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Presentedby
Dr.RamzyKahhat
Sustainable Energy
Definition
Biomassisdefinedasalllivingplantmatteras
wellasorganicwastesderivedfromplants,
humans,marinelife,andanimals.
Trees,grasses,animaldung,aswellassewage,
garbage,woodconstructionresidues,andother
componentsofmunicipalsolidwasteareall
examplesofbiomass.
Testeretal.2005
Sustainable Energy
What is Bioenergy?
Energyderivedfrommaterials
whichwerelivingmatter
relativelyrecently.
Larkinetal.2005
Sustainable Energy
History
Inthepastwasprimarysourceoffuel.
Europe:IndustrialRevolution Forest
severelydepleted coalgraduallyintroduced
U.S.:19th century,biomassprimarysourceof
fuel by1885outpacedbycoal by1915
alsobyoilandgas
Developingcountries:remainanimportant
energysourceforheatingandcooking
Sustainable Energy
Renewableenergy?
Qualifies as a renewable resource because
commercially meaningful quantities are regenerated
in time scales that are comparable to or less than
typical time scales of human use of the resource.
Biomass is a natural engine for the conversion of
solar energy to highenergy content products that
can be stored, transported and used conveniently.
Sustainable Energy
Photosynthesis
Plantsgrowbytheprocessofphotosynthesis
inwhichsunlighttransformstwonaturally
abundantrawmaterials:waterandcarbon
dioxide tocarbohydratesandcomplexorganic
compoundsofgreatnaturalandcommercial
value.
6CO2 +6H2O>C6H12O6 +6O2
(globalchemicalpathwaytoformglucosebyphotosynthesis)
Sustainable Energy
Sustainable Energy
Biomass:Utilizationoptions
Canbeconvertedtoawiderangeofusefulformsof
energy:
Synthesis gas
Electricity
(syngas)
Liquid Fuels
Motive Power
Steam
Process Heat
Biomass:universalfeedstockforproducingenergy
andaplethoraofenergyintensivefuelsand
chemicals.
Sustainable Energy
Biomass:Utilizationoptions
Directcombustion
Processheat
Steam
Electricity
Spaceandwaterheating
Cooking
Sustainable Energy
Airblowngasification
Processheat
Steam
Spaceandwaterheating
Electricity
Cooking
Stationaryengines
Gasification: Converts carbonbased materials directly into
syngas. No combustion (burning).
Sustainable Energy
Biomass:Utilizationoptions
Hydrolysisandfermentationto
ethanol
Mobileengines
Stationaryengines
Gasturbines
Spaceandwaterheating
Cooking
Processheat
Steam
Pyrolysis
Regionalfuelgaspipelines
Methanolsynthesis
Mobileengines
Stationaryengines
Gasturbines
Spaceandwaterheating
Cooking
Processheat
Steam
Hydrolysis: Cleavage of
Pyrolysis: Thermal treatment in absence of oxygen
chemical bonds by addition
of water. Sustainable Energy
Ramzy Kahhat, Ph.D.
Biomass:Utilizationoptions
Anaerobicdigestion
RemoveCO2
Naturalgaspipeline
Sustainable Energy
Anaerobicdigestion
Electricity
Spaceandwaterheating
Processheat
Steam
Stationaryengines
Mobileengines
Videos
BiomassGasification
http://gasification.org/page_1.asp?a=80&b=85
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bPRa31dS0vA
&feature=related
Sustainable Energy
LEADING OPTIONS
Sustainable Energy
Leadingoptionsforbiomass
energy
FoodCrop(e.g.cornorsugarcane)toethanol
(C2H5OH)
Problems:verylownetenergycompetitionwith
foodcrops,waterpollution,inherentlylowyield
perunitarea
Advantages:Strongpoliticallobbiescanbeused
withgasoline
Sustainable Energy
Leadingoptionsforbiomass
energy
FoodCrop(e.g.cornorsugarcane)tobutanol
(C4H9OH)
Problems:Lownetenergyyield,competition
withfoodcrops,waterpollution,inherentlylow
yieldperunitarea
Advantages:Betternetenergyyieldthan
ethanol
Sustainable Energy
Leadingoptionsforbiomass
energy
Cellulosic (e.g.switchgrass orMiscanthus)to
ethanolorbutanol
Problems:Unprovenatlargescale;lownet
energyyield
Advantages:Higheryieldperunitarea,less
severecompetitionwithfoodcrops,andless
waterpollutionthanwithfoodcrops
