Al-Qaeda: International terrorist organization responsible for the attacks on 9/11

Command economy: A communist economic policy that restricts private ownership of property
Nikita Khrushchev: Party secretary and leader of the U.S.S.R.
DeStalinization: A process that led to reforms, such as loosening government censorship of the
press, decentralizing economic decision making, and restructuring the collective farms.
Mikhail Gorbachev: Soviet leader who acted more western and was open to western style
reforms.
Glasnost: The term translates from Russian as Openness, and it allowed more open discussion
of political, social, and economic issues as well as open criticism of the government.
Democratization: Gorbachev wanted to keep the communist party but introduce a little
democracy. He created the Congress of peoples Deputies with directly elected representatives
and a new position of president.
Perestroika: Gorbachevs most radical reform also his least successful. He tried to modernize
within and keep soviet structure. It transferred economic powers held by the central government
to private hands and the market economy.
Boris Yeltsin: He was elected president of the Russian Republic and was a former Politburo
member who had been removed a few years earlier because his radical views fended
conservatives.
Vladimir Putin: The newly elected president set out to redefine Russias place in the world, a
task that required a new interpretation of the countrys relationship with the west.

Containment: Policy that prevented communism from spreading.

Dtente: Peaceful coexistence with Soviet Union.
Osama Bin Laden: Leader of Al-Qaeda
Saddam Hussein: Powerful Iraqi Dictator that had Weapons of Mass Destruction.
Weapons of Mass Destruction: Nuclear Warheads, Dirty bombs, Biological Weapons, Chemical
Weapons, etc
Preemption: Principal of attacking someone before being attacked.
Deng Xiaoping: Leader of china that began a series of economic reforms that shaped the
socialist market economy.
Socialist market economy: Gradual infusion of capitalism while still retaining state control.
Household responsibility system: Individual families take charge of the production and
marketing of crops.
Private business: Included urban co-ops, service organizations, and rural industries that largely
operated as capitalist enterprises.
Special Economic Zones: A term used to describe any modern economic zone. In these zones,
business and trades laws differ from the rest of the country.
Tiananmen Crisis: In 1989, a huge protest broke out and the Chinese government sent in the
army to decimate that protestors.
Supranational Organizations: A union that reflects a trend toward integration.

Integration: A process that encourages states to pool their sovereignty in order to gain political,
economic, and social clout.
Globalization: An integration of social, environmental, economic, and cultural activities of
nations that has resulted from increasing international contacts.
Fragmentation: Tendency for people to base their loyalty on ethnicity, language, religion, or
cultural identity.
World Trade Organization: Established in 1995, the WTO is an organization of member states
that have agreed to rules of world trade among nations. It is responsible for implementing new
trade agreements.
World Bank: Loans money to low and middle income countries at modest interest rates. The
banks goals is to eliminate poverty and to support economic development through investment in
projects that build business, create jobs, eliminate corruption, and improve transportationcommunication.
European Union: regional organization that promises to redefine the meaning of sovereignty.
North American Free Trade Agreement: Its goal was to closely integrate the countries
economies by eliminating tariffs and reducing restrictions so that companies may expand into all
countries freely.
More developed countries: Countries that have experienced industrialization.
Less developed countries: Countries that have not become industrialized.
Compressed Modernity: A rapid economic and political change that transformed the country
into a stable nation with democratizing political institutions, a growing economy.
Modernization model: Westernization model, first country to develop its industry.
Dependency theory: Puts primary responsibility for global poverty on rich nations.

Market economies: Follow free market principals without government control.

Mixed economy: A market system in which the government controls
Marketization: The states creation of a market in which property labor, goods, and services can
all function in a competitive environment to determine their value.
Privatization: Transfer of state owned property to private ownership
Megacities: Cities with a huge population, 10 million and over.
Green Revolution: Created 2 new practices: the uses of new higher yield seeds and the
expanded use of fertilizer.
Human rights movement: Movement that fought for civil rights.
Universal declaration of human rights: Document sponsored by the U.N.
Non-Governmental organizations: promotes human rights and focuses on helping people who
have been tortured or imprisoned.
Modernism: Values of secularism, reasoning, materialism, technology, bureaucracy, and
freedom rather than collective equality.
Post Modernism: A set of values that emphasize quality of life over concern with material gain.
Cultural Globalization: Spread of western-American culture to other parts of the globe.
Cultural Imperialism: Dominates the worlds movie theaters, televisions, and computer
screens, with image of western goods and styles.
Global pop culture: Allows people access to music, food, dress, movies, and TV that reflect
American culture.
Global elite culture: Reaches fewer people than pop culture but connects influential people.
Nationalism: Identity based on nationhood.
Politicization of religion: Secular beliefs have replaced religion.

Stateless Nations: People of a common identity without a corresponding state organized by

central government.