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Friction force:
- It exists between two surfaces when they touch each other
-It affects in the opposite direction of the movement.
Types of friction:
1- Friction between solids.
2- Friction between bodies and air.
3- Friction between bodies and water.
The ball bearing that exists in the axis of car engine and transmits the
motion from the car engine to the wheels.
G.R: Using lubricants and oil in machines. OR Using ball bearings in
machines.? To reduce(decrease) the friction force .
Give reasons:
Advantages of friction:
1- helps in moving and stopping cars .
2- helps us to control the car speed.
3- helps us to walk on smooth surface .
Because the friction prevents us from slipping down.
4- Lighting of a match.
Structure Of heart
1- The heart is divided into two sides, the left side and the right side.
2- The left side contains oxygenated blood (blood rich in O2 gas).
3- The right side contains deoxygenated blood (blood rich in CO2 gas).
4- There is a wall separates between the two sides of the heart? G.R
To avoid mixing the blood in the two sides.
5- The 2 upper chamber is called an atrium(left and right atrium).
The heart has two atria, the left atrium & the right atrium.
6- The 2 lower chamber is called a ventricle.
The heart has two ventricles, the left ventricle and the right ventricle.
7- The heart consists of four chambers ( 2 atria & 2 ventricles).
8- There is a valve between each atrium and ventricle in the same side. G.R
Because the valve passes the blood in one direction only from atrium to
ventricle
9- The four chambers of the heart are always full of blood and connected
to the blood vessels.
Blood vessels:
P.O.C.
Location
Thickness
Function
Type of
blood
Examples
Shape
Arteries
veins
start from the heart from the Begin at the body cells and open in
two ventricles and end at the the heart in the two atria.
body cells
thick
thin
carry the blood from the heart carry the blood from all the body
to all the body parts.
parts to the heart.
All arteries carry blood rich in All veins carry blood rich
O2 except the pulmonary artery in CO2 except the pulmonary
Which carry blood rich in CO2 veins Which carry blood rich in
O2
Aorta artery - Pulmonary artery Pulmonary veins - vena cava
Large and wide at the
Begin by blood capillaries
beginning
Larger at the end
End by blood capillaries
Atria receive blood from veins, but ventricles pump blood through
arteries.
Arteries end with blood capillaries, but veins begin with blood capillaries.
Blood capillaries:
They are network of tiny blood vessels with very thin walls.
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Functions of Plasma:
a) Carries the digested food to all body cells.
b) Carries wastes to get rid of them.
Functions of blood
1- Transfer or delivery of materials to all body cells:
a) Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.
b) Plasma transports food and wastes.
2- Defense and protection of the body: GR?
a) White blood cells attack microbes that cause diseases to human.
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1- The blood carrying carbon dioxide gas reaches from all the body parts
to the right atrium through vena cava.
2- The blood flows to the right ventricle through a valve.
3- The right ventricle contracts pumping the blood into the two lungs
through the pulmonary artery.
4- The blood rich in oxygen (which comes from the two lungs) returns to
the left atrium through the pulmonary veins, then it flows to the left
ventricle through a valve.
5- The left ventricle contracts pumping the blood rich in oxygen to all
body cells through aorta artery.
GR:Wall of left ventricle is thicker than right ventricle?.
Because left ventricle pumps blood to all body cells, but right ventricle
blood to two lungs only.
RCB'S
WBC'S
Attack microbes
Have nuclei
Artery
Vein
Plasma
Platelets
Blood consists of
Red blood cells (RBC'S)
Blood platelets
Plasma
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- Small sized
cells.
- Yellow
watery
fluid.
- They form
blood clot to stop bleeding
in case of
wounds.
They
contain
food that
cells need.
Veins
Blood capillaries
Give reason:
1- The two sides of heart are separated.
To separate the blood rich in oxygen from the blood carrying CO2.
Or to prevent mixing the blood found in both sides.
2- Heart contains valves.To allow blood move from atrium to ventricle
only.
3- Blood flows in one direction only inside the heart.
Because valves allow blood to pass only from the atriums to ventricles.
4- The wall of left ventricle is more thicker than that of the right one.
Because the right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs (short way),While the
left ventricle pumps the blood to all body parts (long way).
5- Blood capillaries have a thin wall.
Thin wall allows blood to deliver food and oxygen to the cells . and allows to
get rid of wastes materials.