Sustainable Energy
Leadingoptionsforbiomass
energy
Complexbiomass(e.g.animalwaste)tomethane(CH4)
Problems:Conversionefficiencyisnotyethighenough;
unitcostishigherthanfromnaturalgasdepositstoday
Advantages:Maturetechnology;canuseresiduesand
wastes,turningapollutionproblemintoanenergy
resource,CH4,infrastructureisinplace
Sustainable Energy
Leadingoptionsforbiomass
energy
Complexbiomass(e.g.animalwaste)to
hydrogen(H2)
Problems:Technologyisimmature,conversion
efficiencytodayisverylow
Advantages:Canuseresiduesandwastes,
turningapollutionproblemintoanenergy
resource;H2 canbeusedinfuelcells
Sustainable Energy
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Leadingoptionsforbiomass
energy
Complexbiomass(e.g.animalwaste)toelectricity(e)
viamicrobialfuelcell(MFC)
Problems:Technologyisnascent,conversionefficiency
isnotestablished
Advantages:Electricityinfrastructureisinplace;an
MFCisacombustionless,pollutionfreefuelcell
technologythatusesrenewableorganicfueldirectly
Sustainable Energy
Leadingoptionsforbiomass
energy
Plants (e.g.Jatropa,soybeans,orsunflowers)to
biodiesel(mainlyC16andC18aliphates)
Problems:Technologyisimmature,yieldper
unitisinherentlylow;competeswithfoodcrops
Advantages:Biodieselisahighdensityfuelthat
isanidealsubstituteforpetroleum
Sustainable Energy
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Leadingoptionsforbiomass
energy
Phototrophicmicroorganisms(algaeor
cynobacteria)tobiodiesel
Problems:Technologyisatanearlystage,may
requiresignificantcapitalinvestment
Advantages:Biodieselisahighdensityfuelthat
substitutesideallyforpetroleum;possibleto
haveaveryhighyieldperunitarea,allowingTW
output:doesnotcompetewithfoodcrops
Sustainable Energy
THERMAL CONVERSION
Sustainable Energy
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Biomasstoelectricity
Include:
Cofiring withcoaltoreducesulfuremissionsand
smoothatransitiontoreducedfossildependency
Repowering:backfitting anexistinggenerating
stationtoswitchtobiomassfuel,oradda
biomassfiredgeneratortoanexistingfossilfueled
unit
DirectcombustioninaRankine cycletoraise
steamtooperateaturbinegenerator
Sustainable Energy
Biomasstoelectricity
Include:
Variousconfigurationsofcombinedcyclesin
whichbiomassisfirstgasifiedandthegasthen
combustedtogeneratesteamor,inagasturbine
Thermalorhydrothermalconversionofthe
biomasstootherfuelsthat,aftersubstantial
cleaning,arecombustedtogeneratesteamor
motivepower,orfedtoafuelcellfordirect
conversiontoelectricity
Sustainable Energy
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Biomasstofuels
Thermalandhydrothermalprocessescanbe
usedtoconvertbiomassintoliquidand
gaseousfuels.
Pyrolysis,thermaltreatmentinabsenceof
oxygentogasifythebiomasstocarbon
monoxideandhydrogen(syngas)
Thismixturecouldbechemicallyconvertedto
liquidandgaseousfuelsusingsuitablecatalyst.
Sustainable Energy
Biomasstofuels
Foodprocessingwasteswithhighlevelsoffats
andoilscanbeeasilyhydrolyzedtoproduce
lowBtugasandahighqualitybiodieselgrade
liquidfuel.
Sustainable Energy
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BIOCONVERSION
Sustainable Energy
BioconversionorBiochemical
processing
Useofthechemistryoflivingthingsto
transformonesubstancetoanother.
Fermentation transformofcarbohydrates
(sugars)toethylalcohol(ethanolorgrain
alcohol).
Sustainable Energy
15
Biogas
Decay ofvarious forms ofwet biomass inthe
absence ofair(anaerobic digestion).
Bacteria that
promote methane
formation
CH4, CO2,
Short chain fatty
mineral and
acids, alcohols,
nitrogen-rich
H2, etc
effluent slurry
Sustainable Energy
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Source:
PETRAMAS
Sustainable Energy
Biogas
Canbegenerated from animalandhuman
wastes,sewage sludge,andcrop residues.
