Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
For online submission please insert your corrections in the online correction form. Always
indicate the line number to which the correction refers.
You can also insert your corrections in the proof PDF and email the annotated PDF.
For fax submission, please ensure that your corrections are clearly legible. Use a fine black
pen and write the correction in the margin, not too close to the edge of the page.
Remember to note the journal title, article number, and your name when sending your
response via e-mail or fax.
Check the metadata sheet to make sure that the header information, especially author names
and the corresponding affiliations are correctly shown.
Check the questions that may have arisen during copy editing and insert your answers/
corrections.
Check that the text is complete and that all figures, tables and their legends are included. Also
check the accuracy of special characters, equations, and electronic supplementary material if
applicable. If necessary refer to the Edited manuscript.
The publication of inaccurate data such as dosages and units can have serious consequences.
Please take particular care that all such details are correct.
Please do not make changes that involve only matters of style. We have generally introduced
forms that follow the journals style.
Substantial changes in content, e.g., new results, corrected values, title and authorship are not
allowed without the approval of the responsible editor. In such a case, please contact the
Editorial Office and return his/her consent together with the proof.
If we do not receive your corrections within 48 hours, we will send you a reminder.
Your article will be published Online First approximately one week after receipt of your
corrected proofs. This is the official first publication citable with the DOI. Further changes
are, therefore, not possible.
Please note
After online publication, subscribers (personal/institutional) to this journal will have access to the
complete article via the DOI using the URL: http://dx.doi.org/[DOI].
If you would like to know when your article has been published online, take advantage of our free
alert service. For registration and further information go to: http://www.link.springer.com.
Due to the electronic nature of the procedure, the manuscript and the original figures will only be
returned to you on special request. When you return your corrections, please inform us if you would
like to have these documents returned.
Improving High-Temperature Tensile and Low-Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Al-Si-Cu-Mg Alloys Through
Micro-additions of Ti, V, and Zr
Article Sub-Title
Article CopyRight
Journal Name
Corresponding Author
Family Name
Czerwinski
Particle
Given Name
Frank
Suffix
Division
Author
Organization
Address
183 Longwood Road South, Room 259C, L8P 0A5, Hamilton, ON, Canada
frank.czerwinski@nrcan.gc.ca
Family Name
Shaha
Particle
Given Name
S. K.
Suffix
Division
Organization
Ryerson University
Address
Email
Author
Family Name
Kasprzak
Particle
Given Name
W.
Suffix
Division
Organization
Address
183 Longwood Road South, Room 259C, L8P 0A5, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Email
Author
Family Name
Friedman
Particle
Given Name
J.
Suffix
Division
Organization
Ryerson University
Address
Email
Author
Family Name
Chen
Particle
Given Name
D. L.
Suffix
Division
Organization
Ryerson University
Address
Email
Received
Schedule
Revised
Accepted
Abstract
High-temperature tensile and low-cycle fatigue tests were performed to assess the influence of microadditions of Ti, V, and Zr on the improvement of the Al-7Si-1Cu-0.5Mg (wt pct) alloy in the as-cast
condition. Addition of transition metals led to modification of microstructure where in addition to
conventional phases present in the Al-7Si-1Cu-0.5Mg base, new thermally stable micro-sized Zr-Ti-V-rich
phases Al21.4Si4.1Ti3.5VZr3.9, Al6.7Si1.2TiZr1.8, Al2.8Si3.8V1.6Zr, and Al5.1Si35.4Ti1.6Zr5.7Fe were formed. The
tensile tests showed that with the increase in the testing temperature from 298 K to 673 K (25 C to
400 C), the yield stress and tensile strength of the present studied alloy decreased from 161 to 84 MPa and
from 261 to 102 MPa, respectively. Also, the studied alloy obtained 18, 12, and 5 pct higher tensile
strength than the alloy A356, 354 and existing Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloy modified with additions of Zr, Ti, and
Ni, respectively. The fatigue life of the studied alloy was substantially longer than those of the reference
alloys A356 and the same Al-7Si-1Cu-0.5Mg base with minor additions of V, Zr, and Ti in the T6
condition. Fractographic analysis after tensile tests revealed that at the lower temperature up to 473 K
(200 C), the cleavage-type brittle fracture for the precipitates and ductile fracture for the matrix were
dominant while at higher temperature fully ductile-type fracture with debonding and pull-out of cracked
particles was identified. It is believed that the intermetallic precipitates containing Zr, Ti, and V improve
the alloy performance at increased temperatures.
