CE 433: CE 433: CE 433: CE 433: Solid & Hazardous Waste Solid & Hazardous Waste Management Management

CE 433 :
SOLID & HAZARDOUS WASTE

MANAGEMENT
Professor Dr.
Dr A.
A B.
B M.
M Badruzzaman
Dr. A. B. M. Badruzzaman
PropertiesofSolidWaste
p
Phy i al o o itio of olid a te i lude :

Physicalcompositionofsolidwastesincludes:
Physicalcompositionofsolidwastesincludes
Identificationofindividualcomponentsthatmakeup
municipalsolidwastes
municipal solid wastes
ii. Analysisofparticlesize
iii.Moisturecontent
iv.Specificweightofsolids
v. Permeabilityofcompactedwaste
i.
10
11
Component
Food wastes
Paper
Cardboard
Plastics
Textiles
Rubber
L th
Leather
Yard Wastes
Wood
Misc. Organics
Inorganic
Glass
Tin cans
Aluminum
Other metal
Dirt, ash, etc.
Total
Solid Waste as
collected excluding
waste components
now recycled and
excluding food
waste that is ground
up.
excluding Recycle;
excluding Food
9.0
34.0
60
6.0
7.0
2.0
0.5
05
0.5
18.5
2.0
Solid Waste as
collected plus food
waste that is ground
up, but excluding
waste components
now recycled
excluding Recycle;
including Food
9.4
33.8
60
6.0
7.0
2.0
0.5
05
0.5
18.4
2.0
8.0
6.0
0.5
3.0
3.0
100.0
7.9
6.0
0.5
3.0
3.0
100.0
Solid Waste as
collected plus waste
Solid Waste as
components now collected plus waste
recycled but
recycled,
components now
excluding food
recycled and plus
waste that is ground food waste that is
up
ground up
including Recycle;
including Recycle;
excluding Food
including Food
8.0
8.4
35.8
35.6
64
6.4
64
6.4
6.9
6.9
1.8
1.8
0.4
0.4
04
0.4
04
0.4
17.3
17.2
1.8
1.8
9.1
5.8
0.6
3.0
2.7
100.0
9.0
5.8
0.6
3.0
2.7
100.0
12
Food wastes
Paper
Typical Physical Composition of MSW
Cardboard
Plastics
40.0
Textiles
Rubber
35 0
35.0
Leather
Yard Wastes
Wood
30.0
Glass
Perc
cent by Weigh
ht
Tin cans
25 0
25.0
Al i
Aluminum
Other metal
Dirt, ash, etc.
20.0
15 0
15.0
10.0
50
5.0
0.0
excluding Recycle; excluding Food excluding Recycle; including Food including Recycle; excluding Food including Recycle; including Food
Solid Waste As Collected
13
14
15
16
16
MoistureContent:
M=MoistureContent(%)
M
= Moisture Content (%)
w=initialweightofsampleasdelivered,(kg)
d=weightofsampleafterdryingat150C
ParticleSize:
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
23
24
SpecificWeight:
S W
Sp.Wt.=Mass/Volume
M
/V l
PermeabilityofCompactedWastes:
y
p
K = coefficient of permeability
C = dimensionless constant or shape factor
d = average pore size
= specific weight of water
= dynamic viscosity of water
= intrinsic permeability
Typical value for the intrinsic permeability of compacted solid waste is
10-11 to 10-12 m2 in the vertical direction and 10-10 m2 in horizontal
Direction.
25
PropertiesofSolidWaste
Chemicalcompositionofsolidwastesincludes
Chemicalcompositionofsolidwastesincludes::
Proximate analysis
Proximateanalysis
a. Moisture(lossat105
Moisture(lossat105Cfor1hr.)
b. Volatilematerials(additionallossonignitionat950
Volatilematerials(additionallossonignitionat950C)
