Science Form 3 Chapter 3 Excretion

Excretion

Perkumuhan

RNI G
LEBAJECTIVN
ES

CHAPTER

Understanding human excretion

Analysing the urinary system in humans

Analysing excretion in plants

EXCRETION

Human excretion

Excretory organs
and their excretory
products

Plant excretion

Excretory
products

Urinary system

Methods of
excretion

Kidney

Structure

Function

Kidney health

Bilingual Keywords
Excretion Perkumuhan
Kidney Ginjal
Urinary bladder Pundi kencing

1. http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/systems/
excretion.html
2. http://www.tutorvista.com/content/
science/science-ii/excretion/excretionplants.php#
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney

47

 Science Form 3 Chapter 3 Excretion

Date:

Human Excretory Organs

3.1

2006 Sec. A, Q1

Organ Perkumuhan Manusia

Contextual Learning

1. Identify the human excretory organs. State the excretory method and excretory products of each excretory
organ.
Kenal pasti setiap organ perkumuhan manusia. Nyatakan cara perkumuhan dan hasil perkumuhan setiap organ perkumuhan.

Excretory organ

Excretory method

CHAPTER

Organ perkumuhan

Lungs

Excretory product

Cara perkumuhan

Exhalation

Peparu

Hembusan nafas

Kidney

Urinating

Ginjal

Membuang air kencing

Skin

Sweating
Berpeluh

Kulit

Hasil perkumuhan

Carbon dioxide
Karbon dioksida

Water vapour
Wap air

Water
Air

Mineral salts
Garam mineral

Urea
Urea

Water
Air

Mineral salts
Garam mineral

Urea
Urea

2. Fill in the blanks with the correct answers.

Isi tempat kosong dengan jawapan yang betul.

(a) Excretion is the process whereby waste products are removed from the body.

Perkumuhan ialah proses bahan kumuh disingkirkan daripada badan.

(b) Carbon dioxide is a waste product of respiration. It is removed from the body through the lungs .

Karbon dioksida ialah bahan kumuh respirasi. Bahan ini disingkirkan daripada badan melalui peparu .

skin

(c) The kidneys and

Ginjal

dan

kulit

help to remove urea from the body.

membantu untuk menyingkirkan urea daripada badan.

accumulate

(d) If any of the human excretory organs fail to function, toxic waste products will
body. This will cause a persons health to deteriorate and eventually lead to

Jika mana-mana organ perkumuhan gagal berfungsi, bahan kumuh yang bertoksik akan
Hal ini akan menyebabkan kesihatan seseorang merosot dan akhirnya membawa

48

To identify the excretory organs in humans

To explain what excretion is

maut

death

.
di dalam badan.

terkumpul
.

To state the excretory products of each excretory organ

To explain the importance of excretion

in the

 Science Form 3 Chapter 3 Excretion

Date:

The Human Urinary System

3.2

Sistem Urinari Manusia

Mastery Learning

1. Based on the diagram of human urinary system,

Berdasarkan rajah sistem urinari manusia,

CHAPTER

(a) name the parts / namakan bahagian

(i) T :

Cortex / Korteks

(ii) U :

Medulla / Medula

(iii) V :

Pelvis / Pelvis

(iv) W :

Ureter / Ureter

(b) identify the parts labelled P to S and their functions.

kenal pasti bahagian berlabel P ke S dan fungsinya.
Part

Function

Bahagian

Fungsi

Removes nitrogenous waste products such as urea along with excess

P: Kidney / Ginjal

water

and

mineral salts

in the form of urine

Menyingkirkan bahan kumuh bernitrogen seperti urea bersama-sama

garam mineral

Carries urine by peristaltic contractions from the

Q: Ureter / Ureter

air

dan

yang berlebihan dalam bentuk air kencing

kidney

to the

urinary bladder
Membawa

air

kencing

melalui

pengecutan

peristalsis

dari

ginjal

ke

pundi kencing

R: Urinary bladder Stores

Pundi kencing
Menyimpan

urine
air kencing

S: Urethra / Uretra Transports urine from the

Mengangkut air kencing dari

To
To
To
To

identify the locations of kidneys and other parts of the urinary system
describe the shape of the kidney
identify the structures of the kidney
describe the functions of the kidney

urinary bladder
pundi kencing

to the outside of the body

ke bahagian luar badan

49

 Science Form 3 Chapter 3 Excretion

2. Fill in the blanks. / Isi tempat kosong.

urine

back

air kencing

distend

belakang

concentration

mengembang

water

kepekatan

bean

air

increases

kacang

bertambah

(a) In the human body, the pair of kidneys are located on either side of the spine at the

back

of the abdominal cavity.

