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To cite this article: Hany Taher (2014) Ultrawide stopband low-pass filter using triangular
resonators defected ground, Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 28:5, 542-550,
DOI: 10.1080/09205071.2013.879048
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2013.879048
Hany Tahera,b*
a
Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Islamic Architecture,
Um Alqura University, Alabdia, PO (5555), 21955 Makkah, KSA; bMicrostrip Department,
Electronic Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
1. Introduction
Modern microwave communication systems require LPFs to suppress unwanted
harmonics generated by nonlinear devices. A conventional LPF uses a stepped
impedance structure. Although its design procedure is simple, it suffers from serious
disadvantages such as a low attenuation rate and narrow stopband.[1] LPFs can be
realized using a periodic transmission line structure. Defected ground structure (DGS)
has recently been used to implement this periodic form. DGS periodic structures have
attractive properties including their cutoff and bandgap characteristics. These properties
can be controlled by selecting the physical dimensions of the DGS units.
In the past, periodic DGS LPFs were realized with DGS units of uniform
dimensions.[2] Later, DGS LPFs of nonuniform dimensions were investigated and
reported. They were implemented using different shapes, such as square,[3] crossshaped,[4] double equilateral U-shaped,[5] bow tie resonators,[6] and complementary
square split ring resonators (CSSRR).[7] Moreover, LPF is implemented with stepped
impedance combined with shunt open stubs.[8] DGS is utilized with defected
microstrip lines to improve frequency response of LPF.[9] All these structures offer
*Email: hanytaher70@hotmail.com, hmabdelrahman@uqu.edu.sa
2014 Taylor & Francis
543
lower passband ripples and a wider stopband than uniform-dimension DGS structures.
It is noticed that all these different structures can provide up to 5fc 20-dB stopband.
However, there is still room to improve the performance, especially increasing the
stopband, through investigation of new shapes of DGS units.
The performance of the used DGS unit determines the global behavior of
the designed LPF. Consequently, the solution is to nd a DGS unit that fullls all
high-performance criteria of LPF simultaneously. It is very clear that sharp attenuation
rate is the main disadvantage of the nonuniform DGS LPFs. To obtain very sharp attenuation rate, a DGS with elliptic response has to be used. Square Split Ring Resonator
(SRR) DGS unit has been modeled with elliptic function from third order.[10] SSRR
DGS exhibits high attenuation rate with one attenuation pole and very small passband
ripples. In a different context, a double equilateral U-shaped DGS [5] unit has been
utilized to produce two attenuation poles.
To exploit the advantages of the two concepts, they have been merged. In other
words, double SSR DGS units with elliptic function have been combined to form a
single unit. This unit is considered the Complementary (negative image) of SSR
Resonator (CSSRR).[7] Two advantages have been obtained from using this approach.
Firstly, every DGS unit has the ability to nullify the transmission characteristics twice
on predetermined locations instead of only one. Secondly, the bandgap transmission
characteristics of double units are wider than the one that can be provided by the single
unit. It is arguable that DGS unit with more attenuation poles results in improved
attenuation characteristics of LPF.
In this work, CTSRR unit is investigated. It is found that the unit can provide six
attenuation poles, i.e. with four additional poles more than double equilateral U-shaped
[45] and (CSSRR) [7] supply. Therefore, CTSRR unit enhances the rejection
performance compared with other shapes. A spurious response in the stopband of a
LPF is effectively suppressed utilizing a proper dimension of cascaded CTSRR units.
A microstrip LPF prototype with fc of 1.8 GHz and 20-dB stopband up-to 7.5 times fc
is designed, fabricated, and experimentally measured. The stopband width value is
obtained using the available limited measurement range vector network analyzer
(VNA). However, simulations results indicate that the 20-dB stopband extends up to
16.5 times fc.
This article is organized as follows: Section 2 investigates the suitability of the
proposed CTSRR unit for designing a high-performance LPF. Moreover, parametric
design study is shown in this study. The design procedure of the LPF is demonstrated
in Section 3. Enhancement of design methodology is presented in Section 4. The
validation of the design with fabricated circuit measurements is presented in Section 5.
Conclusions are drawn in Section 6.