c. Ash(residueafterburning)
d. Fixedcarbon(remainder)
ii. Fusingpointofash
iii.Ultimateanalysis
Ultimateanalysis percent
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen and ash
Carbon,Hydrogen,Oxygen,Nitrogen,andash
iv.Heatingvalue(energyvalue)
i.
26
27
28
Ultimate Analysis
ChemicalCompositionofMSW
C,%
H,%
Moist
C,
H,
by
by
Component Wet
Component,
Wet ure
Dry Dry
Dry
Dry weigh Comp weigh Comp
Basis100lbs weigh Conte weigh weigh t,dry ositio t,dry ositio
totalweight t,lbs nt,%, t,% t,lbs basis n,lbs basis n,lbs
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8[
[9]
[2]x[5]
[5]x[6]
[5]x[8]
/100
/100
100[3]
100
[3] /100
Organic
Foodwastes
9.0
70.0
30.0
2.7
34.0
6.0
94.0
32.0
Cardboard
60
6.0
50
5.0
95 0
95.0
Plastics
Textiles
7.0
2.0
2.0
10.0
Rubber
0.5
Leather
O,
Comp
ositio
n,lbs
[11]
N,%
by
weigh
t,dry
basis
[12]
[5]x[10]/100
N,
Comp
ositio
n,lbs
[13]
S,%
by
weigh
t,dry
basis
[14]
[5]x[12]/100
S,
Comp
ositio
n,lbs
[15]
Ash,
%by
weigh
t,dry
basis
[16]
[5]x[14]/100
Ash,
Comp
ositio
n,lbs
[17]
[5]x[16
]/100
1.30
6.4
0.17 37.60
1.02
2.6
0.07
0.4
0.01
5.0
0.14
43.5 13.90
6.0
1.92 44.00 14.06
0.3
0.10
0.2
0.06
6.0
1.92
57
5.7
44 0
44.0
2 51
2.51
59
5.9
0 34 44.60
0.34
44 60
2 54
2.54
03
0.3
0 02
0.02
02
0.2
0 01
0.01
50
5.0
0 29
0.29
98.0
90.0
6.9
1.8
60.0
55.0
4.12
0.99
7.2
6.6
0.49 22.80
0.12 31.20
1.56
0.56
0.0
4.6
0.00
0.08
0
0.15
0.00
0.00
10.0
2.5
0.69
0.05
2.0
98.0
0.5
78.0
0.38
10.0
0.05
0.00
0.00
2.0
0.01
0.00
10.0
0.05
0.5
10.0
90.0
0.5
60.0
0.27
8.0
0.04 11.60
0.05
10.0
0.05
0.4
0.00
10.0
0.05
YardWastes
Wood
18.5
2.0
60.0
20.0
40.0
80.0
7.4
1.6
47.8
49.5
3.54
0.79
6.0
6.0
0.44 38.00
0.10 42.70
2.81
0.68
3.4
0.2
0.25
0.00
0.3
0.1
0.02
0.00
4.5
1.5
0.33
0.02
T t l
Total
79 5
79.5
Paper
59 0
59.0
48.0
O,%
by
weigh
t,dry
basis
[10]
27 79
27.79
3 66
3.66
23 29
23.29
0 58
0.58
0 11
0.11
3 52
3.52
29
Component,weight(lbs)
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Ash
Total
WithoutH2O
27.79
3.66
23 29
23.29
0.58
0.11
3.52
59 0
59.0
WithH2O,includes
moisture as
moistureas
indicatedbelow
27.79
5.95
41 55
41.55
0.58
0.11
3.52
79 5
79.5
MolarCompositionWithH2OandWithoutH2O,NeglectingtheAsh
Component,weight AtomicWeight, WithoutH2O,
(lbs)
lbs/mole
moles
Carbon
12.01
2.314
H d
Hydrogen
1 01
1.01
3 628
3.628
Oxygen
16
1.456
Nitrogen
14.01
0.041
Sulfur
32.07
0.004
WithH2O,
moles
2.314
5 888
5.888
2.597
0.041
0.004
30
ApproximateChemicalFormula
Nitrogen=1, Nitrogen=1,
Sulfur=1,
Component,moleratios WithoutH2O WithH2O
WithoutH2O
Carbon
56 3
56.3
56 3
56.3
648 6
648.6
Hydrogen
88.3
143.3
1016.9
Oxygen
35.4
63.2
408.0
Nitrogen
1.0
1.0
11.5
S lf
Sulfur
01
0.1
01
0.1
10
1.0
Sulfur=1,
WithH2O
648 6
648.6
1650.2
727.9
11.5
10
1.0
Chemical formula without sulfur
Chemical formula with sulfur
Without H2O
C56.3H88.3O35.4N
C648.6H1016.9O408N11.5S
With H2O
C56.3H143.3O63.2N
C648.6H1650.2O727.9N11.5S
Note: Formulae must be manually adjusted based on table
31
Biological Properties of MSW