Footnote Information
Published with permission of Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada pertains to F. Czerwinski and
W. Kasprzak.
Manuscript submitted December 22, 2014.
Journal: 11661
Article: 2880
Query
Front
matter
Front
matter
Line no.
67
Line no.
70
Line no.
431
Line no.
434
Line no.
538
Line no.
652
Details required
Please check the edits made in the
article title and abstract, and amend if
necessary.
Please provide current position held by
S. K. Shaha in Affiliation.
Please check the edits made in the
sentence At the same time, the
presence of..., and amend if necessary.
Please check the edits made in the
sentence Our previous studies showed
that addition of TiVZr..., and amend
if necessary.
Please check the edits made in the
sentence Generally, the ductile fracture
occurred by ..., and amend if necessary.
Please check the edits made in the
sentence The voids were formed by
raising the interfacial..., and amend if
necessary.
Please check the edits made in the
sentence In contrast, after tensile
testing at..., and amend if necessary.
Please check the phrase composite-like
role of in the sentence As reported in
previous studies, the remarkable
Authors response
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
TE
PR
O
O
F
High-temperature tensile and low-cycle fatigue tests were performed to assess the influence of
micro-additions of Ti, V, and Zr on the improvement of the Al-7Si-1Cu-0.5Mg (wt pct) alloy in
the as-cast condition. Addition of transition metals led to modification of microstructure where
in addition to conventional phases present in the Al-7Si-1Cu-0.5Mg base, new thermally stable
micro-sized Zr-Ti-V-rich phases Al21.4Si4.1Ti3.5VZr3.9, Al6.7Si1.2TiZr1.8, Al2.8Si3.8V1.6Zr, and
Al5.1Si35.4Ti1.6Zr5.7Fe were formed. The tensile tests showed that with the increase in the testing
temperature from 298 K to 673 K (25 C to 400 C), the yield stress and tensile strength of the
present studied alloy decreased from 161 to 84 MPa and from 261 to 102 MPa, respectively.
Also, the studied alloy obtained 18, 12, and 5 pct higher tensile strength than the alloy A356,
354 and existing Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloy modified with additions of Zr, Ti, and Ni, respectively. The
fatigue life of the studied alloy was substantially longer than those of the reference alloys A356
and the same Al-7Si-1Cu-0.5Mg base with minor additions of V, Zr, and Ti in the T6 condition.
Fractographic analysis after tensile tests revealed that at the lower temperature up to 473 K
(200 C), the cleavage-type brittle fracture for the precipitates and ductile fracture for the matrix
were dominant while at higher temperature fully ductile-type fracture with debonding and pullout of cracked particles was identified. It is believed that the intermetallic precipitates containing
Zr, Ti, and V improve the alloy performance at increased temperatures.
DOI: 10.1007/s11661-015-2880-x
The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 2015
I.
EC
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
INTRODUCTION
RR
Author Proof
CO
UN
form thermally stable and coarsening-resistant precipitates was found to be very promising. To achieve
this, different alloying elements such as Ni, Fe, Cr, Ti, V,
and Zr in cast Al-Si alloys were tested in the literature.[7,926] The influence of Zr and Ti additions in Al
alloys was a subject of a number of studies with major
conclusions that the morphology and type of phases
formed during either casting or heat treatment control
the high-temperature properties.[16,19] Mahmudi et al.[11]
and Sepehrband et al.[10] modified the A319 Al-Si cast
alloy with the addition of Zr and improved its tensile
strength and wear resistance. Research also showed that
V could enhance the alloy performance by forming Al3V
or Al10V.[24] Recently, Mohamed et al. and others[7,27]
showed that addition of Ni in the Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloy
caused a reduction in alloy strength at room temperature mainly due to a decrease in the available Cu for
precipitation strengthening through forming Al3CuNi.
