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Cytosol is the liquid matrix of the cell- mostly water (cytosol + organelles except
nucleus = cytoplasm)
Contains salts, dissolved molecules, enzymes, etc.
____________ (energy metabolism: anaerobic) takes place in cytoplasm
The Cell Membrane Separates the Cytoplasm From the External World
Contains the DNA (genetic information)- DNA does not leave nucleus- it is an
archival copy of the genes
DNA is organized into chromosomes
Genes are encoded in the DNA; many genes on each chromosome
DNA associated with protein- protein turns genes on and off
Centrioles are a pair of small structures found in the centrosome near the nucleus
Structure is similar to that of cilia (see below): contain a set of 9 triplet tubules
In animal cells they divide before cell division and help to organize the mitotic
spindle (made of tubulin)
Related to the basal bodies that are involved in organizing flagella
Hydrogen ions flow through a channel in the enzyme ATP synthase from
the intramembrane space to the matrix
This causes a shaft to rotate, and
Generates ATP in the matrix
Ribosomes are made in nucleolus, then leave nucleus and enter cytoplasm
Made of RNA and protein
Each has 2 subunits
Decode the genetic code and make protein (translation)
Some are free, but others attach to the endoplasmic reticulum, producing the
rough endoplasmic reticulum, RER
Proteins that are secreted by the cell or which go to other organelles are made on
the rough ER
o RER
RER is prominent in cells that are secreting hormones and enzymes: i.e., pancreas
cells
Contain the enzyme, catalase, which converts hydrogen peroxide to O2 and water
Another enzyme, urate oxidase, sometimes forms crystals within the peroxisome
Important in fat metabolism
Eukaryotic cilia & flagella are whiplike projections from the cell
o Have same internal structure: 9 pairs of tubules arranged in circle,
surrounding a central pair of tubules (called the 9 + 2 structure)
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Beat repetitively (a bending motion) and cause cell to move (or move
fluids along a surface of cells)
Bending caused by a contractile protein, dynein
Enclosed within the cell membrane
Made of at least 200 different proteins
Some biologists call them undulipodia
Differences between cilia & flagella:
Flagella much longer (50-200 microns length) than cilia: cells with
flagella usually have only 1 or 2
Cilia are short(5-10 microns length); ciliated cells usually have
hundreds
Flagella in the body: sperm
Cilia in the body:
Respiratory tract lining: move mucus
Fallopian tube lining: move egg cells
Spinal canal lining: help move cerebrospinal fluid
Examples:
o a) Lysosomal storage diseases such as Tay-Sachs: lipids accumulate in
lysosomes because they cannot be broken down
o b) Cilia paralyzed by tobacco smoke and other pollutants cannot move
mucus. Mucus accumulates in the lungs, impairing respiration
o c) Lacticacidosis- can be produced by abnormal mitochondria with
defective aerobic metabolism. In this situation lactic acid can accumulate
in the blood.
Cell Diagram: