Smart Grid Topic 3 Communications

Topic 3: Smart Grid Communications
DepartmentofElectrical&ComputerEngineering
TexasTechUniversity
Spring2012
A.H.MohsenianRad(UofT)
NetworkingandDistributedSystems
NIST Conceptual Reference Model for Smart Grid

Interactionsacross7SmartGridDomains:
Eachdomaininvolvesitsownactors andapplications.
Dr. Hamed Mohsenian-Rad
Communications and Control in Smart Grid
Texas Tech University

Consumers:
Theend usersofelectricity.
Mayalsogenerate/storeelectricity.
Traditionally:Residential,Commercial,andIndustrial.
Market:
Participantsinwholesalemarket:dayahead,hourahead,...
Involvesprediction,bidding,auctions,

ServiceProviders:
Organizationsprovidingserviceto:
Bothutilitiesandconsumers.
ISPs,CellPhoneCompanies,Aggregators,
Operations:
IndependentSystemOperators(ISOs)
RegionalTransmissionOrganization(RTOs)

BulkGeneration:
MajorPowerPlants.
Transmission:
Carriersofbulkelectricityoverlongdistances.
Distribution:
Distributionofelectricityto(andfrom!)consumers.
MDMS:MeterDataManagementSystem,
CIS:CustomerInformationSystem
EMS:EnergyManagementSystem
NIST Model for Smart Grid Information Network
Smart Grid Communications

Therearetwoquestionstoanswer:
How candifferentsmartgridentitiesexchangemessages?
Whatkind ofmessages(andwhy)shouldtheyexchange?
OurfocusinTopic3isonthefirstquestion.
Wewanttolearnwhichcommunicationtechnologiesmayhelp.

Inparticular,wecoverthesecommunicationstechnologies:
Sensors
Operation
Aggregator
PLC
IP
WMN
Smart
Meter
PLC
IP/IEC
ZigBee (HomeAreaNetwork)
Substations
ZigBee
ZigBee Overview
ZigBee isaworkinggrouptopromoteIEEE802.15.4standard.
Highlevelcommunication
Small,lowcost,lowpower devices
MPR2400Micaz ZigBee WirelessSensorNode
www.wsncanada.ca
10
ZigBee Overview
IEEE802.15isforWirelessPersonalAreaNetworking(WPAN)
802.15.1:Bluetooth
802.15.2:Coexistence(e.g.,withWLAN)
802.15.3:HighRate WPANviaUltrawideband(UWB)
802.15.4: LowRate
LowPowerConsumption
LongBatteryLife
Inexpensive!
11
ZigBee Overview
WPANvs WLAN/WiFi andWMAN/WiMax
Frequency
Range
Data Rates
Nodes
802.16
WiMAX
2 11GHz
31 miles
802.11
WiFi
2.4GHz
100 Meters
802.15
WPAN
Varies
10 Meters
70 Mbps
11 - 110Mbps 20k 55Mbps
Thousands
Dozens
Dozens
*Datafor802.16aand802.11a
12
ZigBee Overview
WWAN
IEEE 802.22
WMAN
WiMax
IEEE 802.16
WLAN
ZigBee
802.15.4 Bluetooth
802.15.1
WPAN
0.01
0.1
WiFi
802.11
1
10
Data Rate (Mbps)
802.15.3
802.15.3a
802.15.3c
100
www.zigbee.org
Range
IEEE 802.20
1000
13
ZigBee Overview
SimplerandLessExpensivethanBluetooth
Cost:OnefourthofBluetooth
Complexity:
ComplexZigBee Nodes:10%CodeofaBluetoothnode
SimpleZigBee Nodes:2%CodeofaBluetoothnode
14
ZigBee Applications
Awirelessmouse thatworksforyears withoutnewbatteries!
KeyApplicationAreas:
Building/Home
Energy
Telecommunications
www.zigbee.org
Health
15
ZigBee Applications in Smart Grid

KeyApplication:
SmartMeter CommunicationswithSmartAppliances
SmartAppliances:
Washer,Dryer,DishWasher,Fridge
AirConditioning
PumpsandWaterHeaters
PHEVs
16
ZigBee Alliance
DefiningNetwork,Security,andApplicationSoftware
AssuringInterpretability
MarketAwareness
Managing/EvolvingStandards
www.zigbee.org
Membership:$3500
17
www.zigbee.org
ZigBee Alliance
*Zigbee isanOPEN GlobalStandard

