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By:
SITI ISMAWATI SHOLIKHAH
NPM 06420468
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
xxxxxxx SEMARANG
2010
APPROVAL
: Thursday
Date
: 12th
First Advisor
Second Advisor
RATIFICATION
Team Examiners
Chairperson
Secretary
Dean of FPBS
NIP. 196503161990032002
NIP. 196412261990031002
The Member of Team:
(....................................)
NPP. 056901167
First Examiner
(....................................)
NPP. 956701117
3.
Second Examiner
Third Examiner
MOTTO
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to thank you Allah the Almighty for His
blessing and inspiration leading my thesis completion. I would like, furthermore,
to express my sincere gratitude to:
1. Muhdi, S.H, M.Hum, the Rector of XXXXX Semarang
2. Sri Suciati, M.Hum, the Dean of Faculty of Language and Arts Education of
XXXXX Semarang.
3. Drs. A. Wiyaka, M.Pd., the Head of English Department, XXXXX Semarang.
4. Arso Setyaji, S.Pd, M.Hum., as the first advisor who has given
encouragements and directions dealing with the thesis.
5. Jafar Sodiq, S.Pd, M.Pd., as the second advisor who has given advices and
directions in writing this thesis.
6. Dyah Nugrahani, S.Pd, M.Hum., as the third examiner
7. All the people who cannot be mentioned one by one.
One the other hand, the writer also realizes that there is still some lacking in
her thesis because of her limitation of knowledge and ability, the writer accepts
criticism and suggestions.
Finally, the writer hopes that this thesis will be useful for writer and the readers.
DEDICATION
Dearest my Allah, the only God, Most Gracious, and Most Merciful: thank You
very much for giving me a very strong heart to face any conditions
The greatest man, Prophet Mohammed saw: the great man, that one century, is
it not as if a spark had fallen, one spark, on a world of what seemed black
unnoticeable sand; but look, the sand proves explosive powder, blaze heaven
from Delhi to Grenada! The great man was always as lighting out of heaven;
I miss you and wait for you like fuel, and then I too would flame.
(Adapted from The Hero as Prophet by Thomas Carlyle)
The beloved father, the inspirer to love knowledge: thank you for being like the
sun, lighting in my life
My beloved mother: your endless love, care, and pray makes me so hard to
imagine living without you. If I could with hold you to stay forever
ABSTRACT
COVER.
i
APPROVAL.
ii
RATIFICATION...
iii
MOTTO.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
v
DEDICATION...
vi
ABSTRACT... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS... viii
CHAPTER I:
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study...
1
1.2 Reasons for Choosing the Topic
5
1.3 Limitations of the Study
6
1.4 Statements of the Problem.
6
1.5 Objectives of the Study..
6
1.6 Significances of the Study.
7
1.7 Definition of Key Terms
7
CHAPTER II:
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Linguistic and Culture...
9
2.2. Theoretical Background 11
2.2.1 Translation.. 11
2.2.2 Equivalence. 16
2.2.2.1 Equivalence at Word Level.. 16
2.2.2.2 Equivalence above word level. 21
2.2.2.3 Grammatical equivalence 22
2.2.2.4 Textual Equivalence
23
2.2.25 Pragmatic equivalence.. 24
2.2.3 Contextual Equivalence.. 25
2.2.3.1 Lexical Meaning.. 28
2.2.3.2 Grammatical Categories across language 31
2.2.4 Text. 35
2.2.5 Description.. 36
2.3 Theoretical Framework.. 37
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY OF INVESTIGATION
3.1 Research Design 38
3.2 Source of Data... 39
3.3 Role of the Researcher... 39
3.4 Method of Collecting Data 40
3.5. Procedure of Analyzing Data 41
3.6 Framework of Analysis.
43
CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 General Findings 44
4.2 The Contextual equivalents used to translate the
42
Text......................................................................................
4.3 The reason the TL in Borobudur museum texts use
54
CHAPTER V:
56
56
57
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
another language in the way that the author intended the text. Culler in Baker
(1991:10) states
If language were simply a nomenclature for a set of universal
concepts, it would be easy to translate from one language to another.
One would simply replace the French name for a concept with the
English name. If language were like this the task of learning a new
language would also be much easier than it is. But anyone who has
attempted either of these tasks has acquired, alas, a vast amount of
direct proof that languages are not nomenclatures, that the concepts
of one language may differ radically from those of anotherEach
language articulates or organizes the world differently. Languages do
not simply name existing categories, they articulate their own.
By translating languages from Indonesia into English or the other way
is very important to Indonesian knows many information from cosmopolite
abroad and on the contrary to convey their thought to the significant concept
to the foreigners.