6- It is necessary to keep exercising.
To maintain the circulatory system and the blood.
7- Smoking must be avoided.To maintain the circulatory
system and the blood.
8- It is necessary to avoid exposure to infection and accidents.
To maintain the circulatory system and the blood.
9- Ventricles have thicker walls.
Because it pushes the blood for distance more than atrium.
omplete :-
1- The blood cells resist the microbes that cause diseases to the man .
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2- The blood cells transfers the oxygen and carbondioxide in the body .
3- . Keep the temperature of the body .
4- The left atrium contracts and pushes the blood to .
5- The .atrium accepts the blood from all body parts except the two lungs .
6- The blood vessels that give the heart the blood are called ..
7- The heart of the man consists of chambers .
8- The chamber in the heart accepts the oxygenated blood that comes from the two
lungs .
9-The heart is a muscular pump in a size of your -----10----------- blood circulation takes place between the heart and all the body parts.
11-Left ventricles contracts pumping blood into ------------.
14)-The blood is part of the ----------- system.
Correct:
1- Solid wastes:
The indigested food stored in the large intestine before passing out of the
body.
2- Excretory materials:
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waste materials formed inside the cells and carried by the blood to special
organs to get rid of them.
a) Carbon dioxide:
Produced with water vapour when the body cells burn the digested food by
oxygen to produce energy.
Our body get rid of CO2 gas and water vapour through the two lungs
b) Nitrogenous wastes:
produced from breaking down of proteins.
We can get rid of nitrogenous wastes (urea & uric acid) by the urinary
system.
c) Excess salts and excess water:
Our body can get rid of excess salts and excess water through the urinary
system (two kidneys) and skin.
Excretion process:
The process of getting rid of the excretory materials out of the body.
Skin is one of the excretory organs GR?.
Because it gets rid of excess salts and excess water in the form of sweat.
Body cells release their wastes into the blood GR?.
Because blood carries these wastes to special organs to get rid of them.
Urinary system:
-A group of organs that clarifies the body from wastes and harmful
substances.
-The system that clarifies blood from nitrogenous wastes, excess salts and
excess water.
kidney functions:
1- Filtration of blood from wastes such as urea, uric acid and excess
salt.
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b) Two ureters:
They are 2 narrow tubes that connect 2 kidneys with urinary bladder.
Two ureters function:
c) Urinary bladder:
- A balloon-like sac that receives the urine from the two ureters.
Artery:
-It carries blood rich in oxygen, but containing waste materials to two
kidneys.
Vein:
- It carries the pure blood (filtered by the two kidneys) that is rich in CO2
gas to the heart which pumps it to the other body parts.
Urethra:
-Is a tube which extends from the urinary bladder and opens outside the
body
-It allows the urine to pass outside the body.
-Urine is the fluid of harmful wastes, which is produced by two kidneys.
-Urine consists of water containing some excess salts, urea and uric acid.
-Each kidney contains about one million minute tubules that filter blood
from wastes.
-The blood containing wastes enters the kidneys through arteries, but the
pure blood leaves kidneys through veins.
How can the body get rid of some excess salts through skin?
- The body gets rid of excess salts by secreting sweat from special glands
in the skin called sweat glands.
Sweat glands:
- Special type of glands inside the skin that produce sweat.
-Secreting sweat increases in summer due to high temperature.
GR:You must drink more clean water in summer.
Because the body produces (secretes) more sweat in summer.
- The body get rid of Carbon dioxide and water vapour wastes by lungs
- The body get rid of Excess salts by sweat from skin
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- The body get rid of Nitrogen wastes (urea and uric acid) by the kidneys in
the urinary system.
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Unit (2)
Lesson 1: Soil
Components
Soil:
-
Soil components:
Soil is made of many components such as:
a) Pieces of rocks (which is composed of sand, clay, minerals & gravels).
b) Water.
c) Silt.
d) Air.
e) Humus.
a) Pieces of rocks:
- The variation in types of soil depends on the type of rocks and minerals.
- Rocks are the main source of sand & clay which are the main components
of soil
b) Humus:
- It is the decayed remains of animals and plants
- its color is dark brown or black.
Importance of soil:
1- Plants take water and food from it
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Formation of soil:
Soil can be formed by breaking down of rocks by several factors as:
1- Water rushing.
2- Winds.
3- Heat & rains.