18
ZigBee Protocol Stack

Therearefourlayers inZigBee ProtocolStack:
UserDefined
www.zigbee.org
ZigBee Alliance
IEEE802.15.4
[DE:DataEntity,ME:ManagementEntity,SAP:ServiceAccessPoint]
19
ZigBee Protocol Stack

ZigBee devicesmayusedifferentfrequencybands:
PHY
Frequency
Band
Channel
Numbering
Bit Rate
868 MHz
868 870 MHz
20 kb/s
915 MHz
902 928 MHz
1 - 10
40 kb/s
2.4 GHz
2.4 2.4835 GHz
11 - 26
250 kb/s
20
ZigBee Wireless Channels

FrequencychannelsusedbyZigBee devices:
Channel0
Channels110
868.3MHz
902MHz
Channels1126
2.4GHz
2MHz
928MHz
5MHz
2.4835GHz
21
ZigBee Wireless Channels

ZigBee maycoexistwithothertechnologiesatcertainbands.
Someofthefeaturesforcoexistence:
CarrierSenseMultipleAccess(CSMA)(Q:Remember?)
EndtoendACKandRetransmission
BuiltinChannelScanning/FindAvailableChannels
22
ZigBee Packet Structure

PacketFields[specifiedbyIEEE802.15.4]:
Preamble:32bitsforsynchronization(Q:Remember?)
StartofPacketDelimiter:8bits
PHYHeader:8bits/indicatesPSDUlength,etc.
PSDU:0to127bytesofdata
Preamble
Startof
Packet
Delimiter
6Bytes
PHY
Header
PHYService
DataUnit(PSDU)
0127Bytes
23
ZigBee Packet Structure

InsidePSDU:
Preamble
Startof
Packet
Delimiter
PHY
Header
PHYService CRC-16
DataUnit(PSDU)
6Bytes
0127Bytes
PC
ADDR
DSN
Link Layer PDU
CRC
PC:AddressingModeFlags
ADDR:Address
DSN:DataSequenceNumber
CRC:CyclicRedundancyCheck
24
ZigBee Device Addressing

AllDevicesHaveAddress:
Twobytes:Wecanhaveupto65,536nodes(Q:Why?)
AddressingModes:
Star
AddressingModesDepend
ontheNetworkTopology.
PeertoPeer
ClusterTree
[Wewillseemoreontopologies]
25
ZigBee Device Classes

ZigBee hastwo mainDeviceClasses:
FullFunctionDevice(FFD)
ReducedFunctionDevice(RFD)
FFD:
Availableinany topology
Canbecomeanetworkcoordinator
Talkstoany otherdevice
26

RFD:
Limitedtostartopology
Cannot becomeanetworkcoordinator
Talkstoonlyanetworkcoordinator
SimplerImplementation
Lesspowerconsumption
27

EachZigBee networkhasonenetworkcoordinator.
Itinitiates networkformation.
Weneedatleastone FullFunctionDevice.(Q:Why?)
OtherdevicescanbeeitherFFDorRFD.
FFDsthatarenotnetworkcoordinator actasrouters.
RecallthatRFDsonlytalktothenetworkcoordinator.
28
ZigBee Network Topologies

FFDasRouter
Mesh
Star
PAN coordinator
Full Function Device
Reduced Function Device
Q:CanwebuildameshtopologywithRFDsonly?
29