Dalam badan manusia, pasangan ginjal terletak di kedua-dua belah tulang belakang di bahagian

belakang

rongga

CHAPTER

abdomen.

bean

(b) The shape of the human kidney is like a

Bentuk ginjal manusia adalah seperti

kacang

distend

(c) As more urine is stored in the urinary bladder, the walls of the bladder
the bladder

increases

in size to accommodate the larger volume of urine.

Apabila semakin banyak air kencing yang disimpan di dalam pundi kencing, dinding pundi
pundi

and

mengembang

dan saiz

untuk memuatkan air kencing yang lebih banyak.

bertambah

(d) The muscles of the sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder remain closed to ensure that
urine

is safely stored in the urinary bladder without leaking.

Otot sfinkter pada bahagian bawah pundi kencing kekal tertutup untuk memastikan
dalam pundi kencing tanpa meleleh.

selamat disimpan di

air kencing

(e) State two other functions of the kidney. / Nyatakan dua fungsi ginjal yang lain.
concentration

(i) Regulates the blood

(ii) Maintains the balance of

. / Mengawal

water

Mengekalkan keseimbangan kandungan

kepekatan

darah.

content in the body.

air

di dalam badan.

Date:

Excretion in Plants

3.3

Perkumuhan Tumbuhan

Contextual Learning

State the excretory products of plants. You can get more information about the uses of their excretory products
from the library.

Nyatakan bahan kumuh tumbuhan. Anda boleh memperoleh maklumat tambahan tentang kegunaan bahan kumuh tumbuhan dari perpustakaan.

Quinine
Kuinin

Source
Sumber

Tannin

Gum

Tanin

Gam

Excretory product
Hasil perkumuhan

Latex

Resin

Lateks

Resin

Source
Sumber

Morphin
Morfin

Excretory product
Hasil perkumuhan

1. Rubber trees

Pokok getah

Latex / Lateks

4. The trunk of acacia tree

Batang pokok akasia

Gum / Gam

2. Tea leaves

Daun teh

Tannin / Tanin

5. The trunk of pine tree

Batang pokok ru

Resin / Resin

3. Poppy

Popi

Morphin / Morfin

6. The bark of cinchona tree

Kulit pokok kina

Quinine / Kuinin

50

To identify the excretory products of plants

Science Form 3 Chapter 3 Excretion

Date:

3
bahan buangan
Perkumuhan ialah proses penyingkiran
perkumuhan
dari badan oleh organ
.

2. Label the diagram below.

Structure of
urinary system

Ureter

Label rajah di bawah.

Function

Struktur sistem
urinari

Fungsi

CHAPTER

1. Excretion is a process by which the

excretory
organs removed the waste products from the body.

Channels urine from kidneys to

urinary bladder

Ureter

Menyalurkan air kencing dari ginjal ke

pundi kencing

Kidney

Ginjal

Ureter

Urethra

Ureter

Channels urine out of the body

Uretra

Urinary bladder

Menyalurkan air kencing keluar daripada

badan

Urethra

Pundi kencing

Uretra

Urinary bladder Stores urine

Pundi kencing

3. Complete the table below.

Menyimpan air kencing

Lengkapkan jadual di bawah.

Excretory
organ

Excretory product

Organ
perkumuhan

Kidney
Ginjal

Skin
Kulit

Lungs

Peparu

Hasil perkumuhan

Water, mineral salts and

urea / Air, garam mineral,

dan urea

Excretion
method

Cara
perkumuhan

Urinating

Mengeluarkan
air kencing

Water, mineral salts and Sweating

urea
Berpeluh
Air, garam mineral, dan urea

Carbon dioxide and water Exhalation

vapour
Hembusan
Karbon dioksida dan wap air

nafas

4. Complete the table below.

Lengkapkan jadual di bawah.