In this alloy, an increase in content of the Al3CuNi and
Al9NiFe phases was responsible for some reduction in
ductility. At the same time, the presence of Fe in the AlSi-Cu-Mg alloy led to the formation of the Fe-containing b-Al5FeSi phase, which is also responsible for the
reduction of alloy ductility. Our previous studies[14,2830]
showed that addition of Ti-V-Zr in Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloys
did not give rise to any copper-containing phases with
Ti-V-Zr but rather modified the Fe-containing b-Al5FeSi phases, thereby improving the tensile/compression
strength and low cycle fatigue (LCF) strength in the T6
heat-treated condition. However, there are no studies on
xxx1
Journal : MMTA
PIPS No.
MS Code :
2880
Dispatch :
h LE
h CP
24-3-2015
Pages : 16
h TYPESET
h DISK
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
90
II.
PR
O
O
F
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
EXPERIMENTAL
EC
TE
RR
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
CO
Author Proof
UN
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
Table I.
III.
172
RESULTS
A. Microstructure
173
The Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloy established a complex microstructure as reported in many studies. The presence
of the alloying elements Zr-Ti-V in this study led to the
development of an even more complex microstructure.
Typical OM and SEM microstructures of the studied
174
175
176
177
178
Chemical Composition of Al-Si-Cu-Mg Alloy Modified with Addition of Ti, V, and Zr in wt pct
Si
Cu
Mg
Fe
Sr
Mn
Zr
Ti
Al
7.02
0.95
0.48
0.090
0.012
0.005
0.47
0.20
0.32
bal.
2xxx
MS Code :
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
2880
Dispatch :
h LE
h CP
24-3-2015
Pages : 16
h TYPESET
h DISK
#10
#1
#7
#3
#8
#6
PR
O
O
F
#5
#4
(a)
#10
TE
#6
#9
#3
#6
#5
#4
#7
#7
#8
#5
(b)
#10
#5
#6
#7
CO
RR
#2
#9
EC
UN
Author Proof
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
#3
#9
#4
#7
#1
#2
#3
#8
(c)
Fig. 1Microstructures of cast Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloy modified with Ti,
V, and Zr, (a) OM image, (b) SEM image, and (c) SEM image after
deep etching in BES mode.
xxx3
Journal : MMTA
PIPS No.
MS Code :
2880
Dispatch :
h LE
h CP
24-3-2015
Pages : 16
h TYPESET
h DISK
22.98 0.41
3.25
0.65
1.39
1.96
PR
O
O
F
4.29 0.38
4.03 1.15
13.25 1.57
11.25 0.34
V
Ti
3.13 0.81
250
200
YS, MPa
EC
52.85 4.89
17.68 1.96
17.61 2.35
4.54
0.29
1.43
0.73
0.17
1.97
1.52
150
100
0
298(25)
473(200)
573(300)
673(400)
CO
(a)
35.28
47.15
63.55
26.81
52.84
45.46
42.26
21.20
7.68
300
250
UN
UTS, MPa
a-aluminum
eutectic silicon
Al2Cu
Al-Al2Cu-Si
Al5Cu2Mg8Si6
Al8FeMg3Si6
(AlSi)3(TiVZr)
(AlSi)3(TiZr)
(AlSi)2(VZr)
(AlSi)2(TiZr)Fe
a-aluminum
eutectic silicon
Al2.1Cu
Al8.5Si2.4Cu
Al7.2Si8.3Cu2Mg6.9
Al14Si7.1FeMg3.3
Al21.4Si4.1Ti3.5VZr3.9
Al6.7Si1.2TiZr1.8
Al2.8Si3.8V1.6Zr
Al5.1Si35.4Ti1.6Zr5.7Fe
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
50
RR
18.77
32.33
28.03
9.11
7.92
30.09
55.74
2.31
4.89
6.54
2.97
2.06
2.28
0.83
2.99
1.14
64.72 2.31
TE
7.85 1.58
23.26 0.34
11.28 1.39
28.15
38.58
25.73
29.15
Zr
Fe
Mg
Cu
Si
Al
Suggested Phase
Calculated Phase
No.