NetworkCoordinatorinitiates thenetworkformation.
30

ZigBee routershelpexpanding thenetwork
31

ZigBee routershelpexpanding thenetwork
32

WecanformTreeClusters.
33
ZigBee Tree Clusters

EachclusterhasoneFFD asitsroot.
Therootfortheoveralltreeisthenetworkcoordinator.
Theyallowroutingwithminimumoverhead.
Thetreemayspanphysicallylarge areas.
Intotal,wecanhave255clustersof254nodes=64,770nodes.
34
ZigBee Addressing
Foreachnewnode(i.e.,associateddevice):
Auniqueaddressisallocatedbyparent(router/coordinator)
RecallthattheparentcanonlybeaFFD.
Themax numberofdevicesthataparentcansupport=32.
Twotypesofaddresses:
NetworkAddress:16bit,onlyuniqueinthis network
ExtendedAddress:64bit,uniqueinall networks
35
ZigBee Addressing
Thefollowingnetworkattributesareimportant:
nwkcMaxDepth:
Themaximumabsolutedepth allowedinthisnetwork.
nwkMaxDepth (Lm):
Themaximumabsolutedepthaparticulardevice canhave.
nwkMaxChildren (Cm):
Themaximumnumberofchildrenadeviceisallowedtohave.
nwkMaxRouters (Rm):
Themaximumnumberofrouters adevicecanhaveaschildren.
Itissetbythecoordinator foralldevicesinthenetwork.
36
ZigBee Addressing
Thenetworkattributesforanode/routerwithabsolutedepthd:
37
ZigBee Addressing
TheseattributesletuscomputethefunctionCskip(d).
Sizeofaddressblock allocatedbyeachparentatdepthd.
Wehave:
1 Cm ( Lm d 1)
Cskip (d )
1 Cm Rm Cm Rm Lm d 1
1 Rm
Rm 1
otherwise
AFFDparentwithCskip(d)>0 mayacceptchilddevices.
38
ZigBee Addressing
Aparentassignsaddressestochildrenbasedon:
Whetherthechildisroutercapable ornot.
LetAparent denotetheaddressofaparent atdepthd.

RouterCapableChild:[nthsuchchildatdepthd+1]
Address: An Aparent Cskip (d ) (n 1) 1
AddressBlock: Aparent Cskip (d ) (n 1) 1, , Aparent Cskip (d ) n
39
ZigBee Addressing
EndDeviceChild:[mth suchchildatdepthd+1]
Address:
Am Aparent Cskip (d ) Rm m
Notethateachchildneedsanaddress.
Arouterchildalso needsanaddressblock foritsfuturechildren.
OverallIdea:Assurehavingunique addressesforallnodes.
40
ZigBee Addressing
Example:Rm =1,Cm=2,andLm=3.
Cskip(0)=1+2x(3 0 1)=5
Cskip(1)=1+2x(3 1 1)=3
Cskip(2)=1+2x(3 2 1)=1
Blockwith
5Addresses
Blockwith
3Addresses
41
ZigBee Addressing
ConsideraddressingatthenetworkcoordinatorwithANC =0.
RouterChild:Addr =0+5x(1 1)+1=1
Addr Block =15x1=15
EnddeviceChild:Addr =0+5x1+1=6
0
16
Block:15
Blockwith
3Addresses
42
ZigBee Addressing
Attherouternodeatdepth1withAparent =1.
Addr Block =21+3x1=24
0
16
25
Block:15
Block:24
43
ZigBee Addressing
Attherouternodeatdepth2withAparent =2.
Addr Block =32+1x1=33
0
16
25
Block:15
Block:24
34
44
ZigBee Addressing
Example:Rm =2,Cm=4,andLm=3.
Cskip(0)=(1+4 2 4x2301)/(12)=13
Cskip(1)=
Cskip(2)=
Showhowtheaddressblocksareallocated.
45
ZigBee Addressing
YourJob:Choosetheaddressesandaddressblocks!
46
ZigBee Addressing
Q:Whatifthetopologyisnotcomplete?
Q:Whatifthetopologyisnotstar?Doesitaffectaddresses?
47
ZigBee Routing
Weneedtofindapathfromasourcetoadestinationnode.
Keyobservation:Forarouter deviceatdepthd+1,wehave
Address: An Aparent Cskip (d ) (n 1) 1
AddressBlock: Aparent Cskip (d ) (n 1) 1, , Aparent Cskip (d ) n
Wecanrewritetheaddressblockas
An , , An Cskip (d ) 1
Q:Canweusethisobservationforrouting?
48
ZigBee Routing
AssumethatsuchrouterissearchingforapathforaddressD.
IfthefollowingisTrue,thenD isadescendent oftherouter:

