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Location updates
b)
SMS
c)
Ciphering Initiation
d)
Equipment Validation
e)
Subscriber authentation
f)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(c)
a)
Call Dropping.
b)
c)
Neutral networks
cell.
b)
2
( INTRA BSC ( BTS BTS)-----1 . transfer between BTS under control of same Bsc
Measuring the quality of radio connection
Power levels
2. EXTERNAL HANDOVER.
( a) INTER BSC (BSC_ BSC)---- 1. Transfer between BTS under
the control of diff
BSC
2.
BSC TO BSC
Frequency Diversity
2.
Interference Averaging
3.
capacity
Freq hopping implement will enable more aggressive freq reuse pattern, that leads
It can add more transceiver in the existing sites , while maintaing the net work
quality/
Freq hopping compressing the available spectrum to make room for extra capacity
.
10. Define the freq. hopping parameters?
Frequency Hopping Parameters
GSM defines the following set of parameters:
Mobile Allocation (MA): Set of frequencies the mobile is allowed to hop over. Maximum of
63 frequencies can be defined in the MA list.
Hopping Sequence Number (HSN): Determines the hopping order used in the cell. It is
possible to assign 64 different HSNs. Setting HSN = 0 provides cyclic hopping sequence and HSN = 1
to 63 provide various pseudo-random hopping sequences.
Mobile Allocation Index Offset (MAIO): Determines inside the hopping sequence, which
frequency the mobile starts do transmit on. The value of MAIO ranges between 0 to (N-1) where N is
the number of frequencies defined in the MA list. Presently MAIO is set on per carrier basis.
Motorola has defined an additional parameter, FHI.
Hopping Indicator (FHI): Defines a hopping system, made up by an associated set of
frequencies (MA) to hop over and sequence of hopping (HSN). The value of FHI varies between 0 to
3. It is possible to define all 4 FHIs in a single cell.
Motorola system allows to define the hopping system on a per timeslot basis. So different
hopping configurations are allowed for different timeslots. This is very useful for interference
averaging and to randomize the distribution of errors.
11. What are the effects of freq hopping?
(Ans)
1 Handovers:
2 Call setup:
3 Frame Erasure Rate (FER):
12 .Explain in brief what is FER.
Ans
FER------- 0 to 4%,
GOOD.
MS is instructed to resend.
2. TCH carriers in both cell 1& cell2 are same AFRCN TCH
16. Define the terms?
BER--- The number of erroneous bits received
Total no of bits received.
RBER---1 Residual bit error rate
2
L
BS
L
TS
BC
mobile.
RXLEV
TC
TX
C/I
RQ
1.
FE
2.
3.
TA
DSC
CHM
4.
RH
CiMd
MCC
MNC
LAC
RA
CI
5.
traffic channel
time slot number.
TX - transmit power
C/I -- Carrier to interference ratio in db
RQ -- Receive bit error rate
FE frame erasure rate.
TA -- Timing advance
CHM --C hannel Mode
RH -- cell reselction Hystresis
CiMdCiphering mode
RAC Routing area code.
LACLocation area code.
18. Explain the analysis behind RX Qual.?
RX Qual is the basic measure. It reflects the average BER over the certain period of
time(0.5s)
2. Frame erasure
3. Hand over.
19. What are type of interference occur?
1.
2.
Adj-channel interference.
3.
20.
What is ERLANG?
1E = 64Kbps.
Ex GOS=0.05 means one call in 20 will be blocked call during busiest hour because of
insufficient capacity.
22. What are the technique GSM offers which combat Multipath fading?
Equalization
Diversity
Freq Hopping
Interleaving
Channel coding
23. What are control &traffic channels?
Full rate
BCH-- 1. BCCH
2 .FCCH
3. SCH
DCCH----
1.SDCCH.
2. SACCH
3. FACCH
Normal Burst
Synchronization Burst.
Dummy Burst
Access Burst.
1watt = 30dbm
28. What are the optimizations you have done during Drive Test?
The Frame Erasure Ratio (FER) is a ratio of discarded speech frames compared to all the
received speech frames. A speech frame is generally discarded if after the decoding and error
correction process any of the category 1a bits is found to be changed based on the three parity bits
following them in a speech frame.
FER is a measure of how successfully the speech frame was received after the error
correction process and it is thus a better indication of the subjective speech quality compared to the
RXQUAL which gives an estimate of the link quality in terms of BER. The RXQUAL doesnt indicate
how the bit errors were distributed in a speech frame. The bit error distribution affects the ability of
the channel decoding to correct the errors.
