Kemp, Morrison, and Ross's Instructional Design Plan:

In contrast to the Dick and Carey model, this model thrives on the idea of flexibility. The
oval shape of the model acts as a reminder for the designer that the process of instructional
design is cyclical. The essential concept of this model is that any of the elements can be
addressed at any time in the process, giving freedom to the designer to modify their
instruction as necessary. One of the major draws to this model is that revision is extremely
encouraged throughout the process. The goal is to have the flexibility to correct problems as
they arise, thus making the end result or product more efficient and free of error.
I also think that it is important to note that within this model, designers have the choice to
decide what elements they need. The lack of lines and arrows make it easier for people to
skip around to the components they need to address, and disregard those that they do not.
Systematic Breakdown of Kemp, Morrison, and Ross's Instructional Design Plan
1. Identify instructional problems and specify goals for designing instruction.
2. Examine learner characteristics that will influence your instructional decisions.
3. Identify subject content, and analyze task components related to stated goals and
purposes.
4. Specify the instructional objectives.
5. Sequence content within each instructional unit for logical learning.
6. Design instructional strategies so that each learner can master the objectives.
7. Plan the instructional message and develop the instruction.
8. Develop evaluation instruments to assess the objectives.
9. Select resources to support instruction and learning activities

This model emphasizes the interdependencies of each step in the process, highlights the
importance of the evaluation, and recognizes more environmental factors in an educational

setting, i.e. the resources and the support (budget, facilities, time, equipment, personnel and
materials).
Kemp proposed this model based on the following beliefs:

The design belief: ID is a continuous cycle with revision as an ongoing activity

associated with all of the other elements.
The four essential elements of instructional technology are students, objectives (what
to be learned), method (what procedures and resources will work best to reach desired
learning levels), and evaluation (how we will know the desired learning occurs)

The characteristics of the model

A general systems view of development: all elements are interdependent

All the elements can be performed simultaneously
Developer can start anywhere
Learning needs, goals, priorities and constraints determine the instructional solutions.

The focus of the Kemp, Morrison and Ross Model is on the development of curriculum rather
than one instructional lesson. This leads to a holistic approach to instructional design. Kemp,
Morrison and Ross place the learner at the center of the design process. The design process
begins by asking the following questions:
1. What level of readiness do individual students have for accomplishing the objective?
2. What teaching and learning methods are most appropriate in terms of objectives and
student characteristics?
3. What media or other resources are most suitable?
4. What support, beyond the teacher and the available resources, is needed for successful
learning?
5. How is achievement of objectives determined?
6. What revisions are necessary if a tryout of the program does not match expectations?
The answer to these questions determines the development of the instruction on nine
elements identified by Kemp, Morrison and Ross as important. Those elements are listed
below.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Identification of instructional problems which leads to the goals and objectives for the instructional
program.
Examination of the learner characteristics which are addressed during planning.
Identification of the subject content and analyze task components related to stated goals and purposes.
Explicitly stating instructional objectives for the learner.
Sequence content logically within the instructional material.
Develop instructional strategies for the learner to successfully accomplish the learning objectives.

6.
7.
8.

Develop an instructional delivery plan which is a good fit with the learning context.
Develop evaluation instruments to assess learning objectives.
Select resources to support the learning activities.