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Climate and Paper is one of Sappis technical brochures. Sappi brought together this paper related knowledge to inspire our
customers to be the best they can be.
Adhesive Techniques
Processing
Matt
Paper
Verarbeitung
von
Mattpapier
Developments in the
printing and paper making industries
and their effect on adhesive techniques
in the bookbinding trade
Why
do matt
papersMattpapiere
Warum
verdienen
require special attention?
besondere Beachtung?
sappi
www.sappi.com
sappi
sappi
idea
exchange
sappi
This one and the other technical brochures are freely available at our
knowledge bank:
sappi
Sappi Fine Paper Europe
Sappi Europe SA
154 Chausse de la Hulpe
B-1170 Brussels
Tel. + 32 2 676 97 36
Fax + 32 2 676 96 65
sappi
www.ideaexchange.sappi.com/knowledgebank
sappi
Climate and Paper, the seventh technical brochure from Sappi Idea Exchange
sappi
idea
exchange
lX Concluding remarks
FOGRA
Forschungsgesellschaft Druck e. V., Mnchen
www.fogra.org
Sword gauge
Sappi is committed to helping printers and graphic designers use paper in the best possible way. So we share our knowledge
with customers, providing them with samples, specifications, ideas, technical information and a complete range of brochures
through the Sappi Idea Exchange. Find out more on our unique web site.
www.ideaexchange.sappi.com
Surface gauge
17
18
V Circumstances within
the printers power to control
I Introduction
The situation in paper production
and printing industry
The situation in printing
and finishing industry
4
5
11
Blistering
Breaking in the fold
Fluting
Expanding
12
13
14
15
VI Special issues in
web offset printing
VII Problems in web offset printing
II Definition of terms
Weather, weather situation and climate,
interior climate and surrounding climate
Air temperature and air humidity, absolute
moisture content, condensation point
temperature and relative humidity
Humidity of materials, absolute moisture
content and humidity balance
10
10
16
16
16
17
8
8
lX Concluding remarks
18
9
9
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l Introduction
The situation in paper production
and printing industry
Discussions about the effect of climatic influences during storage
and transport and in the process of printing and finishing, are as
old as the industrial production of paper itself. Generations of
experts have had to deal with the more pronounced negative
effects and there are numerous publications in the field of
specialist literature on measuring temperature and humidity. So
it is not as if experience is lacking on the subject. Still, many of
the relations have not yet been sufficiently explained. And in
some cases, cause and effect remain completely obscure. In
the practice of paper processing, many delusions and misunderstandings still exist, particularly with respect to the interaction
between climate, paper and printing.
In modern production facilities, paper intended for sheet offset
printing is prepared at a relative humidity of 50%, with a deviation
tolerance of 5%. Papers intended for web offset printing have
similar or slightly lower humidity values, depending on quality.
These humidity properties are continuously monitored in all stages
of the production process. And in order to keep the paper in
Sappi Ehingen
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Obtain a printed version of this brochure from the Idea Exchange at www.sappi.com
ll Definition of terms
When we use the term weather, what we actually mean are
the atmospheric conditions at a certain location at a specific
point in time. When we refer to the weather during a longer
period of time, we talk of the weather situation.
The concept climate is slightly more complex. It refers to the
long-term weather conditions or weather situation in a certain
region in terms of temperature, air humidity, air pressure,
precipitation, wind direction and wind-force, cloudiness and
sun hours.
Interior climate is a term used for the air condition in rooms
partially or completely shutting off people and equipment
from the influence of outside climate conditions. The interior
climate, in other words, the climate condition of the immediately surrounding air, is decisive not only for human comfort,
but also for the course of production processes and for the
condition of stored goods sensitive to temperature and
humidity.