Structure of
urinary system
Struktur sistem
urinari

Kidney
Ginjal

Function
Fungsi

5. Complete the pathway of urine in the human urinary

system.
Lengkapkan laluan air kencing dalam sistem urinari manusia.

Kidney
Ginjal

Ureter
Ureter

Menapis dan menyingkirkan urea,

garam mineral, dan air yang berlebihan
daripada darah

Pundi kencing

Urethra
Uretra

6. The waste products of the plants are transported and stored

in the ower ,
bark , leaves or
fruit .
Hasil perkumuhan tumbuhan diangkut dan disimpan di dalam
bunga , kulit pokok ,
daun
buah
, atau
.

7. Plants removed
carbon dioxide ,
water
, mineral salts and nitrogenous wastes.
oxygen

air
,
Tumbuhan menyingkirkan karbon dioksida ,
oksigen
, garam mineral, dan bahan buangan
bernitrogen.

8. State the waste product for the following plants.

Nyatakan hasil perkumuhan bagi tumbuhan yang berikut:

Rubber tree

Pokok getah

Filters and removes urea, mineral

salts and excess water from the blood

Urinary bladder

Tea tree

Pokok teh

Palm tree

Pokok kelapa sawit

Latex / Lateks

Tannin / Tanin

Oil / Minyak

51

Science Form 3 Chapter 3 Excretion

Date:

ssessment 3

Summative
Objective Questions

1. Diagram 1 shows an organ in the

human body.
CHAPTER

Rajah 1 menunjukkan suatu organ

dalam badan manusia.

Diagram 1 / Rajah 1

Which of the following is removed

from the above organ?

3. Which of the following remove urea

from the body?
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah
menyingkirkan urea daripada badan?

Skin, liver

Skin, kidney

Lungs, kidney

Skin, lungs, kidney

Kulit, hati

Kulit, ginjal

Kulit, peparu, ginjal

4. Diagram 2 shows several organs in

the human body.

Rajah 2 menunjukkan beberapa organ

dalam badan manusia.

Urine

II

Mineral salts

Air kencing

Air

IV Carbon dioxide
Karbon dioksida

I and II

I and IV

I dan II

I dan IV

II and III

III and IV

III dan IV

2. Excretion is a process where

Perkumuhan ialah proses

metabolic waste products are

removed from the body
hasil perkumuhan metabolisme
disingkirkan daripada badan

Which organ stores excess mineral

salts, urea and water?
Organ yang manakah menyimpan
garam mineral, urea, dan air yang
berlebihan?

5. Diagram 3 shows an organ in the

human body.
Rajah 3 menunjukkan suatu organ
dalam badan manusia.

excess water and mineral salts

are removed from the body

air dan garam mineral berlebihan

disingkirkan daripada badan

undigested food are removed

from the body
makanan yang tidak tercerna
disingkirkan daripada badan

the blood is cleaned by

removing toxic substances
darah dibersihkan dengan
menyingkirkan bahan-bahan
toksik

Apakah fungsi organ ini?

To change nitrogenous
substances to urea

Menukarkan bahan bernitrogen

kepada urea

To remove carbon dioxide from

the blood
Menyingkirkan karbon dioksida
daripada darah

To oxidise glucose in the blood

Mengoksidakan glukosa dalam
darah

renal vein kidney urethra

urinary bladder ureter
vena ginjal ginjal uretra
pundi kencing ureter

renal vein kidney ureter

urinary bladder urethra

vena ginjal ginjal ureter

pundi kencing uretra

renal artery kidney

urethra urinary bladder
ureter

arteri ginjal ginjal uretra

pundi kencing ureter

renal artery kidney ureter

urinary bladder urethra
arteri ginjal ginjal ureter
pundi kencing uretra

7. Which of the following is the best

describes the cortex in the kidney?
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah
menghuraikan korteks dalam ginjal
dengan paling tepat?

