Chemistry IB

Enthalpy change by Hess Law

Chemistry IB 1
Enthalpy change by Hess Law

I.

Data collection and processing

Aspect 1: recording raw data

Change in temperature between the start and end of the reaction of the
dissolution of NaOH(s) in water .
Table :1

Initial temperature (T1) ( Co ) Final temperature (T2) ( Co)

Trial 1 18.6
Trial 2 18.9
Trial 3 19.4

24.5
23.2
23.1

Change in temperature between the start and end of the reaction of the
neutralization of NaOH(aq) and HCl(aq)
Table: 2

Initial temperature (T1) ( Co ) Final temperature (T2) ( Co)

Trial 1 21.0
Trial 2 20
Trial 3 21.2

22.8
22.7
22.5

Change in temperature between the start and end of the reaction of the
neutralization of NaOH(s) and HCl(aq)
Table: 3

Initial temperature (T1) ( Co ) Final temperature (T2) ( Co)

Trial 1 18.4
Trial 2 19
Trial 3 18.5

29.4
30.2
29.8

Chemistry IB 2
Enthalpy change by Hess Law

Aspect 2: Processing raw data and presenting processed data

Calculations to determine T =(T2-T1)(Average)
Change in temperature between the start and end of the reaction of the dissolution of
NaOH(s) in water .
Table: 4

T1

T2

Average (C ) 18.9

23.3

T
4.4

Change in temperature between the start and end of the reaction of the neutralization
of NaOH(aq) and HCl(aq)
Table: 5

T1

T2

Average (C ) 20.73

22.66

T
1.93

Change in temperature between the start and end of the reaction of the neutralization
of NaOH(s) and HCl(aq)
Table: 6

T1

T2

Average (Co) 18.63

29.8

T
11.17

Enthalpy calculations of the reaction of the dissolution of NaOH(s) in water , determining

the enthalpy of the reaction per mole.
Table: 7
*Specific heat of water (4.18) specific heat of glass (0.84)
weight(113.89)
Calculation:
Mass of the dissolution (grams)
Temperature difference/change

Formula Applied
200 g (water )+4g(NaOH)
23.3C-18.9C

204g
4.4 C

Result

(4.18J)( 204g )(4.4C)

3741.968J

(0.84J)(113.89g) (4.4C)
3741.968J+420.937J

420.937J
4162.897J

4/40

0.1 mol

T
)
q1(Heat absorbed by the dissolution
) (q=mct)
q2(Heat absorbed by the beaker )

q= q1+q2) (q=mct)
Number of Moles in NaOH
Mass/Moecualr Mass
Enthalpy of dissolution of NaOH in
kj/mol
Theoretical enthalpy based directly
on the standard enthalpies of formation (Hf )
and

4162.897J 1000 = 4.16kJ

Then
4.16kJ 0.1 mol
H of NaOH = 426.7 kJ/mol
H of Na = 239.7 kJ/mol
H of OH = 230 kJ/mol
NaOH Na + OH

Ha(R)=
-41.628

Chemistry IB 3
Enthalpy change by Hess Law
Ha(t)=--42.3

Difference of enthalpies
(margin of error)

42.3-41.628=0.672
0.672 kj/mol of margin of error

Jf
Enthalpy calculations of the reaction of the neutralization of NaOH(aq) and HCl(aq)
Table: 8
*Specific heat of water (4.18) specific heat of glass (0.84) weight (113.89)

Calculation:
Mass of the dissolution (grams)
Temperature difference/change

Formula Applied
100 g (water )+100g(HCl)
22.66C-20.73C

200g
1.93C

Result

(4.18J)( 200g )(1.93C)

1613.48J

(0.84J)(113.89g) (1.93C)
1613.48J+184J

184J
1798.118J

0.5M 0.1 L

0.05 mol

T
)
q1(Heat absorbed by the dissolution
) (q=mct)
q2(Heat absorbed by the beaker )

q= q1+q2) (q=mct)
Number of Moles in NaOH
Mass/Moecualr Mass
Enthalpy of dissolution of HCl in
kj/mol
Theoretical enthalpy based directly
on the standard enthalpies of formation (Hf )

Difference of enthalpies
(margin of error)

1798.118J 1000 = 1.798 kJ

Then
Hb(R)=1.798 kJ 0.05 mol
35.96
H of H+(aq) = 0 kJ/mol
H of OH-(aq) = 230 kJ/mol
H of H2O(l) = 285.8 kJ/mol
H +OH H2O
Hb(t )=-55.8 kJ/mol
19.84 kj/mol of error

Enthalpy calculations of the reaction of the neutralization of NaOH(s) and HCl(aq)

Table: 9
*Specific heat of water (4.18) specific heat of glass (0.84) weight (113.89)

Calculation:
Mass of the dissolution (grams)
Temperature difference/change

T
)

Formula Applied
200 g (HCl)+4g(NaOH)
18.63C-29.8C=

Result
204g
11.17C

Chemistry IB 4
Enthalpy change by Hess Law
q1(Heat absorbed by the
dissolution ) (q=mct)
q2(Heat absorbed by the beaker )

q= q1+q2) (q=mct)
Number of Moles in NaOH
Mass/Moecualr Mass
Enthalpy of dissolution of NaOH in
kj/mol
Theoretical enthalpy based directly
on the standard enthalpies of formation
(Hf ) and Hess Law