From the discussion which has stated above, we can make conclusion
that translation plays great role in international communication. However, the
translation scripts are sometimes difficult to be understood the concept, even
hard to read because of accuracy lack. Because of that, for making an
excellent translation, translators are needed accurate strategies to make it. So
that the translation product explains the meaning and the content of the source
text. By skillful translators are many translation strategies; one of them is
Contextual Equivalence (Machali in Hartono, 2009:27) which will be
discussed in this study. Therefore, this is purposed to describe the Contextual
Equivalence found in the script texts of Borobudur Museum.
Based on those reasons, this thesis will be
focused
on
TRANSLATION
OF
OBJECT
DESCRIPTION
IN
BOROBUDUR
MUSEUM.
1.2 Reason for Choosing the Topic
English has been taught and used as a medium of instruction in the
elementary school, high school as well as the university for long time.
However, English is still considered the difficult subject in many Indonesia
school. Many students force many problems in speaking and writing.
Considering that the result of the English instruction in our country is not
satisfactory, English teachers should not remain passive or give up all efforts
to make improvements. There are many ways to do it, such as by improving
the teachers own mastery of English by understanding script texts are able to
be translated of translator and the method of teaching the language, one of the
ways is study translation.
Furthermore, the writer has four reasons related to the topic are:
1. Translation is important to be learn as its function as a mean to the foreign
language competence.
2. Translation takes role in foreign language teaching as the language
comparison.
3. Little literature which discussing a translation studies is very interesting to
be learned for giving an idea comprehension of translating well.
4. Borobudur Archaeological Park is located in Magelang, Central Java,
Indonesia. Including its museum is one of the international tourist
destinations where offers the information source should be translated into
good English as the international language.
It means as the mine set which is expressed in arranged one each other
until forming semantic totality or the meaning is expressed by connecting
structure of sentence (Simatupang, 1999:110).
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
In this chase of this study needs information and ideas to support her
notions. The information is taken from many references textbooks which are
related to this study and other resources presenting the report of linguistic and
culture, the theoretical background and the theoretical framework.
2.1 Linguistic and Culture
In additionally, by addressing the need for a systemic approach to the
training of translators and provides an explicit syllabus which reflects some
of the main intricacies involved in rendering a text from one a language into
another. It explores the relevance of some of the key areas can guide and
inform at least some of the decisions that translators have to make. It draws
on insights from current research in such areas as lexical studies, text
linguistic, translation, and the social and cultural environment in which both
language and translation operate. Firth taken of Baker (1991) states
Do we really know how we translate or what we translate?...Are we
to accept naked ideas as the means of crossing from one language to
another?...translators know they cross over but do not know by what sort
bridge. They often re-cross by a different bridge to check up again.
Sometimes they fall over the parapet into limbo.
One of the Luther quotations taken from Simatupang (1999:3) is
Interpreting is not everybodys art. In Luthers quotation above, it can be
captured that he agrees about interpreting is art. It means that just specific sort
can make a good translation. In example: one of the best translator is Michel
Blond who is Frenchman whom worked in European Committing Translate
Service Centre which prestigious enough. He said that he was never
intentionally educated become the translator. His background study was
philosophy, Latin language, and the title of his master was got in English
Literature aspect. From the statement above, Michel Blond has art in him
because becoming the translator come just from his heart and his soul.
Another similar opinion with Luther is reconciled to Cary, Nida (1976) states
that interpreting is art. Sort can appreciate Carys opinion because he was
not just his genius at literary works, but he also showed his esthetic creativity
was very wonderful in his translation work. Translation is satisfactory from
an artistic literary works are very clear pursue capability of artistic in side of
his translator (taken from Hartono, 2005:157).
Another thing which is needed of translator the truth language is
languages a part which cannot be separated from descendant culture. So, it
can be called descendant culture of language always giving effect the
language and a language grammatical rules organize thought of descendant
culture way. Rycynga and Schwartz in Simatupang (1999:12) states It was
found out that the background linguistic system (in other words, the
grammar) of each language is not merely a reproducing instrument voicing
ideas but rather is itself paper of ideas, the program and guide for the
individuals mental activity, for his analysis of his impression, for his
it. It has been arranged in a series is one of the substance followed another
substance. Then, there is no equal to appear the substance. Languages can
also a sound system which has arbitrary characteristic. Then, appearing a
word makes a specific meaning. Furthermore Nida (1975: 6) also states
An illustration of a close tie between language and culture is
provided by the two possessive systems in New Caledonian. 1 These
may be roughly distinguished as intimate and non-intimate
possession. The first class includes such nouns as those meaning
mother, liver, and descendants, while the second class includes father,
heart, liver, and personal life. The apparently arbitrary character of the
distinction can only be understood if one realizes that New
Caledonian society has been traditionally matrilineal, that the liver has
been regarded as symbolic of the entire person (the liver is used in
sacrifices as symbolizing the victim and that ones descendants have
more intimate, continuing relationship to a person than even his own
life.
