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Introduction
Somatic Sensation
A.
Touch, sharp pain, ache, chill/burn
B.
Proprioception: Body position, location of
limbs. Interacts with vestibular sense and
vision; interacts with touch for haptics.
Baroreceptors.
C.
Somatic sensory system: Different from other
systems: several sense systems
1.
Receptors: Distributed throughout body
2.
Responds to widest variety of stimulus types
Touch
Types and layers of skin
A.
Hairy and glabrous (hairless)
B.
Epidermis (outer) and dermis (inner)
I.
Functions of skin
A.
Protective function
B.
Prevents evaporation of body fluids
C.
Provides direct contact with world
II. Mechanoreceptors
A.
Most somatosensory receptors are
mechanoreceptors
Touch
Mechanoreceptors
A.
Pacinian corpuscles
B.
Ruffini's endings
C.
Meissner's corpuscles
D.
Merkel's disks
Touch
Mechanoreceptors
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Punctate
Diffuse
RA
RA-Punctate
Meissner Corpuscles
RA-Diffuse
Pacinian Corpuscles
SA
SA-Punctate
Merkel Disks
SA-Diffuse
Ruffini Endings
Touch
Mechanoreceptors
I.
Touch
Mechanoreceptors
Receptive field size and adaptation rate
Touch
Mechanoreceptors
adaptation rate: Pacinian Corpuscle
Touch
Primary Afferent Axons
A.
Aa, Proprioception
B.
Ab, Touch
C.
Ad, Fast Pain,
temperature
D.
C, Slow Pain,
Temperature, Itch
Touch
Primary Afferent Axons
Enter spinal cord
through the dorsal
root
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Touch
I.
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Touch
The Spinal cord
Sensory Organization
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Cervical (C)
Thoracic (T)
Lumbar (L)
Sacral (S)
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Touch
The Spinal cord
Sensory Organization
I.
Cervical (C)
II.
Thoracic (T)
III.
Lumbar (L)
IV.
Sacral (S)
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Touch
The Spinal cord
Sensory Organization
I.
Cervical (C)
II.
Thoracic (T)
III.
Lumbar (L)
IV.
Sacral (S)
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Touch
2.
3.
Intermediate zone
Ventral horn
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Touch
Dorsal Column
Medial Lemniscal Pathway
Ipsilateral without
synapses along spinal cord
Touch information ascends
through dorsal column,
dorsal nuclei,
medial lemniscus, and
ventral posterior nucleus
to primary somatosensory cortex
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Touch
Dorsal Column
Medial Lemniscal Pathway
dorsal column,
dorsal nuclei,
medial lemniscus, and
ventral posterior nucleus
to primary somatosensory cortex
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Touch
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Touch
Somatosensory Cortex
A.
Primary: BA 3b
B.
Other areas
1.
Postcentral gyrus
BA 1, 2
2.
Posterior Parietal
Cortex
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Touch
Somatosensory Cortex
A.
Brodmanns Area 3b (or S1): Primary
somatosensory cortex
1.
Receives dense input from VP nucleus of the
thalamus
2.
Neurons: Responsive to stimuli
3.
Lesions impair somatic sensations
4.
Electrical stimulation evokes sensory
experiences
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Touch
Somatosensory Cortex : 3b
Columnar Organization
Somatotopic Organization
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Touch
Somatosensory Cortex
Cortical Somatotopy
1.
Homunculus
2.
Importance of mouth
i.
Tactile sensations: Important for speech
ii.
Lips and tongue: Last line of defense
iii. Infants and non-primate mammals touch
primarily with their mouths
3.
Fingers and Thumb
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Touch
Somatosensory Cortex
Cortical Magnification
The receptive
fields and cortical
representations
give more acuity
to fingers, mouth,
nose and tongue
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Touch
Somatosensory Cortex
S1: Rat
1.
Vibrissae
2.
Barrel cortex
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Touch
Somatosensory Cortex
S1: Rat
1.
Vibrissae
2.
Barrel cortex
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Touch
Somatosensory
Cortex
S1
Owl monkey
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Touch
Somatosensory Cortex
A.
Cortical Map Plasticity
B.
Remove digits or overstimulate examine
somatotopy before and after
1.
Conclusions of experiments
Reorganization of cortical maps
a.
Dynamic
b.
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Touch
Somatosensory Cortex
A.
Cortical Map Plasticity
B.
Remove digits or
overstimulate
examine somatotopy
before and after
1.
Conclusions of experiments
Reorganization of
cortical maps
a.
Dynamic
b.
Adjust depending
on the amount
of sensory
experience
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Touch
Somatosensory Cortex
Squirrel Monkey
Cortical Map
Plasticity
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Touch
The Posterior Parietal Cortex
1.
Involved in somatic sensation, visual stimuli,
and movement planning
2.
Astereoagnosia
3.
Neglect syndrome
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Pain
Nociception: No pain, no gain? Hansens Disease.
A.
Pain - feeling of sore, aching, throbbing
B.
Nociception - sensory process, provides signals
that trigger pain
1.
Mechanical
2.
Thermal
3.
Chemical
4.
Polymodal
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Pain
Transduction of Pain
A.
Mechanically-gated ion channels
B.
Damage to cells release proteases (an enzyme which
digests proteins) which cause kaninogen to break
down to form bradykinin which binds to certain
nociceptors:
Hyperaglesia:
Bradykinin increases the sensitivity of nociceptors and
thermoreceptors
Prostaglandins caused by enzymatic breakdown of
membrane lipids cause increased sensitivity of
nociceptors
Substance P Released by nociceptors - Causes swelling &
Mast cell activation: release of histamine
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Pain
I.
33
Pain
Ascending Pain Pathways
Differences between touch and pain pathway
1.
Nerve endings in the skin
2.
Diameter of axons
3.
Connections in spinal cord
i.
Touch Ascends Ipsilaterally
ii.
Pain Ascends Contralaterally
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Pain
Ascending Pain Pathways
Spinothalamic Pain Pathway
Dorsal Root
immediactly decussates
Spinothalamic Tract
35
Pain
Ascending Pain Pathways
Spinothalamic Pain Pathway
Dorsal Root
immediactly decussates
Spinothalamic Tract
36
Pain
Comparing
Pathways
37
Pain
I.
38
Pain
The Regulation
of Pain
Descending
regulation
39
Phantom Pain
I.
40
41
42
Temperature
Thermoreceptors
I.
A uniquely tactile object property
II.
The rate at which heat is gained or lost between the skin
and an object - we do not detect absolute temperature
III. Metal objects, fluids etc. create a more extreme
sensation of temperature than do other objects (despite
no differences in absolute temperature) because heat
energy is transferred more easily to and from them
IV. If a metal and a wooden block are both 150, the metal
block will feel hotter than the wooden block.Likewise
for the same blocks at 0 the metal block will feel colder
43
Temperature
The Temperature Pathway
A.
Organization of temperature pathway
Identical to pain pathway
B.
Cold receptors coupled to Ad and C
C.
Hot receptors coupled to C
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Kesimpulan
I.
45