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Air temperature
Air humidity
Air always contains a certain amount of humidity in the form of
vapour. There are two types of air humidity: absolute moisture
content and relative humidity. Here are the definitions:
Thermo-hygrograph in action
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Humidity of materials
Humidity balance
90%
25
80%
70%
20
60%
15
on
ati
r
u
t
sa
ur
o
p
Va
20
10
s
es
pr
50%
40%
30%
20%
10
5
10%
10
20
30
Air temperature in C
Relation between air humidity and temperature
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30
100%
30
ur
e
40
Vapour pressure in mm Hg
gH2O/m 3 air
Tight edges
Wavy edges
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7 days
140 6 days
100
4 days
0.35
120 5 days
160
3 days
0.15
180
80
60
2 days
40
20 1 day
0
0
10
20
30
Difference in temperature (C)
40
Orientation
Direction
of expansion
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Static charge
Depending on paper type, the level of moisture content can
influence the general properties of a paper. For instance in
terms of its tensile strength, folding resistance and surface
smoothness. In general, however, the issues mentioned only
lead to processing problems under exceptionally adverse
conditions. This is very different in the case of two other
common phenomena that do cause serious problems: static
charge and dimension variations. Both can have a negative
impact on the runnability of the paper, thus leading to misregistering and other disturbances of the printing process.
Dimension variations
Depending on relative air humidity, the fibres contained in
the paper either absorb or exude moisture, causing them to
swell or to shrink. In other words, the shape of the fibre
changes, significantly so in the cross direction, much less in
the machine direction. On top of this, during the process of
paper production, the fibres orient themselves in the machine
direction (the run direction of the wire). The combined effect
of these two phenomena inherent to the production of
paper, is that dimension variations are far more pronounced
in the cross direction of the paper than in the machine
direction.
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V Circumstances within
the printers power to control
Paper handling
Especially in periods of critical climate circumstances,
printers are advised to follow these guidelines:
10
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Vl Special issues in
web offset printing
The technique of heatset web offset printing, with its special
drying process, has its own, unique requirements. In multicolour web offset printing on coated papers, the paper web
is printed on both sides and thermally dried after it leaves the
last printing unit. Drying takes place at this point because an
unsettled layer of ink would rub off on the turning bars, the
guide bars and the former fold, causing the print to smear
and preventing successful processing in the folding unit.
11
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Vll Problems in
web offset printing
Blistering
When the ink dries, so does the paper. In intensively printed
areas, if the drying temperature is too high or if the paper is
sensitive to such problems, this can lead to blistering. The
sudden, extreme rise in temperature produces a build-up of
water vapour in the internal structure of the paper. And
because the paper is not only coated, but also printed on
both sides at certain places covered in thick layers of ink
this vapour has nowhere to go. This leads to tearing in the
internal structure of the paper and blistering in the printed
areas (see figures).
Blistering
Blistering
12
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Paper should have a certain residual strength, for which the FOGRA method suggests the following values:
Paper substance > 72 g/m2
Critical range
< 10 N/15 mm
(Breaking in the fold as a result of paper properties)
Critical range
< 10 N/15 mm
(Breaking in the fold as a result of paper properties)
Middle range
10 N/15 mm to 15 N/15 mm
(Breaking in the fold as a result of paper properties
or caused by processing issues)
Middle range
10 N/15 mm to 12,5 N/15 mm
(Breaking in the fold as a result of paper properties
or caused by processing issues)
Neutral range
> 15 N/15 mm
(Breaking in the fold unrelated to paper properties)
Neutral range
> 12,5 N/15 mm
(Breaking in the fold unrelated to paper properties)
13
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Fluting
Even today, more or less pronounced forms of fluting are
among the typical problems in web offset printing on coated
papers. The waves run parallel to the printing direction
which, in the case of web offset, is automatically the machine direction. One of the main paper characteristics that affect the severity of fluting, is the MC/CD (machine direction /
cross direction) strength ratio of the paper. Strong longitudinal fibre orientation makes a paper more sensitive to fluting.
Interestingly, the problem occurs most with papers of the
lower substances. But the decisive factor is the printing
form itself. Pages that contain intensively printed areas next
to areas with hardly any or no ink at all, are particularly sensitive to severe fluting. When this happens, there is nothing
that can be done in the printing process to prevent it.
Fluting
Fluting
14
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Expanding
The problem of expanding or growing of printed paper, as
seen when pages produced in web offset are combined with
covers produced in sheet offset, is caused by the intensive
drying of papers after they leave the drying oven. Here, so
much moisture is extracted from the paper, that it inevitably
shrinks to some degree, up to 0.3 to 0.7 %. After the signatures have been gathered, stitched and cut, the paper
begins to adapt to the surrounding humidity once again,
and starts to grow, causing the inside pages to extend
beyond the size of the cover.