2.2 Theoretical Background
In this case study I would like to talk about three main areas of
studies: (1) Translation, (2) Equivalence, (3) Contextual Equivalence, (4)
Text, and (5) Description.
2.2.1 Translation
Here it will be discussed in more specific a way for interpreting.
Translation is transferring the meaning of the source language into the
receptor language. This is done by going from the form of the first
language to the form of a second language by way of semantic
structure. It is meaning which is being transferred and must be held
constant (Larson taken from Hartono (2009:2)). Translation is
concerned with the written conversion of a text from one language
(source language) into another (target language), while the source text
in translation is usually written form, in some cases it can be recorded
material which needs to be translated into written form (Sofwan:2005).
According to Weber (1984:3) giving defines translation as the Trans
-position of a text written in a source language into target language
(Sofwan: 1993). The translated version must be absolutely accurate in
meaning, contains all nuances of the original and must be elegant
language that can easily be understood by the reader.
Taken
from Hartono
(1999:11) has
little
versions
of
meanings
than
whole
sentence.
Languages
German
and
Scandinavia
languages.
Consequently,
has
its
own
patterns
to
convey
the
relevant
(Catford,
1965:31).
Textual
translation
situations in which the items operate as, or in, texts. Those situational
elements which are contextually relevant to a given grammatical or
lexical item are discovered by commutation. Change an element in the
situation and observe what textual change occur; change an item in a
text and observe what situational changes occur. Meaning must also be
discussed when we are talking about translation. Translation has often
been defined with reference to meaning; a translation is said thathave
the same meaning as the original (Catford, 1965:35). Furthermore,
Catford states that meaning I the total network of relations entered into
by any linguistic form. There are two kinds of relation entered into by
the formal linguistic units of grammar and lexis. They are: (1) formal
relations means relations between one formal item and others in the
same language, (2) contextual relations means the relationship of
grammatical or lexical items to linguistically relevant elements in the
situations in which the items operate as, or in, texts. It is the same that
the contextual meaning of an item is the groupment of relevant situation
features with which is related. This groupment varies from one
language to another. Although source language and target language
items rarely have the same meaning in the linguistic sense, but they
can function in the same situation. Situation itself is a series of
concentric circles, or spheres, of relevance to the text. Hence, the
contextual meaning of an item is the groupment of relevant situational
features with which is related. The target language must be relatable to
at least some of the situational features to which the source text; the
greater the number of situational features common to the contextual
meanings of both source texts and target texts, the better the translation.
Related to the discussion above, below is the diagram of the
relationship between the unit of grammar or lexis and situational
substance suggested by Catford:
Language
Medium
Phonic substance
Phonology
Grammar
Situational
(Substance)
Graphic substance
Graphology
yy
Lexis
(Catford, 1965:3)
From the diagram above, there are medium substance (consists
of phonic and graphic substance), and situational substance. The
internal level of language are medium form consists of phonology. The
formal levels, consists of grammar and lexis, process the abstraction
from phonic and graphic substance. In addition, context is the interlevel
relating grammar or lexis and situation which is relatable to particular
grammatical or lexical form.
expresses
the
degree
of
often, not at all. My book and my books are both wode shu
in Chinese.
A translator working from language which has
number distinction into a language with no category of
number has two main options: (a) omit the relevant
information on number, or (b) encode the information
lexically.
For examples:
Source text:
Chinas Panda Reserves
Target text (back- translated from Chinese):
Chinas Panda Protection zone<s>
Another example:
Source text:
The head of the ministries created in 1869 were not
2.
Meiji 2nd
Gender
Gender is a grammatical distinction according to
which a noun or pronoun is classified as either masculine or
feminine in some languages. The distinction applies to
animate beings as well as inanimate objects. English nouns
are not regularly inflected to distinguish between feminine
and masculine. Nevertheless, the gender distinction exists
in some semantic areas and in the person system. Different
nouns are sometimes used to refer to female and male
members of the same species: cow/bull, doe/stag. Nouns
refer to professions: actor/actress, host/hostess, and
4.
5.
distribution of event.
Voice
Voice is a grammatical category which defines the
relationship between a verb and its subject. In active clause,
the subject is the agent responsible for performing the
to
appeal
to
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY OF INVESTIGATION
This chapter is divided into five points: research design, source of data,
method of collecting data, and procedure to analyze the data. Hopefully this type
of description will give the inspiration to the beginner translators and the students
to know how to make good translation.
3.1 Research Design
To find out the answer of the problem of the study, qualitative
research was used. Qualitative research defines by John W. Creswell (Hamid
Patilima, 2007:2) as a research process to understand social problem or
human problem, based on creating of holistic picture which is formed words,
reporting view of informan in detailed, and arranged in a scientific
background.
