
155
156
158
160
165
169
169
176
180
181
182
185
191

4 Network Fault and Contingency Calculations

4.1 Fault Calculations Using ZBUS
4.1.1 Approximations Common to Short-Circuit Studies
4.2 Fault Calculations Using the YBUS Table of Factors
4.3 Contingency Analysis for Power Systems
4.3.1 Contingency Analysis for Power Systems
4.3.2 Contingencies Using ZBUS in a Superposition Method
4.3.3 ZBUS Line Contingency Method
4.4 Using the YBUS Table of Factors for Contingencies
4.4.1 Double Contingencies Using YBUS Table of Factors (Balanced Case)
Problems
References

193
193
.204
209
212
213
213
214
215
219
223
229

5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

Power Flow on Transmission Networks

Slack Bus
ZBUS Formulation for Load-Flow Equations
Gauss or Gauss-Seidel Iteration Using YBUS
Newton-Raphson Iterative Scheme Using YBUS
5.4.1 Approximations to the Jacobian in the Newton-Raphson Method
5.5 Adjustment of Network Operating Conditions
5.6 Operational Power Flow Programs
Problems
References

231
233
234
240
243
257
262
275
278
284

6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5

285
286
290
295
299
307

Generator Base Power Setting

Economic Dispatch of Generation without Transmission Line Losses
Economic Dispatch of Generation with Line Losses
On-Line Execution of the Economic Dispatch
Day-Ahead Economic Dispatch with a Variable Number of Units On-Line
Power Transmission Line Losses for Economic Dispatch

6.6 Utilizing the Load-Flow Jacobian for Economic Dispatch

6.7 Economic Exchange of Power between Areas
6.7.1 Economy A Program
Problems
References

314
320
322
326
333

7 State Estimation from Real-Time Measurements

7.1 The Line Power Flow State Estimator
7.2 State Estimation and Noisy Measurements
7.3 Monitoring the Power System
7.4 Determination of Variance X2 to Normalize Measurements
Problems
References

335
336
344
354
357
364
367

Appendix A: Conductor Resistance and Rating

369

Index

377