The Main Phases and Their Chemistry in wt pct Identified Using SEM/EDX in the Cast Al-Si-Cu-Mg Alloy Modified with Addition of Zr-Ti-V
Table II.
Author Proof
200
150
100
50
0
298(25)
473(200)
573(300)
673(400)
(b)
Fig. 2A comparison of the tensile property of the studied cast
Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloy with literature data obtained at different temperatures, (a) yield strength (YS) and (b) ultimate tensile strength
(UTS). Note: the testing temperature for the study of Mohamed
et al., 2013 was 463 K (190 C), instead of 473 K (200 C).
4xxx
MS Code :
2880
Dispatch :
h LE
h CP
24-3-2015
Pages : 16
h TYPESET
h DISK
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
r Ken ;
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
PR
O
O
F
2. Stress-strain behavior
The true stress-true strain (r-e) plot of the studied
alloy in the as-cast condition tested at room temperature
is shown in Figure 3. The cyclic stress-total strain
(ra Det/2) and the cyclic stress-plastic strain
(ra Dep/2) curves of the as-cast alloy where ra is the
stress amplitude at mid-life, Det is the total strain range,
and Dep is the plastic strain range are shown in Figure 3.
The obtained results show that the as-cast sample
achieved a YS of 162 MPa, UTS of 261 MPa, and an
elongation of 3.9 pct during monotonic tension loading
as seen in Figure 3. It is evident that the studied alloy
displayed significantly higher hardening behavior during
cyclic loading compared to monotonic tensile loading. It
is also remarkable that the alloy did not show any
plastic deformation at lower strain amplitudes (0.1 to
0.2 pct). However, with the increase in strain amplitude
from 0.3 to 0.6 pct, the alloy exhibited noticeable plastic
deformation. To better quantify the strain hardening
behavior of the studied alloy, the stress-strain parameters for uniaxial loading were characterized using
the Hollomon power law,[23,36,38]
1
300
250
200
150
0.40%
200
0.50%
0.60%
150
100
50
1.E+1
1.E+2
1.E+3
1.E+4
1.E+5
Number of cycles, N
0.004
(a)
0.10%
0.003
0.20%
0.30%
0.40%
0.50%
0.002
a- p/2 - /2
a
t
0.30%
0.60%
0.001
350
0.20%
250
0
1.E+0
400
0.10%
TE
EC
CO
RR
UN
100
301
302
303
304
305
306
300
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
Stress, MPa
Author Proof
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
50
1.E+0
1.E+1
1.E+2
1.E+3
1.E+4
1.E+5
Number of cycles, N
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
(b)
Strain, %
Fig. 3Stress-strain curves of cast Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloy with addition
of Zr-Ti-V, obtained during tensile at a strain rate of 10 3 s 1 and
cyclic loading conditions at a strain rate of 10 2 s 1.
xxx5
Journal : MMTA
PIPS No.
MS Code :
2880
Dispatch :
h LE
h CP
24-3-2015
Pages : 16
h TYPESET
h DISK
PR
O
O
F
;
2
2
2
TE
EC
t/2, %
RR
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
CO
0.2
0.1
0.0
1E+0
1E+2
1E+4
1E+6
1E+8
6xxx
262
0.09
474
386
0.08
9.21
0.77
MS Code :
2880
Dispatch :
h LE
h CP
24-3-2015
Pages : 16
h TYPESET
h DISK
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
UN
Author Proof
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
(a)
#m
#p
#m
RR
#m
#p
PR
O
O
F
EC
CO
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
UN
Author Proof
426 C. Fractography
coefficient and exponent of 9.21 pct and 0.77, respectively, which were significantly higher in the present
investigated alloy in the as-cast condition than the
existing Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloy modified with minor additions of Zr, Ti, and V in the T6 state.[28] Thus, it could
be concluded that the present alloy has slightly better
fatigue properties compared to the previously tested T6
tempered Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloy modified with minor addition of Zr, Ti, and V.[28]
TE
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
(b)
#m
#p
(c)
#p
(d)
Fig. 6SEM micrographs showing the overall tensile fracture surface of studied alloy in as-cast states obtained at different temperatures of (a)
298 K (25 C), (b) 473 K (200 C), (c) 573 K (300 C), and (d) 673 K (400 C). Note: enclosed p and m areas are magnified in Figs. 7 and 8,
respectively.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
xxx7
Journal : MMTA
PIPS No.