While in, according to Devy (1997:76)
Qualitative research studies are designed to obtain information
concerning the current status of phenomena. They are directed toward
determining the nature of situation, as it exists at the time of the study.
There is no administration or control of a treatment as it is found in
experimental testing. The aim is to describe what exists with respect
to variables or conditions or situations.
In other words, the administration is not testing a hypothesis, but
seeking information to assist in decision making.
Qualitative research the data and research in the form of qualitative
description. Analysis of this type is done with words to describe the
conclusion, so the qualitative study obtains the descriptive data either spoken
or written.
taking the data by photographing all the texts found in the museum.
The data analyzer
The writer also became a data analyst of the collected data. The
writer analyzed the data to get the answer of the problem. Based on the
several references will be begun by analyzing the text according to the
relevant theories. More specifically, the writer also used two main books;
Ratu Boko.
The writer read the equivalence and contextual equivalence of translation
3.
4.
system and for the description of the relations with them, as introduced by
Munday (2009):
1. Preliminary data
The first step was finding the preliminary data: it was the sentences
which contain contextual equivalence.
2. Systemic context
The Indonesian version was written side by side with the English
translation in a table. The Indonesian was written in the first column
followed by the English in the second column. Then the data was
compared and tabulated.
Table 1. The comparison between the Indonesian texts and the English texts.
Indonesian
.orang-orang China mulai
English
Chinese trading enganged
No.
2a
Frequency
.
Percentage
.
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
(no.5.15), (4) tense and aspect as Borobudur Temple after having been
restored (no.25), and (5) voice, e.g President Megawati Soekarno Putri
granted the name Samudraraksa (no.59.1).
There were 242 contextual equivalents found in the original text. The
findings can be seen briefly on the table below:
Table 2. The categories of contextual equivalent and their sum.
No.
Category
Propositional meaning
Expressive meaning
Presupposed meaning
Evoked meaning
Number
Gender
Person
Frequency
Percentage
6
2,5%
82
33,9%
21
8,7%
0
0%
8
3,3%
0
0%
13
5,4%
90
37,2%
Voice
22
9,0%
242
100%
However, the writer also found several tense and aspect equivalents
which were translated somehow extremely. The translator added
some tense aspect to show the impression of an event as in example 5
to 9.
4.2.2
Expressive meaning
From 242 contextual equivalents found in the original text,
there were 82 expressive meaning used in the text. It was the second
domination among other categories. The translators feeling plays
great role in this translation. There are some examples:
1. Sebagai perwujudan semesta maupun dari Sang Buddha (no.1.7)
The manifestation of the cosmos as well as the representation of
Buddha.
2. Terdapat 4 wihara yang berisi patung-patung Buddha
..are four wiharas (hall) containing images of Buddha.
3. Stupa tersebut dibangun
The monument was built
4. Pada tingkat bawahnya hanya bagian-bagian tertentu yang dipugar
(no.7.8)
The restoration of the lower parts done only partially.
There were a little bit difference in the sense of meaning
between SL and TL. In example 11, patung means statue was
translated into image. In example 12, stupa was translated into
monument which they have different connotation. While in example
Voice
Among 242 contextual equivalents found in the original text,
there were 22 voice equivalents used. The translator translated some
positive phrases into negative phrases and conversely from active into
passive. Below are some examples:
1. Pada jumlah Vajraghant didapati empat wajah(no.8.4)
In a number of vajraghant we find the decoration of four faces
2. Pagoda Shwedagon terletak di bukit Singuttara (no.4.5)
The pagoda sits on Singuttara hill
3. Dengan digerak-gerakan agar(no.12.2)
By moving it around to have
4. Kapal Borobudur diberi nama Samudraraksa (59.1)
President
Megawati
Soekarno
putri
granted
the
name
Samudraraksa
5.
Presupposed meaning
There were 21 presupposed meaning equivalents used in the
text. Almost all of these categories were collocation restriction and
only several were selection restriction. We can see it further from
some examples below:
1. ...akan satu kejadian, perkembangan, dan runtuhnya seni
(no.3.6)
the genesis, flowering, and dacy of Buddhist art
2. Suatu prasasti yang menyebut nama ri Kahulunan (no.6.5)
An inscription bearing the name of ri Kahulunan.
3. Pagoda Shwedagon terletak di bukit Singuttara (no.4.5)
The pagoda sits on Singuttara hill.
4.
Person
There were 13 equivalents of person system found in the text.
Almost all of pronoun systems found in the text are pronoun of
inanimate things and only some of them are human. Below are some
examples:
1. Pagoda tersebut selesai dibangun pada abad(no.4.30)
It was completed in
2. Daftar ini member gambaran nama penguasa(no.5.14)
This is gives some information concerning the rule
3. penguasa ini adalah Rake Warak Dyah Manara (no.5.15)
He is Rake Warak Dyah Manara
Number
There were only 8 grammatical equivalents of number system
in the translation of the text. SL phrases encoded lexically because it
does not have grammatical category of number. It was replaced by
grammatical category of number in TL. However, in some cases TL
does not have categories of number for the equivalent of SL. Belows
are some examples:
1. memberikan kesempatan kepada para pengunjung (no.3.5)
for offering the visitors a chance.