2. Performance of CTSRR unit
The CTSRR is the complementary form of the TSRR. The CTSRR is excited by an
electric eld which is normally incident unlike the TSRR which is excited by a
perpendicular magnetic eld. Since the CTSRRs require electrical coupling, they are
loaded in the ground plane of the microstrip line underneath the signal line. The
structure inhibits the signal propagation at a resonance frequency and within a narrow
band. This phenomenon reects the negative effective permittivity of the medium.
Therefore, this unit is a perfect candidate to build frequency-selective structures such as
lters and antennas.
544
Figure 1.
H. Taher
The proposed CTSRR unit is depicted in Figure 1 with its geometric dimensions. It
has a 50- microstrip line of width (d) on top and an etched CTSRR section in the
ground plane. The triangular unit is equilateral and has an outer side length (L). To
decrease the number of design parameters, thicknesses of the two slots and widths of
the splits, as well as the distance between the two slots, have the same dimension (g).
The frequency response of the proposed unit is investigated with the method of
moments (MOM) using the Zeland IE3D software package.[11]
The dimensions of the simulated CTSRR unit are L = 12 mm and g = 0.5 mm. The
substrate used in all the simulations is Teon Duroid with a dielectric constant (r ) of
10.20 and thickness of 0.635 mm. The width d of the 50- microstrip line is 0.58 mm.
Figure 2 clearly shows the superiority of the ltering performance of the CTSRR unit
in rejection behavior. The insertion loss behavior of the CTSRR unit has six attenuation
poles at different frequencies, in which three of them reach more than 20-dB level.
Therefore, CTSRR unit has six bandgaps which are four more than those provided by
CSSRR and U-shaped DGS units.
The effect of L on the frequency response of the CTSRR unit is studied by keeping
g constant at 0.50 mm and varying L (12, 11, and 10 mm). The simulation results, as
depicted in Figure 3, show that the fc and attenuation poles locations fon are inversely
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
545
Figure 4.
546
Figure 5.
H. Taher
L = 12 mm has fc equals 1.8 GHz. Therefore, this unit is chosen to be the rst unit in
the designed LPF.
Attenuation region width is mainly dependent on the CTSRR unit that has the
highest f0. The unit with the smallest L has the highest f0. The concerned unit is the last
unit from the right side as shown in Figure 4. The target attenuation width is at least
eight times fc, i.e. f0 must be >14.5 GHz. It is found that CTSRR DGS with L equals
7.8 mm has an attenuation pole at 14.80 GHz, as depicted in Figure 5. Consequently,
L = 7.8 mm is chosen as the last CTSRR DGS unit.
The values of N, L, and the space between the units (W) are the design parameters
that have to be determined. The initial values of WS have been xed at 0.50 mm; these
values are optimized during the design procedure to improve the nal behavior of the
LPF. Consequently, N, Ls, and Ws are tuned until the target attenuation level, >20 dB,
is achieved. It is found that N equals 12, with Ls and Ws that are listed in Table 1,
yields to a LPF with performance depicted in Figure 6.
The designed LPF exhibits an attenuation rate of 200 dB/GHz and passband ripples
of less than 0.30 dB. Moreover, it has a wide 20-dB stopband at up to 8.5 times fc. It is
noticed that the insertion loss exceed 20-dB level at 4.2 and 11.4 GHz. In the next
Table 1.
L (mm)
W (mm)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
12.1
11.78
11.3
11
10.63
10.26
9.87
9.5
9.12
8.36
8
7.6
11.9
11.7
8.5
7.5
7.6
7.1
6.7
6.6
6.7
6.5
5.7
Figure 6.
547
section, it is explained how the performance of the same design, without changing the
LPF dimensions, is enhanced. Substrate with lower r and wider microstrip line is used
to achieve this target.
4. Enhancing the performance of the designed LPF
Performance of individual used DGS unit determines the global behavior of the
designed LPF. It is noticed that using lower r substrate enhances the bandgap characteristics of the CTSRR unit. The CTSRR unit with L = 9.12 mm which lies under the
substrate with a r value of 6.15 is investigated. As depicted in Figure 7, the rst two
5-dB bandgaps have 0.45 and 0.63 GHz width, respectively. Consequently, increments
of 32 and 110%, respectively, are obtained compared to the performance of the same
CTSRR unit that utilizes substrates with r equals 10.2. It is noticed from Figure 7 that
fc of the CTSRR unit, with substrate has r equals 6.15, is shifted upward with 0.4
GHz. To enhance the performance of the current design of LPF, a substrate with lower
r has to be used. However, in this case, the fc will degrade and move upward. The
problem is how to utilize the beforehand-designed LPF and substrate with lower r
simultaneously without changing the value of fc.