An D An Cskip (d ) 1
An D An Cskip (d )
Otherwise,theroutershouldforward themessagetoitsparent.
Thus,wecaneasilyfind arouter withD asitsdescendent.
49
ZigBee Routing
Next,weshouldfindawayforaroutertoforwardthemessage:
Totherightchildatnextdepthlevel.
ThisistrivialifDistheaddressforanenddevice.(Q:Why?)
Otherwise,theaddressoftherightrouterchild isobtainedas
D ( An 1)
An 1
Cskip (d )
Cskip (d )
50
ZigBee Routing
Example:Node13 wantstosendamessagetonode17.
0(028)
2728
14(1426)
1213
1(113)
Cskip(0)=13
Cskip(1)=5
Cskip(2)=1
Rm =2
Cm=4
Lm=3
25
15(1519)
17
16
Q:Canyouexplainhowthedestinationisfound?
51
ZigBee Routing
Thisroutingmechanismisparticularlygoodfortreetopologies.
Althoughitworksforothertopologiesaswell.
However,formorecomplexnetworks,ZigBee uses:
AODV:AdhocOndemandDistanceVector
UsesBellmanFord(BF)EquationasaDValgorithm
Butfirstitrequiresroutediscovery ondemand
52
ZigBee Routing
AODVroutediscoveryisdoneusing:
RouteRequest (RREQ)andRouteReply (RREP)Messages
Sourcefloods RREQmessages:
E
F
C
G
B
53
ZigBee Routing
Reverepaths areformedwhennodeshearRREQ:
E
F
C
G
B
54
ZigBee Routing
RREQflooding continuesinthenetwork:
E
F
C
G
B
55
ZigBee Routing
Reverepaths areformedwhennodeshearRREQ:
E
F
C
G
B
56
ZigBee Routing
RREPmessage(s)is/aresentthroughreversepath(s):
E
F
C
G
B
57
ZigBee Routing
Thiswillleadtoforming/discoveringforwardpath(s):
E
F
C
G
B
58
www.ti.com
ZigBee Building Solutions
AutomaticNotification:Calltheownerifproblemoccurs.
DoorControl:Whenthedoorislocked,lightsareturnedoff.
59
www.ti.com
Smartappliances canalsocommunicatewithsmartmeters.
Example:Theycanobtainpricesandadjusttheirload.(Topic4!)
60
www.ti.com
ZigBee solutionsbyTexasInstrument(TI)atdifferentlayers:
RefertoTIsZigBee pagesformoredetail.
61
ZigBee Collocation with WiFi
Ref:P.Yietal.
ZigBee andWiFi collocateat2.4GHzFrequencyBand
Inadditiontomediumaccesscontrol:
Theyshouldautomaticallyavoid commonchannels.
62

ZigBee andWiFi collocateat2.4GHzFrequencyBand
(3OrthogonalChannels)
WiFi:
Ref:P.Yietal.
ZigBee:
ZigBee (orWiFi orboth)shouldsearch forunusedchannels.

63

AnAlgorithmforZigBee ChannelSwitching:
PER:PacketErrorRate
TobecheckedbyEndDevice
LQI:LinkQualityIndicator
TobecheckedbyRouter/Coordinator
From0 to255 [Strongest]
ED:EnergyDetection
Ref:P.Yietal.
Strength ofReceivedPackets
RSSI:ReceivedSignalStrengthIndicator
64

ExperimentalResultsbyP.Yietal.toobtain:
SafeDistance
SafeOffsetFrequency
Ref:P.Yietal.
WiFI UplinkandDownlinkassourceofinterferenceonZigBee:
PERvs Distance(Meter)
65
Ref:P.Yietal.
At7MHzFrequencyOffset,SafeDistanceis5Meter.
66
Ref:P.Yietal.
8MHzisSafeFrequencyOffsetregardlessofDistance.
Wecandosimilarexperimentsforothertechnologies.
OnecanalsostudyZigBee interferenceonWiFi [thereverse!].
67
Z-Wave
AnalternativehomeareanetworkingtechnologyforZigBee:
ToresolveZigBee/WiFi collocationproblem.
ZWaveoperatesataround900MHzband
ItdoesnotcollocatewithWiFi
Itmaycompetewithsomecordlesstelephones
68
Z-Wave
SimilartoZigBee,ZWaveaimstobuildasmarthome:
AwirelessHANecosystem
ZWaveappliancescanparticipateinAMI,AMR,andDemandResponse
69
WirelessMeshNetworks
(MetropolitanArea)
70
Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs)

WMNsarecomposedofseveral wirelessaccesspoints(routers).
UsuallyWiFi orWiMax Routers
Together,theycreateafullywirelesscommunicationbackbone:
Toservewirelessmeshclients(fixed/mobile)
TheWMNcanbeconnectedtotheInternetorothernetworks:
Throughafewgatewayrouters
71