2. kayu cendana untuk wangi-wangian(no.11)
sandal wood to get perfumery
3. orang-orang China mulai berkiprah(no.40.1)
chinese trading engaged
In SL, the category of number was encoded by lexis as in
example 29 para pengunjung whichis translated grammatically into
the visitors in TL. While in example 31 TL does not have category of
plurality for the noun with-ese ending, so there was no *chineses or
*bugineses.
4.2.7
Propositional meaning
There were only six phrases which used this equivalent. TL in this text
has the words that SL does not. For example:
1. terdapat payung batu bersusun tiga (no.1.14)
was stone parasol
2. Dimusim hujan air keluar dari celah-celah batu (no.33)
Seepage water during rainy season
3. Stupa memiliki bagian yang berbentuk setengah bola(no.1.9)
a stupa is hemispherical
In this case of equivalent, Sl does not have word belongs to an
object as parasol, or adjective as hemispherical, and verb as
seepage. While TL has the words conceived for the SL
words/utterances.
4.3 The reason the target language in Borobudur museum texts use such
contextual equivalence
There are many reason to explore in this case, some of them are:
1.
language (SL) then the target language (TL) in international language can
be understood every foreigner tourist who have been visited in our
country by using contextual equivalence the foreigner tourist easy to
concept in the meaning such as context of situation.
2.
From the linguistic point of view, however, the important thing again is
that, in each case, the situational features which lead to the same
utterance conforms to the same general pattern.
Example:
Stupa Borobudur sangat unik
Stupas of Borobudur are very unique
3.
Prof. Dr. Soekmono (1&2) said that the restoration had done expected
Borobudur temple (3) will exist more than 1000 years. ((1.1b), (2.2d),
(3.2d)
4.
In terms of the linguistic context (i. e, the when, where, and how of the
use of the semantic units). Of course there will always be found a
relationship between these contexts, presuming that is exclusively life in
general to practical world contexts may be overlooked for time being.
Example:
Saat kapal melintasi garis khatulistiwa, Neptunus yang diperankan oleh
Muhammad berkunjung ke kapal.
When the ship was crossing the equator, Neptunus (role played by
Muhammad) visited the ship.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
By concluding the findings and translations had been stated in chapter IV.
5.1 Conclusions
Based on the analysis in chapter four, some conclusions can be drawn
as follows:
The analysis of contextual equivalent in the Indonesian-English
translation of object description in Borobudur Museum showed that many
contextual elements were used to translate Indonesian into English text. The
categories of those elements are the ones suggested by Mona Baker (1992).
They are lexical category: (a) propositional meaning; (b) expressive meaning;
(c) presupposed meaning; (d) evoked meaning, and grammatical category: (e)
number; (f) gender; (g) person; (h) tense and aspect; (i) voice. In translating
242 contextual equivalents found in the texts, the seven categories used by
the translator with the following percentage: (a) tense and aspect 90 (37.2%),
(b) expressive meaning 82 (33.9%), (c) voice 22 (9%), (d) presupposed
meaning 21 (8.7%), (e) person 13 (5.4%), (f) number 8 (3.3%), and
propositional meaning 6 (2.5%). And the reasonable who can be achieved the
translator in this study for many reasons which based on the seconds
problem.
From the analysis, it also can be conclude that the translators feeling
plays great role in translating the Indonesian text into English. In translating
the text, the translator sometimes went far beyond the real message of the SL
message to make good sense of TL.
The last thing that can be concluded from the analysis is that in certain
phrase or sentence there were more than one elements of contextual
equivalent applied by the translator according to the relevancy of the
message.
5.2 Suggestions
1.
Translator
A translator must decide the right choice in playing contextual equivalent
in order to make relevant translation according to the situation and the
TL elements. A translator should also use his feeling of linguistic sense in
order to reach an adequate understanding of TL. A translator must be
careful in using the contextual equivalents elements when translating a
text. If it is translated incorrectly, the reader might lose the real message
of SL, or at least the reader will get vague message. For beginner
translators, using contextual equivalent in translating Indonesian into
English will improve their ability to construct the relevant and
understandable translation, so the message is delivered in good sense.
2.