Since the effect of decreasing r is lowering slow wave factor (SWF) of the
structure, it is then proper to cancel this effect using a different mechanism. Utilizing
wider microstrip line, characteristic impedance less than 50 increases SWF due to the
increase in the capacitance of the line. In other words, SWF of the initial design, on
substrates with high r , will not change noticeably if a suitable wide microstrip line is
used in conjunction with substrates with lower r . Therefore, fc is still xed, and moreover, the wide bandgap width privilege still appears in the behavior of the structure.
For example, the CTSRR unit with L = 9.12 mm is tested in two different setups. The
rst, on substrate that has r equals 10.2 and a microstrip line with 0.58 mm width and
50 . The second case, the same CTSRR unit lies on substrate that has r equals 6.15
and utilizes 2.2 mm microstrip line. In this case, the characteristic impedance equals
29 . As shown in Figure 8, the same fc is obtained in both cases. Furthermore, the
enhancement of the bandgap width is still preserved.
From the previous discussion, it is concluded that the physical dimensions of the
beforehand-designed LPF can be used without changing the substrate which has lower
548
H. Taher
Figure 7. Insertion loss of CTSRR unit with L = 9.12 mm, and (a) r = 10.2 (
r = 6.15 (
), the microstrip line characteristic impedance is 50 .
) and (b)
r and a wide microstrip line to enhance its performance. Therefore, the only value
needed to be modied is d of the microstrip line. The lter is simulated when d equals
2.2 mm.
Comparisons between the performance of the designed LPF and some of the
available previously published works in [12][15] are listed in Table 2. CTSRR LPF
exhibits the highest performance among these works on different aspects of the comparison, especially for obtained stopband value and rejection rate. Since the CTSRR LPF
has the lowest fc, it has the largest area among others. This design is adopted as a nal
design, fabricated and measured, as it is shown in the next section.
5. Validation of the enhanced design of CTSRR LPF
The enhanced design of CTSRR DGS LPF is fabricated, as shown in Figure 9, on the
Teon Duroid substrate with r equals to 6.15 and a thickness of 0.635 mm. The
Figure 8. Insertion loss of CTSRR unit with L = 9.12 mm and (a) r = 10.2 and d = 0.58 mm
(
), and (b) r = 6.15 and d = 2.2 mm (
).
549
Table 2. Comparisons between the performance of the designed CSSRR LPF and some of the
previously published works.
Performance
Work
This work
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
Rejection rate
fc
(dB/GHz)
(GHz)
250
120
106
40
43.21
1.8
2.8
3.68
2.4
3.5
20-dB isolation
bandwidth/fc
Passband
ripples level
(dB)
Physical
dimensions
(mm mm)
r
16.5
2.5
4.4
0.8
4.6
0.30
0.30
0.39
0.41
0.44
89 11
20 19
48 8.5
55 11.3
50 30
6.15
3.38
2.2
4.4
6.15
) up to 30 GHz and
fabricated circuit has same dimensions listed in Table 1 with d equals 2.2 mm. The
simulation results show that the 20-dB bandwidth extends to 30 GHz, 16.5 times fc. As
it is mentioned in the introduction, due to the measurement capabilities of VNA, the
fabricated LPF is measured in the range of 0.0513.5 GHz. The results of S parameter
measurements agree well with the simulation results, as shown in Figure 9.
6. Conclusion
In this article, a new DGS shape, CTSRR unit, is investigated and used to design a
periodic LPF. The CTSRR unit exhibits interesting ltering properties such as six nite
attenuation poles in its stopband in addition to a very sharp attenuation rate. These
characteristics can be controlled by proper selection of the geometric dimensions of the
unit. The designed lter demonstrates superiority in various features compared with
other previously published works, particularly in offering very wide rejection band.
Very good agreement is noticed between simulations of the designed LPF and
experimental measurements of the fabricated circuit.
550
H. Taher
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