(4.18J)( 200g )(11.17C)

9338.12J

(0.84J)(113.89g) (11.17C)
1613.48J+184J

1068.60J
10406.72J

4/40

0.1 mol

10406.72J 1000 = 10.40kJ

10.40 kJ 0.1 mol

Ha(R)=- 104.06
kj/mol

H +OH H2O
Hb(t )=-55.8 kJ/mol
NaOH Na + OH
Ha(t)=-42.3
NaOH(aq) +HCL(aq) NaCL(aq)+ H2O(l)

Difference of enthalpies
(margin of error)

II.

Hc(t)= Ha(t)+ Hb(t)

Hc(t)=-55.8+-42.3
Hc(t)= -98.1 kj/mol
5.96 kj/mol of error

Conclusion and Evaluation

Aspect 1: Concluding
In this practical , we measured the different enthalpies of different reactions as the
dissolution of NaOH(s) in water, the neutralization of HCl(aq) and NaOH(aq), and also the
neutralization of HCl(aq) and NaOH(solid). The enthalpies were measured by different
materials, which were the same solution (water) and if they had solids (NaOH) and the
beaker or container that embraced the reaction. The heat absorbed was calculated by the
formula q=mct were m is mass, c is specific heat (water=4.18) (beaker 0.84)and t the
change of temperature in the reaction( t2-t1). We compared this values with the theoretical
ones made from the enthalpies of formation. During the experiment in the first reaction the
values for the disoltuion of NaOH in water was experimentally -41.628 kj/mol and
theoretically 42.3 kj/mol wich gave a difference of 0.672 kj/mol of margin of error. For
the second reaction of the neutralization of NaOH and HCl both in aqueos state
experimentally 35.96kj/mol and theretically -55.8 kJ/mol with a difference of 19.84

Chemistry IB 5
Enthalpy change by Hess Law

kj/mol margin of error. Finally the third reaction of the neutralization of NaOH and HCl
one on solid state and the other on aqueous state, experimental -104.06 kj/mol and
theoretically -98.1 kj/mol and with a 5.96 kj/mol of margin of error. The results of the
experiment demonstrate that big mistakes were not encountered and that the results are
similar to the ones theoretically accepted. But the small mistakes could have been due to
systematic errors or random errors as not measuring the temperature correctly.
The reactions specified in the lab were clearly exothermic because they released
heat in the process , also the reaction could have not very much quantities of energy but in
the small degreases that were increased exothermic is present. As the temperature change
marks positive the reaction releases energy. Also the both last reactions were
neutralizations, and neutralizations belong to be exothermic reactions.
The process of the last reaction involves the two reactions before this means
according to Hess law that the reactions of the dissolution of NaOH in water and the the
neutralization of NaOH and HCl both in aqueous state are processes of a bigger reaction
that is the neutralization of NaOH in solid state and HCl in aqueous state. This is because in
the first phase of the third reaction is the first reaction , as the HCl is in a dissolution of
water , the NaOH dissolves on water and later reacts with HCl . For instance as the Hess
Law states that energy change in an overall chemical reaction is equal to the sum of the
energy changes in the individual reactions comprising it. So theoretically the sum of both
enthalpies of the first step or reaction plus the other give me the complete enthalpy of the
third, and compared wth the experimental results , we can prove that the Hess law proves
correctly. So Finally the hess law that sates in this experiment Hc= Ha+ Hb , is true as

Chemistry IB 6
Enthalpy change by Hess Law

the calculations theretically and experimental are alike by no big difference. As the third
reaction is the summary of the first two in terms of enthalpy.
Aspect 2: Evaluating procedure:
In

the experiment there were several errors , this errors were due to

many different factors such as the system is not isolated and nor closed , it was
opened, heat could have escaped by the table itself , the air and even our hand
when we stirred the mixture. Also the Vernier probe wasnt recalibrated after
years of use, recalibration could have been done. Also as we had these
different measures, and they werent exact as for 3 or 2 decimals, this could
have cause a bigger error, because as most of the formulas multiply and the
error could have been propagated in bigger quantities. In the neutralization of
NaOH and HCl both in aqueous there was a difference of 19.84 kj/mol of error which is not
a smaller or bug but considerable , this error could have been caused by the probe which was
measuring not the solution directly but also the beaker, also the temperature in the solution could
have been not equally spread , and the solution was in constant movement so there e could be a
change in temperature if there was not an equally spread temperature in the solution. The specific
heat given to the beaker could affect the enthalpy, such as the concentration of all the material of the
beaker could have not been made uniformly ,also the different kinds of glass have different specific
heats.
Aspect 3: Improving the investigation:
For the next experiment we could use a calorimeter and a completely sealed system as is the
calorimeter, the insulated system must not allow no other temperature affect the system , also the
quantities , that are used should be considered to get all the energy faster as possible as having the
NaOH in powder to accelerate the temperature. Also to know how to manipulate substances that do
not have to be affected by other temperatures.