Readers of TL
A reader must know what the destination of the translations result from
target language because a reader will read and understand the concept of
the information which is provided and conveyed in tourism objects. The
The Writer
The writer must still hard learn and study more better again to description
contextual equivalence in Borobudur Museum. Many reference which
have been had and read to improve her knowledge as basic to build her
capability in understanding the concept of translation and translating as
refer to contextual equivalence that can be observed from situations
function itself. The writer must also concern her great role including the
translation of description in Borobudur Museum in this case.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Departemen
No. 33
No. 21
Bangunan
Buddha,
Yang terbesar didunia meliputi seluruh bukit,
Category
1.d, (2) 1.b, (3)1.b
1.b
2.a
1.b
(1) 1.a, (2) 1.b, (3)
2.e, (4) 1.a
1.b
2.e
Previously, on top of each stupa (1) was stone (2) (1) 2.d, (2)1.a
parasol (cattra)
It is one of the largest pagodas in the Tailand and in 2.c
world
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
5.5
5.6
5.7
posisi.
STUPA TERMEGAH DARI SANCHI
Stupa Sanchi adalah stupa terbesar atau stupa nomer
satu yang berlokasi di Sanchi, india.
Stupa tersebut dibangun antara abad ke-3 sebelum
masehi dan abad 12 setelah masehi.
Bentuknya unik tidak hanya sebagai bangunan yang
paling sempurna dan terawat dengan baik
Tetapi juga memberikan kesempatan kepada para
pengunjung
untuk melihat dari dekat di satu lokasinakan satu
kejadian, perkembangan dan runtuhnya seni dan
arsitektur Buddha selama periode kira-kira pada tahun
1500
Stupa termegah ini terbentang sejauh 120 kaki (36,6
meter)
Pagoda tersebut selesai dibangun pada abad ke-5
sebelum Masehi
Dimana pada masa itu disebut abad kehidupan
Buddha.
Pagoda shwedagon terletak dibukit Singuttara,
Kira-kira kilometer dari Yangon.
Seorang raja dimasa kuno Jawa menyandang tiga hak
istimewa atas rakyatnya:
Mengambil sebagian hasil kerja mereka bagi
kepentingan kerajaan (drawya haji),
Memerintahkan mereka untuk bekerja bagi
kepentingan kerajaan (gawai haji),
various postures.
THE GREAT STUPA OF SANCHI
Stupa of Sanchi is the great or stupa number one
located in Sanchi, India.
The (1)monument (2)was built between the 3rd century
BC and the 12th century AD
It is unique, not only for having the most perfect and
well preserved stupas,
But also for offering the visitors a chance
1.b
1.b
2.c
2.c
2.a
2.e
(1)2.e, (2)1.c
1.b
2.c
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.13
5.14
5.15
6.2
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.11
6.12
1.b
1.b
1.c
(1)2c, (2) 1b, (3)1b
2c
2c
1b
1c
1b
2a
2d
6.14
7.1
7.4
7.6
7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.16
7.17
7.18
2d
1b
7.19
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
9.5
10.1
10.3
10.4
11
12.1
Prof. Dr. Soekmono (alm) mengharapkan Candi Prof. Dr. Soekmono (1&2) said that the restoration had
Borobudur akan bertahan lebih dari 1000 tahun lagi.
done expected Borobudur temple (3) will exist more
than 1000 years.
VAJRAGHANTA
VAJRAGHANTA
Genta berkepala Vajra (Vajraghant) bersama Vajra tropped bell (vajraghant) along with visvavajra
Visvavajra seringkali dijumpai sebagai atribut khas (1)were (2)commonly found as unique attribute of
pendeta Budha
Buddhist priest
dalam upacara dan juga sebagai atribut Boddhisatva during a ritual as well as the attributes of
Vajrasattva
Boddhisatva.
Penggabungan kedua elemen ini difahami sebagai The combination of these two elements was intended to
penyatuan antara laki-laki (vajra) daan perempuan represent the unity of male (vajra) and female (bell)
(genta).
aspects of universe.
Pada sejumlah vajraghan didapati empat empat wajah In a number of vajraghant (1) we (2)find the
yang menghadap kesegala arah
(3)decoration of four faces looking at all directions
Visvajra atau vajra berujung ganda yang Visvajra or double vajra symbolizing total
melambangkan pencerahan sepenuhnya bisa dibawa enlightenment was commonly carried by a Buddhist
pendeta Budha pada saat upacara.
priest in a ritual.
KUNDIKA
KUNDIKA
Sebagai wadah / tempat air AMARTA,
As an Amarta water container
Setelah upacara selesai
After completing the ritual ceremony,
Air ini dipercikkan kepada peserta upacara untuk The water should be splashed toward the devout people
pemberkahan atau penyucian dosa.
in order to blessing or purification.
