1.

0 Introduction
As days goes on more problems arise on climate change and green house gas emission.
The world is looking into an alternative energy source as we currently are depending on fossil
fuel to produce most of the energy today .As we know, generating energy from fossil fuel has
many disadvantages, mainly it produces large amount of carbon emission which leads to green
house gas emission and climate change .Apart of that fossil fuel is a non renewable energy which
means it will deplete or run out one day .A solution for this problem is to switch to renewable
energy.
In this project we have build a self renewable energy generator .This DC generator works
in the principle of electromagnetism and able to produce alternating current which is later
converted to direct current to charge up a battery or other kind of storage device.
A DC generator is quite common and is easily available in the market. In this project we
will explain and show how to maximize the usage of a DC generator in a house hold and how we
can save energy and produce a self generating energy devise. 1 St lets see what is a generator and
how it works .

2.0 Generator
Generator is a system which converts mechanical energy to electrical energy . Generators
are available in different electrical and physical configurations for use in different applications.
In the following sections, we will look at how a generator can help us save and produce electrical
energy .
It is important to understand that a generator does not actually create electrical energy.
Instead, it uses the mechanical energy supplied to it to force the movement of electric charges
present in the wire of its windings through an external electric circuit. This flow of electric
charges constitutes the output electric current supplied by the generator. This mechanism can be
understood by considering the generator to be analogous to a water pump, which causes the flow
of water but does not actually create the water flowing through it.

2.1 How A Generator Works

The modern-day generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction
discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831-32. Faraday discovered that the above flow of electric
charges could be induced by moving an electrical conductor, such as a wire that contains electric
charges, in a magnetic field.

A generator works by a magnetic field inducing a voltage into a coil of wire. Important
points to note are that the voltage increases as the number of turns of wire on the coil, the size of
the coil and the strength of the magnetic field increases. The magnetic field (or the coil) needs to
be in constant motion to produce/induce the electricity into the coil. This can be done by moving
the magnet or by moving the coil - the effect is the same.
The coil (or the magnet) needs to move in such a way that the coil continually passes
through the magnetic field. The Iron nail is also important in our simple generator as it tends to
concentrate the magnetic field. As the coil is wound around the nail it tends to draw in more
magnetic flux into the area of the coil which boosts the overall efficency of the device and
increases the voltage that is produced.
The type of wire in the coil is also important. For example, thick wire means there will be less
power loss, but the down side is that the coil will get very large when a great number of turns is
needed. In a practical generator some trade off has therefore to be found between the size of
magnet, coil and the wire.

2.2 Direction of current

The direction of the magnetic field and the direction of the wire will determine the
direction of the current through the wire. By convention, the direction of the magnetic field is
from N to S. Also by convention, the current goes from plus (+) to minus (). But note that in
reality, the negatively charged electrons move in the opposite direction than the current. They
move from () to (+). You'll just have to remember that the electrons move in the opposite
direction than the convention for the direction of current.
Moving wire through a magnetic field generates electrical current. Electrical generators
rotate a coil of wires through a magnetic field. The difference between an AC and a DC
generator is that the AC generator uses slip rings to transfer the current to the electrical circuit,
while the DC generator uses a split-ring commutator. Very large generators create electricity for
the community. An electric motor is very similar to a generator, except that power is provided to
turn the rotors.

2.3 AC and DC
This simple generator is called an AC generator. This means that the voltage appearing
at the two wires alternates between + and -, and - and + each time the magnet makes a complete
revolution. As a result the generator can light a bulb or an LED without you having to worry
about which way round the connections need to go (as they are effectively reversing all the time
anyway). The generator in this project produces AC which is later converted to DC to suit our
application .

3.0 Design Consideration

In this project , rare earth magnet is used to maximize the output of the generator . Rareearth magnets are typically two to three times stronger than ferrite or ceramic permanent
magnets. In electric generators , the use of rare-earth magnets enables greater performance to be
obtained from a smaller, lighter generator . This magnet is chosen in this project because of its
size and ability to produce more and stronger flux . With this magnet , the design and size of our
generator is small and able to fit in to our suggested application .
In this project we have chosen a two pole stator design to maximize the output power .
Each pole consists of 500 turns on coils. The magnets are attached to the generator rotors . A self
designed and constructed propellers are attached to the rotor .This propellers are designed to
capture maximum water flow to maximize the rotor speed .The rotor speed in directely
proportional to the output power produced .
We have attached a full bridge rectifier to convert the alternating current produced by the
generator to direct current in this project . This is done to charge up the existing battery or
storage device . The full bridge consists of four diodes and a capacitor. The main advantage of
this bridge circuit is that it does not require a special centre tapped transformer, thereby reducing
its size and cost. The single secondary winding is connected to one side of the diode bridge
network and the load to the other side as shown below.

Figure 1 : The Diode Bridge Rectifier

The four diodes labeled D1 to D4 are arranged in series pairs with only two diodes
conducting current during each half cycle. During the positive half cycle of the supply,
diodes D1 and D2 conduct in series while diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased and the current
flows through the load

A capacitor is added in parallel with the load resistor of a the rectifier to form a simple
Filter Circuit, the output of the Rectifier will be transformed into a more stable DC Voltage. At
first, the capacitor is charged to the peak value of the rectified Waveform. Beyond the peak, the
capacitor is discharged through the load resistor until the time at which the rectified voltage
exceeds the capacitor voltage. Then the capacitor is charged again and the process repeats itself.