The origin of the soil of Egypt is the rocks of the Ethiopian Plateau.
1-When rocks of Ethiopian Plateau are exposed to heat, winds, rains and
running water
2- Flood water carried these particles of rocks to River Nile, then to Nile
Valley.
GR: Clay and silt are important components for soil?.
Because they are rich in elements necessary for growth of plants.
3-Rocky layers:
Their upper layers contain pieces of rocks, but their lower layers contain
solid rocks.
(2) Slit soil:Composed of a mixture of equal amounts of gravel, sand, clay, and slit, but
it contains more humus".
(3) Clay soil:Composed mainly of clay and silt particles, and a small amount of sand
and humus.
Sand soil
Silt soil
1-Main components
Sand particles
2-color
Yellow
Grey
Dark(black)
3-the size
Large
Medium
Small
4-compactness
Weak(loose)
Medium
High
5-aeration
Good
Medium
Poor
6-drainage of water
Medium
Slow
7-water absorption
Low
Medium
High
8-fertility
Less
High
Fertile
Points of comparison
Clay soil
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Holding of water
( retain water )
Less
medium
More
9-suitable plants
Potatoes
sweet potatoes
peanuts-cactus
Cotton ,wheat
sugarcane
vegetables
Strawberry le
-oranges
pomegranate
Give reason:
1-Sweet potatoes are cultivated in sand soil
Because sand soil is Suitable for cultivation of plants that produce tubers.
2-The water level in clay soil is higher than sand and silt soils
Because clay soil has high absorption of water than sand and silt soil
3-Sand soil is called by this name
Because it is composed mainly of sand particles
4-The clay soil is poorly aerated
Because it has highly compacted Particles"
5- The clay soil has the slowest drainage of water
Because it is a Poorly aerated soil as its particles are highly compacted.
6-The sand soil is well aerated
Because it has weakly compacted Particles"
7-The silt soil is highly fertile
Because it is rich in humus"
8-The silt soil has grey color
Because it is rich in humus that is dark In color"
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Soil pollution
- Any change in the soil that disturbs its natural balance and harms its
living organisms.
2) Chemical fertilizers.
3) Industrial wastes.
Final Revisions
Complete the following statements:
1)-The damage of machines is due to the ------------between their moving parts.
2)-Lubricants and oil form a ----------layer between the moving surfaces of the
machines.
3) ----------is formed of a group of small metallic balls with smooth surfaces.
4)-The friction force increases by ----------the surface area of the moving objects.
5)-The effect of the friction force is in the ----------direction of the movement
direction.
6)- ------------- is used to decrease the effect of friction force between the internal
moving parts of machines.
7)- ------------ and ----------- are the factors affecting on air resistance.
8)-The friction force between water and the object moves through is called
--------------.
9)-Car tires have ------------ connected with ----------- to squeeze the water out.
10)-Increasing the speed of the car increases ------------.
11)- -----------enables us to walk and run without slipping down.
12)-Fish has streamline shape to ------------------.
13)-The effect of the friction force is in the opposite direction of the ----14)-When the bicycle's tires touch the ground, ----------- arises.
15)-The friction between the internal moving parts of machines causes a great loss of
-----.
Choose the correct answer:
1)-The layer formed by using lubricants and oil -------------.
(decreases the friction force- increases the friction force - prevents the frictionnothing happen).
2)-Friction force depends on the ------ of material surface. (type color
shape)
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3)-The friction force between glass and ceramic is ----------- that between glass and dry
cement.(equal to smaller than larger than)
4)-Friction increases by increasing ----------(height speed weight)
5)-Friction between your shoes and the ground prevents -----------. (walking running
slipping down)
6)-There is ----------- relation between the water resistance and the surface area of the
moving body.(a curved a direct an indirect no)
7)- ------------- exist in the axis of car engine and transmits the motion from the car
engine to the wheels. (Oil Lubricants Ball bearings)
8)- ------------- is (are) from the disadvantages of friction.
(Damages of machines Loss a lot of money Rising the temperature of the
internal parts of machines all the previous)
9)- --------------- slows down the moving objects.
(Movement force Heat energy Kinetic energy Friction force)
Give reason for:
1)-Fish has a streamline shape.
---------------------------------------------------------------2)-The parachutist opens his parachute on landing.
--------------------------------------------------------------3)-Using oil and lubricant in machines.