PADHUPAN
PADHUPAN
Tempat membakar kayu cendana untuk wangi- A place to burn the sandal wood to get perfumery
wangian dalam upacara ritual.
during the ceremony
KHAKKARA
KHAKKARA
Ciri khas untuk menunjukkan keberadaan seorang A peculiar sign to indicate the existence of the Buddhist
pendeta Buddhist,
priest
(1)1b, (2)2d,(3)2d
(1)2d, (2)1b
1b
2d
(1)2c, (2)2e, (3)1b
2d
1b
1b
1b
2a
1b
12.2
17.2
21
24
25
26
27
28
30
33
35.2
39.1
39.3
39.4
Dengan digerak-gerakkan agar mengeluarkan bunyibunyian tertentu untuk mengusir roh-roh / kekuatankekuatan jahat.
Yang diketemukan pada permukaan batu-batu candi
Guci asal komplek Candi Borobudur
KEGIATAN PENGGALIAN PENYELAMATAN
DIBAWAH HALAMAN BAWAH SISI BARAT
CANDI BOROBUDUR SETELAH DIPUGAR
(1983)
KEADAAN DINDING LORONG I BIDANG f SISI
UTARA SETELAH DIPUGAR
PENCUCIAN BATU-BATU CANDI BOROBUDUR
METODE KONSTRUKSI DAN PEMASANGAN
SALURAN AIR CANDI BOROBUDUR
SITUASI PEMASANGNAN KEMBALI BATUBATU CANDI BOROBUDUR
DIMUSIM HUJAN AIR KELUAR DARI CELAHCELAH BATU
Penggunaannya tersebar di kawasan Madagaskar dan
Asia Tenggara
KAPAL
BOROBUDUR
DALAM
PERKEMBANGAN BENTUK PERAHU INDOPASIFIK
Yang berlangusung sejak Jaman Prasejarah
Dari rakit bamboo sederhana untuk pelayaran sungai,
(1)by moving it around (2)to have a (3)certain sound (1)2e, (2) 1c, (3) 2a
in order to drive the evil away.
Which were found on the temple stones
(1)Fragments of The (2)Foreign Jugs which (3&4)
Were Found in the *Complek on the Borobudur Temple
ARCHAEOLOGICAL ON THE WEST SIDE OF THE
LOWER WORKING AREA
(1)CONDITION OF THE BOROBUDUR TEMPLE
AFTER
CONDITION OF THE FIRST GALLERY SECTION f
OF THE NORTH SIDE AFTER IT HAVING BEEN
RESTORED
CLEANING OF THE TEMPLE STONES
METHODE
OF
(1)RECONSTRUCTION
OF
BOROBUDUR (2)MONUMENT
OF
THE
RECONSTRUCTION
OF
THE
BOROBUDUR STONE SEEN FROM THE SOUTH
SIDE
SEEPAGE WATER DURING THE RAINY SEASON
2d
(1)1b, (2)1b, (3)2d,
(4)2e
1c
1b
(1)1b, (2) 2d
2d
1b
(1)1b, (2)1b
2d
1a
39.5
40.1
40.2
41.1
41.2
42
43.1
43.2
44.1
44.2
44.3
(2)transportation
to become ocean-going single keel ship with double 1b
outrigger.
(1)Just before the beginning of the Christian Era,
(2)Chinese trading engaged in South China sea trade
network,
Ceramic (1)wares, silk and glass beads (2)were their
main commodity
500 BC, Indonesian sea traders began to sail to southern
China.
Spices, camphor, and birds feathers were exchanged
with bronze artefacts
Around 3.000 years ago, pottery, obsidian, and shell
ornaments were exchanged from Melanesia to Sabah
and Polynesia
500 BC, Indonesian sea-traders went to India, Western
Asia, and event to East Africa.
(1)1b, (2)2a
(1)1b, (2)2d
2d
2d
2d
2d
(1)2d, (2)1c
1b
2d
2d
1b
1b
2d
(1)2d, (2)1b
2d
2d
(1)2d, (2)1c
(1)1c, (2) 2d
2d
(1)2c, (2)1b
50.1
50.2
51.4
52.1
52.2
52.3
52.4
53.2
53.3
53.4
53.5
55.1
56.1
58.1
arts.
Artifacts salvaged by Paradigma Putra Sejahtera Ltd.
from the wooden shipwreck lying on the Java seabed
near Cirebon.
The Chinese ceramics are dated to the Late Tang
Dynasty (907-906 AD)
(2)They continue their ancestors maritime way of life.
Buginese Trepang Industry in Northern Australia
1b
1c
2c
2a
Trepang (1) was a popular commodity at the time and (1)2d, (2)1b
traded by Buginese (2) especially to China
2d
2c
(1)1c, (2) 2d, (3) 1b
1b
(1)1c, (2) 2.d, (3) 1b
2d
2d
59.1
59.2
60
61
62
63.1
63.2
63.3
63.4
63.5
63.6
63.7
64
65
67
(1)2d, (2) 2e
2e
(1)2d, (2)2d
(1)2a, (2)2d, (3)2e
(1)1b, (2) 2d, (3) 1b,
(4)1c
(1)1c, (2)2d
2d
2d
2d
2d
2d
2d
2d
2d
2d
70
71
72.1
72.2
75.1
75.2
75.3
77.1
77.2
77.3
77.4
77.5
77.6
77.7
78.1
Semarang
Kapal Borobudur di luncurkan ke laut
Kapal Borobudur mulai dibuat oleh As ad Abdullah di
pulau pagerungan Kecil, Kabupaten Sumenep, Madura
dengan menggunakan teknologi traditional
Philip Beale berkunjung ke Candi Borobudur
dan mengagumi relief kapal pada candi tersebut.