Example:aWMNwithInternetandCellularConnectivity:
Ref:Akyildiz etal.
FullyWireless
Backbone
72
Ref:Akyildiz etal.
Example:WirelessMeshRouters
WithTwo Network
InterfaceCards(NICs)
WithOne Network
InterfaceCard
Q:WhatisthebenefitofhavingmultipleNICsonaWirelessMeshRouet?
73
Ref:Akyildiz etal.
Example:WirelessMeshClients
(a)Laptop,(b)PDA,(c)WiFiIPPhoneand(d)WiFiRFIDReader.
74
WMNs Applications Before Smart Grid

SomeoftheInitialApplicationsofWMNsincluded:
CommunityNetworks
EnterpriseNetworks
LocalAreaNetworksforHotels,Malls,Parks,Trains,etc.
MetropolitanAreaNetworks
Citywide WMNshavebeendeployedinmultipleU.S.cities.
75
City-Wide Wireless Mesh Networking
Tempe,AZWirelessMeshNetwork
Nearly600MeshAccessPoints
CoveragetoanAreaof40SquareMiles
ProjectCompletedinonly120days!
76
WMNs Benefits
SomeoftheadvantagesofWMNs:
Lowupfrontcosts
Easeofincrementaldeployment
Easeofmaintenance
Thewirelessmeshclients canalsobe:
SmartMeters,Sensors,Substations,etc.
77
WMNs for Smart Grid Communications
MeshRouter
www.tropos.com
Aggregator
VideotoWatch:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09dhjDcaT7g
78
Tropos Wireless Mesh Routers for Smart Grid
WirelessTechnology:IEEE802.11b/g/n
FrequencyBand:2.42.483GHz
MediaAccessProtocol:CSMA/CAwithACK
Dimensions:15.16highx6.97widex2.01deep
Weight:4.0lbs
Windsurvivability:>165mph
Tropos 1410Wireless
MeshRouters
CommunicationRange:About100m
79
WMNs Challenges
KeychallengesinWMNs:
WirelessInterferenceandFrequentCollisions
WirelessMultihop Transmissions(e.g.,forTCPconnections)
Congestion atGateways(Q:Why?)
DoE hasrequirementsforSmartGridCommunications [willsee]:

PacketLossandDelay(Q:Howcanweassurethese?)
80
Modeling Packet Loss in WMNs

Considertwowirelesslinksi andj:
Pi:transmitpower oflinkis transmitternode
Gij:channelgain fromlinkjs transmittertolinkis receiver.
G21
t1
r2
Link1
Link2
r1
t2
AsimplemodelforGij =k(dij)2,wheredij isthedistance.

81

ReceivedSignal Poweratlinkis receivernode:
Gii Pi
ReceivedInterference Poweratlinkis receiverfromjs transmitter
Gij Pj
Similarly,wecanobtaininterferencepowerfromall otherlinks.
82

Wecandefinesignaltointerferenceratio(SIR) forlinki as:
Gii Pi
SIRi
Gik Pk
SignalPower
AggregateInterferencePower
k i
Forcorrectreceptionofthepacket,itisrequiredthat
SIRi SIR th
(Threshold)
Otherwise,thepacketislost.
83

Theprobabilityoflosingthepacketonlinki:
Oi Prob SIRi SIR th

(Outage)
Prob Gii Pi SIR th Gik Pk

k i
KeyQuestion:Whyarewetalkingaboutprobabilityhere?
Whatisthestochastic/randompart?
84

Obviouslynotall nodestransmitatall times!
Weassumesomerandomdistributionforpackettransmission.
Ifnodestransmitfollowingindependentexponentialdistributions:
1
th
SIR
Gik Pk
k i
1
Gii Pi
Oi 1
[Proof:SeeAppendixIinIEEETWCpaperbyS.Kandukuri andS.Boyd]
85

Letusconsiderthepacketlossmodelagain:
1
Oi 1
SIR th Gik Pk
k i
1
Gii Pi
ProbabilityofpacketlossincreasesIf:
Linki transmitswithlower power
Interferinglinkstransmitwithhigher power
Interferinglinksgetcloser
Therearemore interferinglinksintheneighborhood
86

Themodelsofaronlygivesperlinkpacketloss.
Q:Howaboutendtoendpacketlossprobability?
MeshRouter
Aggregator
Afullywirelessmultihop communication!
SmartMeter
87