-------------------------------------------------------------4)-Birds stretch their wings on landing.
-------------------------------------------------------------5)-A big rubber ball moves on the classroom for a shorter distance than that of the
small rubber ball.
--------------------------------------------------------------6)-There are ball bearings in the car engine.
--------------------------------------------------------------7)-Friction force has many disadvantages.
--------------------------------------------------------------8)-There is a direct relation between the friction force and the surface area of
the moving object.
--------------------------------------------------------------.
Write the scientific term:
1)-A set of small balls of smooth surfaces are put together between the internal parts of
the machines.
(----------------)
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(----------------)
3)-The friction force between air and the moving objects through it.
4)-Substances that form thin layer to decrease the friction force.
Correct the underlined words:
1)-Friction force affects in the same direction of the object movement.
2)-Air resistance decreases when the car moves so fast.
3)-Lubricants increase the friction.
4)-The friction force between a marble and a glass surface is higher than that
between the marble and a wooden surface.
5)-When the velocity of a train decreases, the air resistance increases.
6)-Trains and aircrafts are designed in streamline shapes to increase the air resistance.
A)-Put () or (X) and correct the wrong ones:
1)-By increasing the surface area of the moving object, the friction force decreases.
( )
2)-When the parachutist opens his parachute the friction force decreases( )
3)-Oil is used to decrease the friction force.
( )
4)-The pushing of an object forwards is opposed by a friction force at the same
direction.
( )
5)-Ball bearings are used to increase the friction force.
10)-There are three types of blood vessels which are ----------, -------- and
--------------.
11)-The color of ---------- soil is dark, while that of -------- soil is yellow.
12)-The urinary system consists of ----------, ----------- and the urinary
bladder.
13)-All veins carry blood rich in carbon dioxide except the ------------.
14)-The compactness in --------- soil is very weak, while that in -------- soil is very
high.
15)- --------- form clots which help in healing wounds.
16)- ----------- and ----------- dig tunnels in soil.
17)- -----------, ----------- are from the excretory materials that produced from burning
the digested food with oxygen.
18)-Roots and animals are in the ----------- layers of the soil.
19)- ---------- is a balloon like- sac that receives urine from ureters.
20)- --------- are special glands in the skin help to expel excess salts and water.
21)-The main types of soil are ---------, ---------- and ---------.
22)-Water, ---------- and ---------- are from the soil components.
23)-Arteries transport blood from ----------to------------.
24)-We can get rid of CO2 (carbon dioxide gas) by ------------through
--------------------.
25)- ------------ and ------------ are from soil pollutants.
26)-The heart consists of -----------chambers.
27)-The narrow tube connects between the kidney and the urinary bladder is known as
----28)-Left atrium pushes the blood into the --------- and blood does not return back again
to atrium because of the presence of ------------.
29)-Blood consists of ---------- , red blood cells, platelets and ---------.
30)-Urea is expelled out the body by the --------------.
31)- ---------- atrium receives blood from all body parts except the lungs.
32)-Red blood cells carry ----------- gas from ------------ to all body cells.
Choose the correct answer:
1)- ---------- blood cells resist the microbes that attack the body.
(Plasma White Red)
2)-Carbon dioxide and water vapor are released out the body by -------. (two lungs
stomach heart)
3)-The origin of the agricultural soil in Egypt is from ---------- plateau.
(Tibet Golan Ethiopian)
4)-Urea is expelled by the ------( heart kidneys lungs)
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Complete:
The friction force has an effect in the .. direction of the moving
body
2. When the object moves fast in water the friction force
3. .. is from disadvantages of friction
4. The damage of machines is due to .. between their moving parts
5. .. and are used to decrease the friction force
6. The friction force of the object moving in air called.
7. The friction force of the object moving in water is called
8. The system consists of heart, and
9. The heart is located in Cavity between the
10. The heart is a muscular .
11. The heart consists of . Chambers and . Sides
12. Each side of heart consists of chambers
13. The upper chamber of heart is called .., while its lower chamber is called
.
14. There are three types of blood vessels which are .,,
1.