The darker, outer layer of the

kidney

The lighter, inner layer of the

kidney

Diagram 3 / Rajah 3

What is the function of this organ?

Menyingkirkan hasil perkumuhan

daripada darah

Laluan betul yang menunjukkan

penyingkiran urea dalam sistem urinari
ialah

Diagram 2 / Rajah 2
II dan III

To remove waste products from

the blood

6. The correct pathway that shows how

the urinary system removes urea is

Garam mineral

III Water

Peparu, ginjal

Antara yang berikut, yang manakah

disingkirkan daripada organ di atas?

Lapisan luar ginjal yang lebih gelap

Lapisan dalam ginjal yang lebih

cerah

The funnel-shaped tube leading

out of the kidney
Tiub berbentuk corong yang
menonjol keluar daripada ginjal

The narrow muscular tube

leading out of the kidney

Tiub berotot sempit yang

menonjol keluar daripada ginjal

52

Science Form 3 Chapter 3 Excretion

Antara yang berikut, yang manakah

menunjukkan komposisi biasa bagi air
kencing seseorang yang sihat?

Urea, water, mineral salts

Urea, air, garam mineral

What are the parts labelled X, Y and

Z?
Apakah bahagian yang berlabel X, Y,
dan Z?

X
A

Medulla

Cortex

Pelvis

Medula

Korteks

Pelvis

Urea, mineral salts, glucose,

water

Medulla

Pelvis

Cortex

Glucose, mineral salts, water

Cortex

Medulla

Pelvis

Water, hormones, mineral salts

Cortex

Pelvis

Medulla

Urea, garam mineral, glukosa, air

Glukosa, garam mineral, air
Air, hormon, garam mineral

9. Diagram 4 shows the human urinary

system.
Rajah 4 menunjukkan sistem urinari
manusia.

Medula

Korteks

Pelvis

Medula

Korteks

Pelvis

Korteks
Pelvis

11. Diagram 6 shows the human urinary

system.

Apakah fungsi utama struktur X?

Stores urine

Filters urea from the blood

Filters cellular wastes from the

blood

Menyimpan air kencing

Menapis urea daripada darah

Menapis hasil perkumuhan sel

daripada darah

Transports urine out of the

body

Mengangkut air kencing keluar

daripada badan

10. Diagram 5 shows the structure of

PMR the human kidney.

2010 Rajah 5 menunjukkan struktur ginjal

manusia.

X
Y
Z

Medulla

Pelvis

Pelvis

Ureter

Ureter

Urethra

Uretra

13. Which of the following is the

C
D

It helps to maintain the blood

pH.
Membantu untuk mengekalkan
pH darah

It helps to remove excess

glucose from the body.

Membantu untuk menyingkirkan

glukosa berlebihan daripada
badan

It produces hormones that help

us regulate our salt intake.
Menghasilkan hormon yang
menolong kita mengawal
pengambilan garam

It helps to remove waste

products from the body.

Membantu untuk menyingkirkan

hasil perkumuhan daripada badan

Diagram 6 / Rajah 6

In which part of the urinary system,

A, B, C or D, is urea removed from
the blood?

Dalam bahagian sistem urinari yang

berlabel A, B, C, dan D, yang manakah
menyingkirkan urea daripada darah?

12. The following information describes

a structure in the human kidney.

14. Which of the following substances is

correctly matched to its usage?
Antara bahan yang berikut, yang
manakah betul dipadankan dengan
kegunaannya?

Substance
Bahan

Maklumat yang berikut menghuraikan

suatu struktur dalam ginjal manusia.

Does not have any valves

mempunyai

sebarang

Transports liquid waste

products to be stored in a
balloon-shaped bladder
Mengangkut hasil perkumuhan
dalam keadaan cecair ke pundi
yang berbentuk belon untuk
disimpan

Quinine

Kuinin

Tiub berotot

Membuat bahan
letupan

Used as
fl avouring for tea

Sebagai perisa teh

To tan animal
Limonene hides

Limonena

Usage

Kegunaan

To make
Ammonia explosives

Ammonia

Muscular tube
Tidak
injap

Medula

PMR function of the human kidney?