MS Code :
2880
Dispatch :
h LE
h CP
24-3-2015
Pages : 16
h TYPESET
h DISK
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
PR
O
O
F
EC
TE
Author Proof
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
(b)
UN
CO
RR
(a)
(d)
(c)
Fig. 7SEM micrographs with EDX spectra in a magnified view correspondingly showing the tensile fracture surface (enclosed in Fig. 6 as p) of
studied alloy in as-cast states obtained at different temperatures of (a) 298 K (25 C), (b) 473 K (200 C), (c) 573 K (300 C), and (d) 673 K
(400 C). Note: the areas enclose by white and red lines show the surface pores and pull-out of the precipitates, respectively.
8xxx
MS Code :
2880
Dispatch :
h LE
h CP
24-3-2015
Pages : 16
h TYPESET
h DISK
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
PR
O
O
F
(b)
TE
Author Proof
(a)
(c)
(d)
CO
RR
magnifications revealed that the fracture surface consisted of a population of micro-voids for samples tested
at 573 K (300 C) (Figure 8(c)). The nucleation and
coalescence of the dimples are not visible and the alloy
will flow until cracking is complete. The homogeneous
distribution of micro-voids with different size range was
observed in this condition (Figure 8(c)). When the
temperature increased to 673 K (400 C), the matrix
became much softer and localized plastic deformation
occurred which accumulated the voids and enlarged the
cavity (Figure 8(d)). Thus, the fracture surface at 673 K
(400 C) is dominated by ductile trans-crystalline fracture in the studied alloy.
Figure 9 illustrates the SEM observations of the
polished cross sections of the studied alloy after tensile
testing at different temperatures. As seen in Figures 9(a)
and (b), the tensile test sample shows that secondary
cracking and small amounts of plastic deformation
occurred near the fracture surface during tests at room
temperature and 473 K (200 C). In contrast, with the
increase in the testing temperature above 473 K
(200 C), plastic deformation of the alloy increased
and its fracture mode changed from mixed fracture to
ductile fracture (Figures 9(c) and (d)). At the same time,
several of the secondary cracks are the result of
accumulation of voids generated due to cracking of
precipitates. As seen in Figure 10, the micro-cracking
which is generally parallel to the loading axis occurred in
the intermetallics (indicated by red arrows) and eutectic
UN
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
EC
Fig. 8The corresponding SEM micrographs showing the matrix morphology (enclosed in Fig. 6 as m) of the tensile fracture surface of studied
alloy in as-cast states obtained at different temperatures of (a) 298 K (25 C), (b) 473 K (200 C), (c) 573 K (300 C), and (d) 673 K (400 C).
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
xxx9
Journal : MMTA
PIPS No.
MS Code :
2880
Dispatch :
h LE
h CP
24-3-2015
Pages : 16
h TYPESET
h DISK
(c)
(d)
PR
O
O
F
(b)
TE
Author Proof
(a)
CO
RR
UN
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
EC
Fig. 9SEM images illustrating the overall view of the polished cross section of the tensile-tested samples near the fracture surface, obtained at
different temperatures of (a) 298 K (25 C), (b) 473 K (200 C), (c) 573 K (300 C), and (d) 673 K (400 C). Note: enclosed areas are magnified
in Fig. 10.