Digesters (biogas producers)operate at35
55C
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Sustainable Energy
Hydrolisis
Mineral acid
Enzymatic
Carbohydrates
Fermentation
Bacteria
Yeast
Fungi
Ethanol
separation
Distillation
Waste treatment
Ethanol
Broth
Efluent
(Lignin
rich)
Ethanol
Sustainable Energy
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Sustainable Energy
PLANTSORMICROBES?
Sustainable Energy
19
PlantsorMicrobes?(Rittmann 2011)
Traditional
Biomass/Biofuel
Production:Plants
Slowgrowing(e.g.onecropperyear)
Requirearableland
Growthseasonal
Lowarealproduction
Heterogeneous(leaves,seeds,etc)}
Requirewaterandfertilizer
Largelylignocellulosic
Sustainable Energy
Microorganisms:
photosyntheticalgae
andbacteria
Fastgrowing(e.g.doublingtime0.51day)
Donotrequirearableland
Growthyearround
Higharealproduction
Monogeneous (allcellsarethesame)
Watereffcient;reusesminerals
Notlignocellulosic
PlantsorMicrobes?(Rittmann 2011)
Sustainable Energy
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DisruptiveTechnology?
Sunlight
Oxygen
BioenergyPlant
CO2
H2O
Sustainable Energy
Gasoline,
diesel, oil,
jet fuel
Nutrients
DisruptiveTechnology?
Innovationsinbiotechnologytobreedplants
thatdirectlyconvertsunlighttogasolineand
otherpremiumproducts(Testerelal2012)
Challenges:expensive,limitationsof
photosyntheticconversion,landuse
Sustainable Energy
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BIOMASS:ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
Sustainable Energy
Biomass:Advantages
Renewabilityanddomesticavailability
Widelydispersed
Widerangeoffuelsandchemicals
Derivedproductscansubstituteenergyintensiveproducts
Potentialtocombatatmosphericbuildupofthegreenhouse
gasCO2
Lowersulfurcontent(0.050.20wt%)thancoal(15%)
Sustainable Energy
25
TrendsinatmosphericCO2and
averageairtemperature
Biomass:Disadvantages
Lowenergydensitycomparedtothatcoalorliquid
petroleum.
Extensivecultivationofbiomassmaystresswater
resources,depletesoilnutrients,anddisplaceopen
spacebywithdrawinglandfromnaturaluse.
Largescaleproductionofbiomassforenergy
purposescouldcompetewithuseofland,water,
energyandfertilizerforproductionoffoodorwood.
Sustainable Energy
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BIOMASS:ENVIRONMENTAL AND
SOCIALISSUES
Sustainable Energy
EnvironmentalIssues
Environmental control is Carefullymanaged
challenging,special
growthandharvesting
withsmallinstallations.
ofbiomassforenergy
andotherapplications
Potentialforecological
canbeusedtorestore
degradation
andsustainforestand
Lossofbiodiversity(e.g.
othersensitive
monoculture)
ecosystems.
Sustainable Energy
27
EnvironmentalIssues
Renewablesourceofcarbonandsinkfor
atmosphericCO2
Canbeconvertedtopremiumqualityliquid
andgaseousfuelsandchemicals
Directedburnedtoproduceelectricity
Sustainable Energy
Water Footprint?
Primary Energy Carrier
(GerbensLeenes etal.2008)
Maize
Poplar
22.2(Netherlands)to 72(Zimbabwe)
Sugarcane
25.1(Brazil)to 31.4(Zimbabwe)
Winteroilseedrape
67.3(Netherlands)to 205.2(Brazil)
71.5
Hydropower
22.3
Crude Oil
1.06
Solarthermal energy
0.27
Coal
0.16
Naturalgas
0.11
Nuclearenergy
0.09
Wind energy
0.00
Sustainable Energy
Crop
Climatic
conditions
Agricultural
systems
28
ashifttowardbiomassenergywill
thereforehavealargeimpactonthe
useoffreshwaterresourcesandwill
competestronglywithotherwater
uses(H.DeWeber)
Sustainable Energy
SocialIssues
Tortilla Protest in Mexico, 2007. Photograph by Lizdinovella. The banner reads Without
Corn, there is No Country.
Sustainable Energy
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Reference
Testeretal.2005
SustainableEnergy
Rittmann2008
Opportunitiesfor
RenewableBioenergy
Boyle2006Renewable
Energy
Sustainable Energy
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