2008 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah
merupakan fungsi ginjal manusia?

Rajah 6 menunjukkan sistem urinari

manusia.

What is the main function of

structure X?

Antara struktur yang berikut, yang

manakah dihuraikan?

Medula

Diagram 4 / Rajah 4

Which of the following structures is

described?

CHAPTER

8. Which of the following shows the

typical composition of a healthy
persons urine?

Urea

Urea

Menyamak kulit
haiwan

Used as
fertilisers

Digunakan
sebagai baja

Diagram 5 / Rajah 5

53

Science Form 3 Chapter 3 Excretion

15. Diagram 7 shows an apparatus used

2008

failure.

Rajah 7 menunjukkan suatu radas

yang digunakan oleh pesakit-pesakit
yang menghidap kerosakan ginjal.

CHAPTER

Blood in
Darah
masuk

urea and mineral salts from the

blood

PMR by patients suffering from kidney

Semipermeable
membrane
Membran separa
telap
Dialysis
solution out
Larutan dialisis
keluar
Dialysis
solution in
Larutan dialisis
masuk

Blood
out
Darah
keluar

From which part of the leaf are

waste products excreted?
Daripada bahagian daun yang
manakah hasil perkumuhan
disingkirkan?

urea dan garam mineral daripada

darah

excess mineral salts from the

kidneys

garam mineral berlebihan

daripada ginjal

excess water from the kidneys

glucose and urea from the blood

air berlebihan daripada ginjal

glukosa dan urea daripada darah

17. Which of the following plant

PMR excretory product is used to make

2010

16. Diagram 8 shows a structure in the

epidermis of a leaf.

Diagram 7 / Rajah 7

The machine is used to remove

Rajah 8 menunjukkan suatu struktur

dalam epidermis daun.

Mesin ini digunakan untuk menyingkirkan

1. Excretion is an important process that occurs in both plants

and animals.

Organ

Gum

Diabetes

Kwashiorkor D
Kwasyiorkor

Lungs

Apakah kepentingan perkumuhan?

Excretion helps in the removal of waste products

from the body. / Perkumuhan membantu untuk

Beberapa organ perkumuhan dalam badan manusia

ditunjukkan di bawah. Namakan setiap organ perkumuhan
dan nyatakan hasil perkumuhan yang disingkirkan oleh
setiap organ.

Excretory product
Hasil perkumuhan

Carbon dioxide
Karbon dioksida

Skin

Water / Air
Mineral salts

Kidneys

Organs that remove excretory products from the

body. / Organ yang menyingkirkan hasil perkumuhan

Leukaemia

Leukemia

Water vapour

(b) What are excretory organs?

Apakah organ perkumuhan?

Pneumonia

Pneumonia

Peparu

Kulit

menyingkirkan hasil perkumuhan daripada badan.

Diabetes

Organ perkumuhan

(a) What is the importance of excretion?

(c) Several excretory organs in the human body are

shown below. Name the excretory organs and state the
excretory products removed by each organ.

Oil

Minyak

Excretory
organ

Perkumuhan ialah proses penting yang berlaku dalam keduadua tumbuhan dan haiwan.

daripada badan.

Resin

Resin

Antara yang berikut, yang manakah

mungkin menyebabkan kerosakan
kepada ginjal?

Diagram 8 / Rajah 8

Organ

Lateks

18. Which of the following may cause

damage to the kidneys?

Structured Questions

Latex
Gam

erasers?

PMR Antara hasil perkumuhan tumbuhan

2011 yang berikut, yang manakah
digunakan untuk membuat pemadam?

Ginjal

Wap air

Garam mineral

Urea / Urea

Water / Air
Mineral salts

Garam mineral

Urea / Urea

(d) Which excretory organ is the largest in the human

body? / Apakah organ perkumuhan yang terbesar dalam
badan manusia?

Skin / Kulit

(e) How are excretory products brought to the excretory

organs to be excreted? / Bagaimanakah hasil perkumuhan
dibawa ke organ perkumuhan untuk dikumuhkan?