Link2
Link3
Link4
Aggregator
Link1
PerlinkLossProbabilities:O1,O2,O3,andO4.
SmartMeter
EndtoendProbabilityofPacketLoss(Q:Why?):
OPath 1 (1 O1 )(1 O2 )(1 O3 )(1 O4 )
88

Ingeneral,forapathwithR asthesetofwirelesslinks:
OPath 1 (1 Oi )
iR
ForeachpathinWMN(e.g.,AMI),wecancalculateOpath ifknow
Locationsofthemeshroutersandclients(channelgains)
Transmitpowerofmeshroutersandclients
TheSIRthresholdvaluesforthetechnologybeingused
[Example:YoucancheckifitsatisfiestheDoE requirements!]
89

Wewantlowperlinklossratesforlinkscloser toaggregator:
Link3
Link2
Link1
Link4
Aggregator
Link6
Link5
O4 shouldbelow!(Q:Why?)
SmartMeter
SmartMeter
90

Q:Howcanweassurerequiredpacketlossboundsforall path?
Firstofall,weshouldnothavepathsthataretoolong!
ThisrequireshavingseveralgatewaysinlargeWMNs.
Second,weneedtodoresourcemanagement:
Powerallocation,channelassignment,etc.
91
Channel Assignment in WMNs

AssumethatweuseWiFi technologyforourWMN.
Letuslookattheavailable11channels inIEEE802.11b:
1234 5 6 7891011
PartiallyOverlapping:1and2NonOverlapping:1and6and11
92

Weassigndifferentnonoverlappingchannelstodifferentlinks:
Link2
Ch6
Link1
Link3
Link4
Ch11
Aggregator
Ch1
Ch1
Links1,2,and3willnolonger interfereoneachother.
SmartMeter
Links1and4mayinterfere,buttheyarefar fromeachother.
Suchmultichanneldeploymentrequiresmeshrouterswithmultiple NICs.(Q:Why?)
93

Sameideaappliestoamorecomplexnetwork:
Aggregator
ChannelassignmentdependsonthenumberofNICspernode.
94

6
1
Aggregator
6
11
11
6
11
6
11
6
1
1
ChannelassignmentdependsonthenumberofNICspernode.
95

6
1
Aggregator
6
11
11
6
11
6
11
6
1
1
KnowingNIC=2:Q:Doyouseemorethan2channelspernode?
96

Here,wehavethreedifferentcontentiondomains:
Channel1:SevenLinks
Channel6:FiveLinks
Channel11:FourLinks
Notethatlinksonchannel1arefarfromeachother
Wecanbetterremoveinterferencewithmorechannels/NICs.
97
ATCP for WMNs

Whenitcomestowirelessnetworks:
Packetlossduetolinkfailure/interferencecanaffectTCP.
Theproblem:TCPbackoff everytimeapacketislost.
OneSolution:AdhocTransmissionControlProtocol(TCP)
ATCPusesnetworkfeedback:
ICMPDestinationUnreachable (whenapathbreaks)
EarlyCongestionNotification (whenthereiscongestion)
98
ATCP for WMNs

Thekeyidea:Wewanttodistinguish:
Packetlossduetocongestion
Packetlossduetowirelessinterference/collision
ECNFlags:Indicationofcongestion
Timeoutand3duplicateACKs:Indicationofcollision/linkproblem
[Linkproblemscanbebecauseofmobility]
99
ATCP for WMNs

ATCPintheTCP/IPStack:
ItonlyaffectstheTCPsenderside.Itisacrosslayersolution.
100
ATCP for WMNs

ATCP/TCPBehavior:
Timeoutand3rd DuplicateACK:
Retransmitthesegment
NoCongestionControlReaction
Assumedtobeduetolinkcollision
ACKwithECNFlag:
InvokesCongestionControl
101
ATCP for WMNs

ATCP/TCPBehavior:
ICMPDestinationUnreachableMessage:
StopsTransmission
EntersPersistMode
StartsPersistTimer
ProbesforPathAvailabilitywhenTimerExpires
ResumeTransmissionwhenNewPathFound
102
IEC61850
(CommunicationsofSubstations)
103
IEC 61850 Overview

IEC:InternationalElectrotechnical Commission
IEC61850
SmartGridCommunicationsStandard
CommunicationsacrossIntelligentElectronicDevices (IEDs)
Focus:Substations(butalsosupportsmeters,etc.)
RunsoverTCP/IP networks
104
IEC 61850 Overview
Ref:ABBSwitzerlandLtdCorporateResearch
ExampleSubstation:
105
IEC 61850 Overview