10xxx
MS Code :
2880
Dispatch :
h LE
h CP
24-3-2015
Pages : 16
h TYPESET
h DISK
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
Tension axis
PR
O
O
F
Micro-voids
(a)
(b)
Author Proof
Micro-voids
TE
Micro-voids
(c)
(d)
EC
Fig. 10SEM images illustrating the magnified view (enclosed in Fig. 9 by red box) of the polished cross section of the tensile-tested samples,
acquired at different temperatures of (a) 298 K (25 C), (b) 473 K (200 C), (c) 573 K (300 C), and (d) 673 K (400 C). Note: the areas enclosed
by green lines show the displacement of the precipitates.
DISCUSSION
CO
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
IV.
UN
621
RR
xxx11
Journal : MMTA
PIPS No.
MS Code :
2880
Dispatch :
h LE
h CP
24-3-2015
Pages : 16
h TYPESET
h DISK
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
FCG
#i
#iii
(a)
(b)
Porosity
FCI
Author Proof
PR
O
O
F
#ii
FCI
Porosity
TE
FCG
(c)
(d)
CO
UN
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
RR
EC
Fig. 11SEM images of fatigue fracture surfaces of the samples tested at a total strain amplitude of (a) 0.2 pct and (b) 0.6 pct showing an overall view for cast Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloy modified with addition of Zr-Ti-V and the corresponding fatigue crack initiation sites at higher magnifications, where fatigue cracks initiate at a large surface pore and slip bands (c); clusters of near-surface pores and large surface inclusion (d). Here,
yellow box and red arrows indicate the position of crack initiation sites, while red dashed line separated the crack propagation area. The areas
enclose by white line shows the surface pores. Note that increasing the strain amplitude crack propagation zone decreases. FCI: fatigue crack
initiation, FCG: fatigue crack growth/propagation zone.
12xxx
MS Code :
2880
Dispatch :
h LE
h CP
24-3-2015
Pages : 16
h TYPESET
h DISK
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
(b)
(a)
Fatigue striation
Micro-cliffs
Dimples
(c)
PR
O
O
F
Tear ridge
(d)
Author Proof
Tear ridge
TE
(f)
Wt.%
48.22
9.66
9.79
2.59
29.74
EC
Element
Al
Si
Ti
V
Zr
RR
(e)
Fatigue striation
UN
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
CO
Fig. 12SEM images of fatigue fracture surfaces for cast Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloy modified with addition of Zr-Ti-V samples tested at total strain
amplitude of 0.2 pct showing fatigue striation in matrix (a and b) (as indicated in Fig. 11(a) with i) and precipitates (c and d), (as pointed out in
Fig. 11(a) with ii), (e) EDX analysis of intermetallic (typical #7 as listed in Table II) on the fracture surface and (f) final fracture of the alloy (as
marked in Fig. 11(a) with iii). Note: the dotted lines in (e) are two sets of fatigue striation along the crack propagation direction overlapped
each other as indicated by enclosed red box.
xxx13
Journal : MMTA
PIPS No.
MS Code :
2880
Dispatch :
h LE
h CP
24-3-2015
Pages : 16
h TYPESET
h DISK
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
(a)
PR
O
O
F
#7/8/9
Author Proof
(b)
RR
EC
TE
(c)
CO
Fig. 13A schematic model depicting the successive steps of fracture mechanism of the studied alloy at room temperature (a and b) and high
temperature (a and c) during tensile loading. The #7/8/9 are the precipitates listed in Table II. Note: during tensile loading micro-cracks which
formed micro-voids in matrix were formed. The micro-voids connect with each other leading to the ultimate failure of the alloy.
UN
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
14xxx
MS Code :
2880
Dispatch :
h LE
h CP
24-3-2015
Pages : 16
h TYPESET
h DISK
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
V.
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
897
TE
PR
O
O
F
RR
CO
xxx15
Journal : MMTA
PIPS No.
MS Code :
2880
845
846
847
848
849
CONCLUSIONS
EC
UN
Author Proof
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
Dispatch :
h LE
h CP
24-3-2015
Pages : 16
h TYPESET
h DISK
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
PR
O
O
F
CO
RR
EC
TE
REFERENCES
UN
Author Proof
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
16xxx
MS Code :
2880
Dispatch :
h LE
h CP
24-3-2015
Pages : 16
h TYPESET
h DISK
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023