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1) Write the scientific term:1- The grey soil that contains more humus. Silt soil
2- Plants produce tubers and grow in sand soil. Potato and sweet potato
3- Small bodies that play a role in blood coagulation when the body is wounded. Blood
platelets
4- A set of small balls with smooth surfaces is put between the internal moving parts of
machines. Ball bearings
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5- The force that slows down the moving objects and its effect is in the opposite
direction of the object's movement. Friction
6- A force that opposes the motion of a boat in the river. Water resistance
7- A yellow watery fluid in which all the blood components float. Plasma
8- The organ which allows the urine to pass from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
Ureter 9- The type of glands that get rid of excess salts and excess water through skin.
Sweat glands
10- The most suitable soil for cultivation. Silt soil
11- A structure exists in the axis of the car engine and transmits the motion from the car
engine to the wheels. Ball bearings
12- A muscular pump located in the chest cavity and pumps the blood to all the body
parts. Heart
13- Blood vessels which carry the blood from the heart to all the body parts. Arteries
14- The friction occurring when something moves through air. Air resistance
15- A system that filters the blood from excess salts, urea and uric acid. Urinary
system 16- The path of the blood throughout the body. Blood circulation
17- A balloon like sac that receives urine from the two ureters. Urinary bladder
18- The remains of the decayed organisms. Humus
19- The network of pipelines that extend all over the human body. Blood capillaries
20- An artery that carries blood rich in carbon dioxide gas. Pulmonary artery
21- A type of soil that rarely contains humus. Sand soil
22- A thin non compacted layer covers the earth's crust. Soil
23- The suitable soil for cultivating potato. Sand soil
24- The two organs which filter the blood from urea. Two kidneys
25- Rains formed when industrial wastes dissolve in rain water. Acidic rains
26- Chemical compounds used to eradicate pests of the agricultural crops.
Chemical pesticides
27- Dark brown material that exists in the top soil layer. Humus
28- Any change in the environment that disturbs its natural balance. Pollution
29- Blood circulation between the heart and all the body parts except the two lungs.
Systemic blood circulation
30- The flow of blood to the lungs and its returning back to the heart. Minor blood
circulation 31- The Soil that is rich with humus. Silt
32- Rains increase the soil acidification. Acidic rains
33- The two organs which excrete carbon dioxide gas and excess water in the form of
water vapour. Two lungs
34- Any change in the soil properties that disturb its natural balance. Soil pollution
5- We can get rid of excretory materials like carbon dioxide and water vapour through
two lungs
6- Cactus grows in sand soil, while cotton grows in clay soil.
7- Sweat gland get rid of excess salts and water in the form of sweat
8- Kidneys are located on both sides of backbone
9- When living organisms die they decay forming humus
10- The direction of the friction force is opposite the direction of the object's motion.
11- The circulatory system consists of heart, blood and blood capillaries
12- From the agricultural soil pollutants are chemical pesticides and chemical
fertilizers 13- The right ventricle pumps the blood to pulmonary artery but left
ventricle pumps the blood to aorta
14- Blood keeps the body temperature constant.
15- The types of soil are clay , silt And sand
16- Urine consists of water containing excess salt, urea and uric acid
17- The heart beats cause pumping the blood to all body parts.
18- Car tires should be replaced when their grooves Disappear.
19- Urinary bladder is a balloon like sac.
20- The fish has streamline Shape.
21- Silt soil is highly fertile.
22- Increasing periods between irrigation times leads to increase the salinity of the
soil.
23- Blood circulation between the heart and all the body parts except the two lungs is
called systemic blood circulation.
24- The silt soil drains water faster than clay Soil.
25- Blood platelets form blood clots which help in healing wounds.
26- Water and wind break down rooks into small pieces.
3) Give reasons:
1- The fish has a streamline shape. To decrease water resistance
2- The heart contains valves.
To allow the flow of blood in one direction only from the atrium to the ventricle
3- The silt soil has the highest fertility. Because it contains great amount of humus
4- Friction force causes a great economical loss.
Because it increases the temperature of the internal parts of the machines leading
to the damage of them
5- Sweat has a salty taste.
Because it consists of the excess salts and excess water of the body.
6- Blood capillaries have thin walls.
To allow gases exchange process between the blood and the cells.
7- Smoking must be avoided. To keep the circulatory system healthy
8- The parachuitist opens his parachuite on landing.
To increase air resistance in order to land safely
9- The importance of earthworm and some spiders for the soil.
Because they aerate the soil by digging tunnels
10- Ball bearings are put between of the moving parts of machines.
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16- The right side of the heart contains blood rich in .. gas: (Oxygen carbon
dioxide nitrogen all the previous)
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