IEC61850Aimstoprovideinteroperability
Key focus: IEC 61850 provides a comprehensive model for

how power system devices should organize data in a manner
that is consistent across all types and brands of devices.
TheIEC61850devicesareintendedtobeplugandplay.
Theyareconfiguredbyuploadingsimpleconfigurationfiles.
106
IEC 61850 Overview

IEC61850NetworkArchitecture:
XCBR
MMXU1
PhysicalDevice
(DataConcentrator)
MMXU2
LogicalDevices/Nodes
XCBR:CircuitBreaker,MMXU1:MeasurementUnitforFeeder1,
107
IEC 61850 Overview

Datatypestobetransmittedforeachlogicaldevice:
Shouldfollowcertainspecifications:
ObjectNameDataClassName(DataStructure)
108
IEC 61850 Overview

Datatypestobetransmittedforeachlogicaldevice:
(Cont.)
ObjectNameDataClassName(DataStructure)
109
IEC 61850 Data Classes

Example:SPS:SinglePointStatus
(Cont.)
ST:Status
DC:Description
SV:Substitution
110

OtherDataClasses:
Statusinformation(binary,integer):
SPS:SinglePointStatus
DPS:DoublePointStatus
INS:IntegerStatus
ACT:ProtectionActivationinfo
ACD:ActivationInfoDirectionalProtection
SEC:SecurityViolationCounting
BCR:BinaryCounterReading
111

OtherDataClasses:
ControlStatus:
SPC:SinglePointControl
DPC:DoublePointControl
INC:IntegerStatusControl
BSC:BinaryControlledStepPositionInfo
ISC:IntegerControlledStepPositionInfo
JustliketheexampleforSPS,eachitemhasadatastructure.
112
IEC 61850 Logical Nodes

RecallthatweusednamesXCBR,MMXU1,forlogicalnodes.
Thefirstletter indicatesthetype forthelogicalnode:

X:Switchgear
M:MeteringandMeasurement
A:AutomaticControl
C:SupervisoryControl
G:GenericFunction
113

RecallthatweusednamesXCBR,MMXU1,forlogicalnodes.
Thefirstletterindicatesthetypeforthelogicalnode:
I:Interfacing
P:Protection
S:Sensors
T:InstrumentTransformer
Y:PowerTransformers
Z:Otherdevices
114
Ref:ABBSwitzerlandLtdCorporateResearch
Example:Canyouidentifydifferentlogicalnodes?
115

IEC61850givesanobjectorientedmodelforcommunications.
ExampleforObjectNames:
WewouldliketoknowifthecircuitbreakerlogicalnodeXCBR1 in
logicaldeviceRelay1 isintheremoteorlocal modeofoperation.
116