Figure 2 : Stable DC Voltage

4.0 Application of the Project

The DC generator in this project can be install any where which has a water flow . It can
be installed on rain water gutters which only guild water form the roof top to the drain all this
while, but by installing this DC generator we are able to generate some amount of energy . It is
self generating because it does not require any work to be done by human . The rain water will
spin the turbine attached to the rotor of the generator and it will start producing free energy .
Apart of that this generator can also be installed on water pipes installed in a house
hold .A good example would be to install this generator on the main water pipe which carries the
main water supply to our water tank . Currently the water pipe only does one function which
only guides the water from the main supply to the tank .By installing this generator we are able
to generate some amount of energy .This energy is once again self generating because ,
obviously water has to be filled on the tank for daily usage , but after installing the generator we
are able to get some energy which is free and it is a continuous energy production .
Not only that but this generator can also be installed in drains which has water flow . We
are able to get energy from a process which occurs naturally . This generator has many
application and can be installed in many location in a house hold . For a better energy
management , all the energy produce from several parts of the house can be channel to a storage
device .This energy can be reused to power up our appliances .
One thing to keep in mind is that the energy produced is continuous , free and self
sustaining . Weather we like it or not ,water will flow in all the pipes in our house as we use the

bath room or use water for any other purposes . Why let water flow for our usage only when we
are able to generate energy out of it . We dont have to pay extra our water service provider if we
use water to generate energy , but we will pay lesser to our electricity provider .
Actually this concept is already being applied in some places. The system is called microhydro plants. Micro-hydro power is the small-scale harnessing of energy from falling water, such
as steep mountain rivers. The micro-hydro station converts the energy of flowing water into
electricity. For places that has no access to electricity, this is a small-scale way of harnessing of
energy from falling water, such as steep mountain rivers

5.0Advantages and disadvantages of this system for energy generation

The situation of declining in fossil fuels supply and the critical environment state are making it
more and more necessary to find alternative energy sources. More and more people are choosing
magnetic generators to replace traditional generators in some domestic applications.
The main advantage of this system is it is fueled by water, thus it's a clean fuel source. It won't
pollute the air like generators that burn petroleum products, such as coal or natural gas. When
compared to thermal power generator which has ash disposal problem, this generator does not
produce any greenhouse effects and emission of polluting gases. It is very easy to install this ecofriendly magnetic generator and it can fit even in a small, condensed place.
The total cost to build this generator is also very less compared to other self-renewable energy
generator. The generator also works with minimum maintenance, thus it works efficiently
without any problems for long periods of time. During rainy seasons, the magnetic generator can
reduce an individuals power bill by about fifty percent. This magnetic generator provides
essential back-up power during electricity outages or disruptions providing there is water flow.
While PV module prices have recently dropped, they are still a high-tech and expensive
commodity. Magnetic generator systems can arguably be considered low-tech, with civil works
and pipelines often being the majority of the system cost. Of course, the actual cost varies
significantly from site to site, and from system to system.
In poor countries where there is less access to electricity, this system can be a solution for their
electricity need. The system can be designed to harnesses the natural power of fast-flowing rivers
to create a sustainable source of power.
The main drawback for this generator is the power generation depends on the nature. The
quantity of the water flow available is very important for the generator to work efficiently.
Because of this factor, the output of our generator is not constant because of the rate of water
flow. The weight or pressure, of that flowing water that spins the turbine to produce electrical

energy is a factor. For an example, when this generator is installed on rain water gutters, it has
the highest output value only during heavy rain. Thus, the output produced is inconsistent.

6.0Improvisations
All of the energy systems no matter renewable or non-renewable that we rely upon
convert existing energy into a form that we can use to do the work we want to do. In our system,
the energy of moving water is transferred to a rotating shaft, converted to changing magnetic
fields, and then converted to moving electrons which is electricity. But at no point is energy
created. Every component of such a system has an operating efficiency of less than 100%. This
leads to each conversion step in the process wastes some of the potential energy that the system
started with. The energy is not being destroyed, but it is being allowed to escape the loop in the
form of heat, vibration, and even noise. It is being converted into a form that cant readily use, or
even recover.
Malaysia gets about 90 inches of rain per year, with April being the rainiest month at an
average of about 11 inches. For an assumption, a two-story house would give a 25-foot-high
roof, and thus 25 feet of head. This 6,000-square-foot home has about 3,000 square feet of
rainwater collection area. That means that in November, this house would receive about 1,500
cubic feet of rain.
If that rainfall came as a constant drizzle all month long, flow from the roof would be
only about 1 litre per minute. Currently there is no turbine on the market to work with that flows
that low, but using our system, we assume the following:
0.26 gpm 25 feet 10 = 0.65 watts 720 hrs./mo.
= 468 Wh
So our system theoretically harvest very small flow, it would result in less than 1/2 kWh
of electricity per month. To solve this, additional rain-collecting roof areas can be built to hold
the water for release all at once to increase flow.
Our design can be improved by using Double Stator Slot type Arc Permanent Magnet
(DSSAPM) as shown below. It has two stators at the outer surface and a single rotor in the inner
sides. The arc type permanent magnets are embedded inside the rotor and are magnetized in the
circumferential direction. The magnets are placed between the wedges of magnetic material of
the pole pieces in the rotor. The stator and rotor are made from magnetic material and nonferromagnetic material, respectively. The traverses along the stator core, return across the air gap
and then enter the pole of the other permanent magnet. The advantage of using the double stator
topology is that it increases the output power. The advantage of using rectangular type of magnet

is that it reduces of the size of the magnet and the reduction of the complexity on the rotor
fabrication.

Figure: Double Stator Slot type Arc Permanent Magnet (DSSAPM)