Remoisturing
Hygroflex
measurement converter
Analogue output
Web sensor
BFC-Dio
Web sensor
BFC-Dio
Web sensor
15
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Vlll Measuring
temperature and humidity
Measuring interior temperature
and room humidity
The usability of values in a diagram, describing, for instance,
development of relative humidity with changing temperatures,
is completely dependent on the accuracy of the measurements taken. The curve in such a diagram shows that temperature measurement in particular has to be very exact. This
means that thermometers should be used which indicate
half degrees and (approximations of) tenths of degrees.
Exact temperature measurements are relatively easy and
effortless, but the same cannot be said for measurements of
absolute moisture content or relative humidity.
The practical problem with these measurements is that very
small quantities of moisture have to be measured with very
high accuracy. The diagram on page 6 shows that, at a temperature of around 20 C, an increase in moisture content of
no more than 2 g/m3 produces a rise in air humidity of no less
than 10 %.
Obtain a printed version of this brochure from the Idea Exchange at www.sappi.com
Climate and Paper, the seventh technical brochure from Sappi Idea Exchange
sappi
idea
exchange
lX Concluding remarks
FOGRA
Forschungsgesellschaft Druck e. V., Mnchen
www.fogra.org
Sword gauge
Sappi is committed to helping printers and graphic designers use paper in the best possible way. So we share our knowledge
with customers, providing them with samples, specifications, ideas, technical information and a complete range of brochures
through the Sappi Idea Exchange. Find out more on our unique web site.
Surface gauge
www.ideaexchange.sappi.com
17
Obtain a printed version of this brochure from the Idea Exchange at www.sappi.com
18
Climate and Paper, the seventh technical brochure from Sappi Idea Exchange
sappi
idea
exchange
lX Concluding remarks
FOGRA
Forschungsgesellschaft Druck e. V., Mnchen
www.fogra.org
Sword gauge
Sappi is committed to helping printers and graphic designers use paper in the best possible way. So we share our knowledge
with customers, providing them with samples, specifications, ideas, technical information and a complete range of brochures
through the Sappi Idea Exchange. Find out more on our unique web site.
www.ideaexchange.sappi.com
Surface gauge
17
18
Obtain a printed version of this brochure from the Idea Exchange at www.sappi.com
Cover HannoArt Gloss 250 g/m2, text HannoArt Gloss 150 g/m2, 2004, Sappi Europe SA, communications@eu.sappi.com
Climate and Paper is one of Sappis technical brochures. Sappi brought together this paper related knowledge to inspire our
customers to be the best they can be.
Adhesive Techniques
Processing
Matt
Paper
Verarbeitung
von
Mattpapier
Developments in the
printing and paper making industries
and their effect on adhesive techniques
in the bookbinding trade
Why
do matt
papersMattpapiere
Warum
verdienen
require special attention?
besondere Beachtung?
sappi
www.sappi.com
sappi
sappi
idea
exchange
sappi
This one and the other technical brochures are freely available at our
knowledge bank:
sappi
Sappi Fine Paper Europe
Sappi Europe SA
154 Chausse de la Hulpe
B-1170 Brussels
Tel. + 32 2 676 97 36
Fax + 32 2 676 96 65
sappi
www.ideaexchange.sappi.com/knowledgebank
sappi
Cover HannoArt Gloss 250 g/m2, text HannoArt Gloss 150 g/m2, 2004, Sappi Europe SA, communications@eu.sappi.com
Climate and Paper is one of Sappis technical brochures. Sappi brought together this paper related knowledge to inspire our
customers to be the best they can be.
Adhesive Techniques
Processing
Matt
Paper
Verarbeitung
von
Mattpapier
Developments in the
printing and paper making industries
and their effect on adhesive techniques
in the bookbinding trade
Why
do matt
papersMattpapiere
Warum
verdienen
require special attention?
besondere Beachtung?
sappi
www.sappi.com
sappi
sappi
idea
exchange
sappi
This one and the other technical brochures are freely available at our
knowledge bank:
sappi
Sappi Fine Paper Europe
Sappi Europe SA
154 Chausse de la Hulpe
B-1170 Brussels
Tel. + 32 2 676 97 36
Fax + 32 2 676 96 65
sappi
www.ideaexchange.sappi.com/knowledgebank
sappi