Kapal Borobudur pertama kali diuji dengan berlaya ke
Banyuwangi,
Dilanjutkan menuju Benoa, Bali
Dengan diawaki para pelaut dari Pagerungan
MEWUJUDKAN REPLIKA KAPAL BOROBUDUR
Mewujudkan replica Kapal Borobudur berdasarkan
gabar relief memang tidak mudah.
Namun, dengan perhitungan yang cermat, rancangan
Kapal Borobudur dapat dibuat oleh Nick Burningham.
Dalam kenyataannya tidak semua unsure rancangan
dapat diterapkan.
Akhirnya, hanya dengan memadukan perhitungan
tekhnis yang cermat dan kearifan local para pembuat
kapal di Pagerungan,
Dibawah arahan As ad Abdullah
Kapal Borobudur dapat diwujudkan dan mampu
mengarungi samudra
Perancang Kapal Borobudur sempat tidak yakin
(1)2d, (2)1c
(1)2e, (2)2d
2d
2d
2d
2d
(1)2a, (2) 2d, (3) 2e,
(4) 1b
1b
(1)1b, (2) 2d
2e
2d
1b
1b
(1)1b, (2)2d, (3)1b
(1)2d, (2)2e
78.3
78.4
78.6
79
80.1
80.2
81
82.1
82.2
83.1
83,.2
83.3
2e
(1)2d, (2)1b
2d
(1)1b, (2)2d, (3)1b
(1)2d, (2)1b
(1)2d, (2)2e
2d
2d
(1)2c, (2)2d, (3)1b
2e
2d
(1)2d, (2)1c
84.2
Tanggal 15 agustus 2003 secara resmi ekspedisi Kapal On August 15, 2003 the Borobudur ship expedition to
Borobudur ke Accra, Ghana, diluncurkan oleh Accra, Ghana was officially launched by President
Presiden Megawati Soekarno Putri dari Ancol Jakarta. Megawati Soekarno Putri in Ancol, Jakarta. The ship
was named Samudraraksa, meaning the guardian of the
ocean.
85.5 Dan lebih didominasi oleh savanna gurun.
And consist predominantly of savannah and desert.
85.6 Daerah di belahan timur lebih subur
The eastern portion of the island is more fertile
85.9 Sebagian penduduknya adalah keturunan orang Malayo-Indonesian descents, such as Merina-Barsilevo
melayo-Indonesia, antara lain suku Merina dan ethnic groups,a re the major population.
Betsilevo.
85.11 Bahasa daerah utamanya adalah dialek Merine- The main language is Marina-Malagasy dialect which is
Malagasi yang termasuk rumpun Austronesia.
a member Austronesian language family.
85.12 Sejak 3000 tahun lalu, para pelaut Nusantara telah Since about 3000 years ago, Indonesian sailors and sea
singgah di pantai Timur Afrika, termasuk Madagaskar. traders have visited the eastern coast of Africa,
including Madagascar.
85.13 Namun, mereka mulai menghuni lebih intensif sejak However, they (1) began to stay (2) longer and settled
jaman kejayaan Kerajaan Sriwijaya di Sumatera (abad this island in the Golden Age of the Sriwijaya Kingdom
ke 7-9 masehi)
of Sumatera (7th-9th C AD).
86.3 Diantaranya siter dari bamboo (valiha) xpylophon e.g Valiha (a simple bamboo zither), antratana (wooden
kayu (antratana), seruling bamboo (sodina), gerabah, xylophone), sodina (bamboo flute), and breadfruit.
dan budidaya sukun
88.2 yang dulunya dibuang oleh Belanda ke Afrika who (1) was exiled by the Dutch to South Africa, (2)
menyempatkan diri berkunjung ke kapal
took their time to visit the ship
88.2 Salah satu kegiatan yang paling disukai adalah (1)Playing chess (1&2) was the best choice for killing
bermain catur
time
89.1 St. Helena
St. Helena
Pelayaran ke utara menuju St. Helena membuat udara When sailing northward to St. Helena, the ship faced
lebih bersahabat
more friendly weather,
2d
2e
1b
1b
1b
2d
(1)2d, (2)1b
1b
(1)2d, (2) 2d
(1)2d, (2)2e
1b
89.2
90