The following table gives an idea of the correlation between RXQUAL and FER and between
subjective speech quality and different FER classes.
31. What is the relation link between RXQUAL& FER?
The relation of downlink FER and RXQUAL was measured during a FH trial. The relation is
clearly different in the hopping case compared to the non-hopping case. The distributions of FER in
each RXQUAL class are presented in Error! Reference source not found. and Error! Reference
source not found.. One clear observation can be made; in the non-hopping case there are significant
amount of samples indicating deteriorated quality (FER>10%) in RXQUAL class 5 while in the
hopping case the significant quality deterioration (FER>10%) happens in RXQUAL class 6. Thus, it
may be concluded that in the frequency hopping networks significant quality deterioration starts at
RXQUAL class 6 while in non-hopping network this happens at RXQUAL class 5.
This improvement of FER means that the higher RXQUAL values may be allowed in a
frequency hopping network. RXQUAL thresholds are used in the handover and power control
decisions. Because of the improvement in the relative reception performance on the RXQUAL classes
4-6, the RXQUAL thresholds affecting handover and power control decisions should be set higher in
a network using frequency hopping network. In a frequency hopping network RXQUAL classes 0-5
are indicating good quality.
Typically, the share of the RXQUAL classes 6 and 7 may increase after FH is switched on, even
if no other changes have been made. This may seem to be surprising since it is expected that
frequency hopping improves the network quality. However, in most cases the quality is actually
improved, but the improvement is more visible in the call success ratio. The improved tolerance
against interference and low field strength in FH network means that it is less likely that the
decoding of SACCH frames fails causing increment in the radio link timeout counter. Thus, it is less
likely that a call is dropped because of the radio link timeout. Instead, the calls generating high
RXQUAL samples tend to stay on. This may lead to increase in the share of RXQUAL 6-7. However, at
the same time the call success rate is significantly improved.
In the Error! Reference source not found., there are presented some trial results of a DL
RXQUAL distribution with different frequency allocation reuse patterns. As can be seen from the
figures, the tighter the reuse becomes, the less samples fall in quality class 0 and more samples fall in
quality classes 1-6. Theres bigger difference in downlink than in uplink direction.
This difference is a consequence of interference and frequency diversities that affect the
frequency hopping network. Because of these effects, the interference or low signal strength tend to
occur randomly, while in a non-hopping network it is probable that interference or low field strength
will affect several consecutive bursts making it harder for the error correction to actually correct
errors. The successful error correction leads to less erased frames and thus improves the FER.
32. What do you understand by idle channel measurement?
When a new call is established or a handover is performed, the BSC selects the TRX
and the time slot for the traffic channel based on the idle channel interference measurements. The
frequency hopping has a significant effect on the idle channel interference measurement results.
When the frequency hopping is used, the frequency of a hopping logical channel is changed
about 217 times in a second. The frequency of the idle time slots changes according to the same
sequence.
In a case of the random hopping, this means that the measured idle channel interference is
likely to be the same for all the TRXs that use the same MA-list. If the interference is averaged over
more than one SACCH frame, the averaging effect is even stronger. However, normally the
interferers are mobiles located in interfering cells. In this case, there are probably differences in the
measured idle channel interferences between different time slots in the cell. This happens, because
the interfering mobiles are only transmitting during the time slot that has been allocated to them.
This is illustrated in Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-1.
If the cyclic hopping sequence is used, there might occur differences on the measured idle
channel interference levels between the TRXs on the same time slot as explained in the following
section.
Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-1. Idle channel interference in a case of
the random RF hopping
33 .what are types of handover?
There are four different types of handover in the GSM system, which involve transferring a
call between:
Cells (Base Transceiver Stations) under the control of the same Base Station
Controller (BSC),
Cells under the control of different BSCs, but belonging to the sameMobile services
Discontinuous reception
Another method used to conserve power at the mobile station is discontinuous reception.
The paging channel, used by the base station to signal an incoming call, is structured into sub-
channels. Each mobile station needs to listen only to its own sub-channel. In the time between
successive paging sub-channels, the mobile can go into sleep mode, when almost no power is used.
All of this increases battery life considerably when compared to analog
: What is Tri-band and Dual-band?
A: A tri-band phone operates at three supported frequencies, such as 900/1800/1900 MHz or 850/1800/1900 MHz. A dualband phone operates at two frequencies, such as 850/1900 MHz or 900/1800