The excretory products are carried in the blood by

blood vessels. / Hasil perkumuhan dibawa di dalam
darah oleh salur-salur darah

54

 Science Form 3 Chapter 3 Excretion

Huraikan perubahan pada peparu dan kulit semasa

melakukan senaman cergas.

The rate of respiration increases in the lungs

while the rate of sweating increases in the skin.
Kadar respirasi meningkat di dalam peparu manakala
kadar perpeluhan meningkat di kulit.

(ii)
Relate the importance of these changes to

excretion.

Hubungkaitkan kepentingan perubahan ini terhadap

perkumuhan.

The increased rate helps to remove waste

products faster from the body.
Peningkatan kadar membantu untuk menyingkirkan
hasil perkumuhan daripada badan dengan lebih cepat.

2. Diagram 2 shows the human urinary system.

Rajah 2 menunjukkan sistem urinari manusia.
Renal vein
Vena ginjal

Renal artery
Arteri ginjal

(d) Name the liquid that flows out from the kidneys
through the tube labelled P.
Namakan cecair yang mengalir keluar daripada ginjal
melalui tiub berlabel P.

Urine / Air kencing

3. Excretion happens in plants. However, plants do not have

specialised excretory organs to remove waste products.

Perkumuhan berlaku dalam tumbuhan. Namun demikian,

tumbuhan tidak mempunyai organ perkumuhan yang khusus
untuk menyingkirkan hasil perkumuhan.

(a) (i) What waste products are produced from

respiration in plants?

Apakah hasil perkumuhan yang dihasilkan daripada

respirasi tumbuhan?

Carbon dioxide and water / Karbon dioksida dan air

(ii) From which part of the plant are these waste
products eliminated?
Daripada bahagian tumbuhan yang manakah hasil
perkumuhan ini disingkirkan?

The stomata / Stoma

(b) Table 3.1 shows some of the waste products that are
useful to us. Give one usage of each of the following
substances.
Jadual 3.1 menunjukkan beberapa hasil perkumuhan
yang berfaedah kepada kita. Berikan satu kegunaan bagi
setiap bahan yang berikut:

Diagram 2 / Rajah 2

(a) What is the main waste product removed by the

urinary system?
Apakah hasil perkumuhan utama yang disingkirkan oleh
sistem urinari?

Urea / Urea

(b) Where is the waste product named in 2(a) produced?

Di manakah hasil perkumuhan yang dinamakan di 2(a)

dihasilkan?

Liver / Hati

(c) Compare and contrast the blood composition in the

renal artery and renal vein.
Bandingkan dan bezakan komposisi darah di dalam arteri
ginjal dengan vena ginjal.

The blood brought to the kidney by the renal artery

contains urea and mineral salts. The blood leaving
the kidney through the renal vein does not contain
urea and has less mineral salts.
Darah yang dibawa ke ginjal oleh arteri ginjal mengandungi
urea dan garam mineral. Darah yang dibawa keluar dari
ginjal melalui vena ginjal tidak mengandungi urea dan
mempunyai garam mineral yang kurang.

Waste product
Hasil
perkumuhan

Use

Kegunaan

Resin

To make paints and varnish

Tannin

To tan animal hides

Latex

To make rubber products such

as car tyres / Membuat barangan

Resin

Tanin

Lateks

Membuat cat dan varnis

Menyamak kulit haiwan

getah seperti tayar kereta

Table 3.1 / Jadual 3.1

(c) Table 3.2 shows some other waste products that are
harmful to us. State the adverse effect caused by
consuming these substances.
Jadual 3.2 menunjukkan beberapa hasil perkumuhan lain
yang berbahaya kepada kita. Nyatakan kesan sampingan
daripada penggunaan bahan ini.

Waste product
Hasil
perkumuhan

Heroin
Heroin

Caffeine
Kafeina

Effect
Kesan

Causes hallucination and

addiction / Menyebabkan khayalan
dan ketagihan

Causes headaches and insomnia

Menyebabkan sakit kepala dan
insomnia

Table 3.2 / Jadual 3.2

55

CHAPTER

(f) (i) Describe the changes to the lungs and skin during
strenuous exercise.