MOLECULAR EVEN OF OLFACTORY

1. Sensory neurone cillia is submerged in mucus layer. Odorant molecule dissolved in the muccus
and
2. Bound to a 7-pass transmembrane protein receptor within cillia
3. Activate G protein of the receptor (at the sitoplasm site)
4. Active G protein then activate adenylil cyclase at the plasma membrane of cillia
5. Active adenylil cyclase catayze the convertion of ATP to cAMP within cytosol
6. cAMP open ligand-gated (cAMP gated) sodium channels Na+ influx
7. Na+ influx lower plasma membrane potential (depolarization)

6. When depolarization reaching threshold

7. Action potential proceed
8. Action potential continue and transmitted along the olfactory nerve to the brain
9. Brain respone to the olfactory signal and processed to become smell perception

MOLECULAR EVEN OF OLFACTION/ODORANT

Actions of salty, sour, bitter and sweet substances on their respective receptor systems
Some tastants simply enter the receptor
cell through channels as ions. For
example, salty substances often contain
sodium ions. These sodium ions can
simply enter the receptor cell through
sodium or cationic channels. Sour
substances are acidic. The hydrogen ions
can enter cells through cationic channels.
Other tastants can compete for use of
potassium channels, thereby reducing
outward potassium currents (this would
result in hypopolarization). For example,
bitter substances like quinine can block
the potassium channels, leading to
hypopolarization
Still other tastants work through second
messengers to close potassium channels,
reducing potassium current. Both bitter
and sweet substances act in this way.
A final group of tastants act through
second messengers to open chloride or
non-specific ion channels

GENERAL TASTE SIGNALING

MHC CLASS I BINDS ENDOGENOUS ANTIGEN

Activation phase

Cytokines

Cytotoxic
T cell
(Killer T
cell)

Cytotoxic T cell divide

Effector phase
Kill infected cell

Produce perforin

MHC Class II binds exogenous antigen

How Do The Medicines Work?

It works by stopping a specific
enzyme (known as
acetylcholinesterase) from breaking
down acetylcholine in the brain.
Acetylcholine is a chemical that
aids in many brain functions,
including memory, attention,
reason, and language
These medications also work by
increasing the levels of
acetylcholine in the brain which
mayhelp reduce the symptoms of
dementia in patients with
Alzheimer disease.

How Acetylcholinesterase Normally Works

How the positively charged nitrogen in the acetylcholine molecule is

attracted to the ionic site on acetylcholinesterase, and hydrolysis is catalyzed
at the esteric site to form choline and acetic acid.

Acetylcholine (A) diffuses from presynaptic

nerve ending across synaptic cleft to
acetylcholine receptor on postsynaptic
neuron.
Most of the released acetylcholine is
hydrolyzed by cholinesterase (C) before it
crosses the cleft.
Donepezil (D) blocks cholinesterase's
ability to hydrolyze acetylcholine,
increasing the fraction of released
acetylcholine that migrates all the way
across the synaptic cleft to acetylcholine
receptors. This enhances cholinergic
transmission.
Tolterodine (T) is a muscarinic receptor
antagonist that blocks acetylcholine's
actions on muscarinic cholinergic receptors
and decreases cholinergic transmission.

ANTIANDROGEN

Androgen merangsang produksi sebum. Untuk menghilangkan acne, wanita

harus menggunakan antiandrogen;

Pil KB bekerja dengan meregulasi hormon, menghambat efek dari androgen

sehingga mengurangi produksi sebum.

Brand name: Diane

Source: Pharmacological profiles of progesterone, drospirenone and other synthetic progestogens.

Foldert et al. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2000; 5: 124-34

CYPROTERON ACETATE (CPA)

Rumus Molekul :
C24H30Cl2O4

PROGESTERON

Rumus Molekul : C21H30O2

CARA KERJA CPA

CPA Merupakan Hormon Sintetis
secara kompetitif

Menduduki Reseptor Androgen

Menurunkan Kadar Androgen Bebas

Mengurangi Produksi Sebum Pada Kulit

Mencegah Acne

Mekanisme Kerja CPA

Basic nerve cell (neurone) structure

The functions of various neurones

Cell body with nucleus
Receptor

Sensory neurones
Carries impulses from
receptors e.g pain receptors
in skin to the CNS( brain or
spinal cord)

Direction flow of nerve impulses

Sensory fibre

Axon fibre

Impulses
to CNS

Cell body with nucleus

Motor neurones
Carries impulses from
CNS to effector e.g.
muscle to bring about
movement or gland to
bring about secretion of
hormone e.g ADH

Impulses from CNS

Relay neurones
Carries impulses from sensory
nerves to motor nerves.

Impulses
from
sensory
neurones

Direction flow
of nerve
impulses
Impulses
to other
neurones
Main relay fibre

Cell body with nucleus

Direction flow of nerve impulses
Axon fibre

Effector
(muscle
or gland

Signal transfer within axon

presynapse
axon

postsynapse
axon

synapse

Na+
K+

outside the cell

-+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+
+- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +inside the cell

Na+, relatively more positive than K+

Normal condition charges are polarized
resting potential

- +++++++++++++++++
+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - ++++++++++++++++
- +- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ++ - +++++++++++++++
- - +- - - - - - - - - - - - - - +++ - ++++++++++++++
- - -+- - - - - - - - - - - - - ++++ - +++++++++++++
- - - -+- - - - - - - - - - - - -

Acetylcholine

Ach receptors are

unoccupied and closed

Ach receptors are

occupied and open

SISTEM SYARAF AUTONOM

Parasymphatethic division

Symphatethic division

The Reception and Transduction of Signals

Adenylate cyclase

+ Signal

GTP

G-protein-linked Receptor

Glucagon

GTP

-GDP
+GTP

GDP

a
GDP

G protein
A

Glycogen breakdown

The third group:

Ion-channel-linked Receptor
The fourth group:
Steroid Receptor
Glycogen
Synthase

active
Glycogen
Synthase

Protein
Phosphatase

Glycogen

Enzyme-linked Receptor
a

Insulin

+ Signal

Activation P

kinase
P

P
SH2
domain

DETECTION OF LIPID SOLUBLE HORMONE BY INTRACELLULAR RECEPTOR

Non polar
Pass through the membrane cell
Receptor within the cell (Intracellular receptor)
Requires carrier molecule
Affect gene expression
Affect the quantity of active protein

Steroid hormone molecules

enter the cell
Receptor
protein

Hormone-receptor complexes
Cytoplasm
inhibitory protein complex COOH
transcription
Hormone
activating domain
-binding
site
H2 N
Hinge region
DNA binding domain
steroid
hormone
RNA
polymerase DNA-binding site exposed
H2N
COOH

Nucleus

DNA binding domain

of various hormones
Cortisol receptor
Estrogen receptor
Progesterone receptor
Vitamine D receptor
Thyroid hormone receptor
Retinoic acid receptor

DETECTION OF WATER SOLUBLE HORMONE BY G PROTEIN-LINKED RECEPTOR

G-PROTEIN-LINKED RECEPTOR
G protein
PLC
IP3 - DAG (2nd messenger)
PKC
Other proteins

G protein
Adenylate cyclase
cAMP (2nd messenger)
PKA
Other proteins

Hormone
Phospholipase C

Hormone
Extracellular
space

Activated adenylat cyclase

Receptor

Receptor

PI

DAG
Cytosol
IP3

PIP2

cAMP

DAG
2ATP 2ADP
PI

IP3
PIP2

PKC

PKA

Other proteins
Cellular responses ( vary with cell type)