TheobjectnamesareusedtoformMMSmessages:
MMS:ManufacturingMessagingSpecification
Themessagesareexchangedasapplicationlayer messages.
TheMMSmessagesareexchangedoverTCP/IPnetworks
LAN
WebBased
117
PowerLineCommunications
118
PLC Overview
PowerLineCommunications(PLC):
Carryingdataonaconductoralso usedforpowertransmission
PLCisawiredcommunicationstechnology
Butitcancompetewithwirelesstechnologieswithlowcost
Becausetheinfrastructurealreadyexists
Harshenvironmentofthepowertransmissionlines.
119
PLC Overview
Idea:
Digitalsignaltobetransmittedismodulatedover powerline.
Thisisdonebyapropercouplerdevice.
Thesignalispropagatedoverthepowerline.
Itwillbedecoupledanddecodedatthereceiverside.
Inductivecoupler
PLCModem
120
PLC Overview
Ref:H.C.Ferreiraetal.
HarshNoiseEnvironment:
Powerspectraldensitiesofnoise duetovarioussources
121
PLC Classes
ThreeclassesofPLCTechnologies:
Broadband(BB):
Operatingat1.8 250MHz.
DataRate:Upto200Mbps
InitialApplication:ResidentialInternetAccess
ShortCommunicationRange(fewkilometers)
GoodforAMI/AMR,NotGoodforsubstations(Q:Why?)
122
PLC Classes
Broadband(BB):
Gateway/
Internet
Example:Residentialbroadbandaccess/AMI/AMR
123
PLC Classes
Narrowband(NB):
Operatingat3 500kHz.
UnitedStatesFCC:10490kHz
DataRate:Upto500kbps(usuallyseveralkbps)
Consideredforsubstationcommunications
124
PLC Classes
UltraNarrowband(UNB):
Operatingat30Hz 3kHz.
DataRate:Upto100bps(verylow,butgoodenough!)
CommunicationRange:150km ormore
CurrentApplications:
AMI,AMR,DemandResponse(DirectLoadControl)
125
HomePlug
HomePlug isanindustryAlliancetoenableandpromotePLC:
HomePlug 1.0:ResidentialInternet
HomePlug AV:ResidentialCableTV
HomePlug GreenPHY:SmartGridApplications(inhome)
Wiredalternative/additiontoZigBee andZWaveforHAN
126
DoE Requirementsfor
SmartGridCommunications
127
DoE Smart Grid Communication Requirements
Notthathigh!
128
OtherSmartGrid
CommunicationsTechnologies
129
Ref:V.C.Gngretal.
Other Smart Grid Communication Technologies
130
Ref:V.C.Gngretal.
Other Smart Grid Communication Technologies
131
References
A. VanNieuwenhuyse, M. Alves, and A. Kouba, "On the use of
the ZigBee protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks", Technical
Report, IPP Hurray, Jun 2006. [Online] http://www.open
zb.net/publications/trhurray060603.pdf.
P. Yi, A. Iwayemi, and C. Zhou, "Developing ZigBee Deployment
Guideline Under WiFi Interference for Smart Grid Applications",
IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 110120,
March 2011.
S. Safaric and K.~Malaric, "ZigBee Wireless Standard", Proc. of
the IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia Signal
Processing and Communications, Zadar, Croatia, June 2006.
132
References
M. Armel, "ZigBee Overview", Lecture Notes, The George
Washington Univ. 2007. [Online] http://www.seas.gwu.edu/
~cheng/388/LecNotes2007/ZigBee.pdf.
S. C. Ergen, "ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Summary", Technical
Report, University of California Berkeley, September 2004. [On
Line] http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~suman/courses/838/papers/
zigbee.pdf.
ZigBee Alliance, "ZigBee and Wireless Radio Frequency
Coexistence", Document Number: Zigbee_075219, June 2007,
[OnLine] www.zigbee.org.
133
References
ZigBee Alliance, "ZigBee Overview", Document Number:
Zigbee_075482, June 2007, [OnLine] www.zigbee.org.
J. Liu and S. Singh, ATCP: TCP for mobile Ad Hoc Networks,
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, pp. 1300
1315, vol. 19, no. 7, July 2001.
S. Kandukuri and S. Boyd, "Optimal power control in
interferencelimited fading wireless channels with outage
probability specifications", IEEE Transactions on Wireless
Communications, pp. 46 55, vol. 1, no. 1, January 2002.
I. Akyildiz, X. Wang, and W. Wang, "Wireless Mesh Networks: A
Survey," Computer Networks, vol. 47, pp. 445487, March 2005.
134
References
Department of Energy, Communications Requirements of
Smart Grid Technologies", October 5, 2010.
G. Iyer, P. Agrawal, E. Monnerie, R.S. Cardozo, Performance
analysis of wireless mesh routing protocols for smart utility
networks, in Proc. of the IEEE International Conference on
Smart Grid Communications, Brussels, Belgium, October 2011.
M. ErolKantarci, H. T. Mouftah, Wireless Sensor Networks for
CostEfficient Residential Energy Management in the Smart
Grid, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 314
325, June 2011.
135
References
M. Adamiak, D. Baigent, and R. Mackiewicz, IEC 61850
Communication Networks and Systems In Substations: An
Overview for Users, in Proc. of Syst. Protection Seminar, 2004.
V. C. Gngr, D. Sahin, T. Kocak, S. Ergt, C. Buccella, C. Cecati,
G. P. Hancke, Smart Grid Technologies: Communication
Technologies and Standards, IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Informatics, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 529539, November 2011.
H.C. Ferreira, H.M. Grovk, 0. Hooijen, and A.J. HanVinck,
Power Line Communications: An Overview, Proc. of the IEEE
AFRICON, Stellenbosch , South Africa, September 1996.
136

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Topic 3: Smart Grid Communications

NIST Conceptual Reference Model for Smart Grid

Communications and Control in Smart Grid

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868 870 MHz