Excluding plastic, rubber, and leather components, the organic
fraction of most MSW can be classified as follows:
1.
Water--soluble constituents, such as sugars, starches,
Water
amino acids, and various organic acids,
2.
Hemicellulose, a condensation product of the fivefive- and sixsixcarbon
ca bo sugars,
suga s,
3.
Cellulose, a condensation product of the sixsix-carbon sugar
glucose.
4
4.
Fat oils,
Fat,
oils and waxes,
waxes which are esters of alcohols and long
chain fatty acids,
5.
Lignin, a polymeric material containing aromatic rings with
methoxyl groups ((--OCH3) [present in some papers:
newsprint and fiberboard],
6.
Lignocellulose, a combination of lignin and cellulose, and
7
7.
Proteins which are composed of chains of amino acids
Proteins,
acids.
32
Biodegradability of Organic Waste Components

V l il Solids
Volatile
S lid (VS) content, determined
d
i d by
b ignition
i ii
at 500
500C, is often used as a measure of the
biodegradability
g
y of the organic
g
fraction of MSW
MSW.. The
use of VS in describing the biodegradability of the
organic fraction of MSW is misleading, as some of
these organic constituents are highly volatile but
low in biodegradability (e
(e..g. newsprint, some plant
trimmings)..
trimmings)
33
Biodegradability of MSW ((contd

contd)
)
Alternatively, the lignin content of MSW can be
used to estimate the biodegradable fraction, using
th following:
the
f ll i
BF = 0
0.83
83 0.028
0 028 LC
Where,
BF = biodegradable
g
fraction expressed
p
on a
volatile solids (VS) basis
0.83 & 0.028 = empirical constants
LC = lignin constant of the VS expressed as a
% of dry wt.
34
Data on the Biodegradable Fraction of

selected
l t d organic
i waste
t components
t based
b
d
on Lignin Content
Component
Volatile Solids
(VS) % of Total
Solids
Lignin Content
(LC), % of VS
Biodegradable
Fraction, BF
Food Wastes
7 15
0.4
0.82
Paper
Newsprint
Office Paper
Cardboard
94.0
96.4
94.0
21.9
0.4
12.9
0.22
0.82
0.47
Yard Wastes
50 90
4.1
0.72
35
EnergyValuesofMSW
gy
Computation from Approximate Chemical Composition
Using
g Modified Dulong
g Formula:
C = carbon, %
H = hydrogen, %
N = nitrogen, %
S = Sulfur,
S lf
%
36
37
Waste
Generation
Waste handling,
separation storage and
separation,
processing at source
Collection
Separation and
processing and
Transformation of
solid waste
Transfer &
Transport
Disposal
38
Measures and Methods Used to Assess Quantities

MSWshouldbemeasuredasaweightasopposedtoavolume
g
p
becausetheweightmeasurementsareconsistentandreproducible
whilethevolumecanvaryconsiderablyattendanttocompaction.
Ultimately,however,thecapacityofalandfillisavolume
consideration.
Units lb/capita/dayforresidentialandcommercial,arepeatable
measureofproductionforindustryandagriculturee.g.lbof
manure/chicken.
manure/chicken
EstimationofWasteQuantities:
Loadcount analysis Alandfillwithoutscalesmayestimatethe
Loadcountanalysis
A landfill without scales may estimate the
vehicularcapacityandthenumberofvehiclesofthatcapacity.
WeightVolumeAnalysis Alandfillequippedwithweighing
g
q
scalerecordstheweightvolumedatatoassessthewastequantities.
39
Example:
Given:Onasingledayyouobservethefollowingatalandfill:
1016yd
y 3 compactortrucks
p
183yd3 pickuptruckshaulinglooseanddryleaves
561yd3 privatecars
245yd3 truckswithbrokenconcrete
Find:Ifthereare3.82lb/cap.day
p y with2.7cap/homeandallthewastecomesfrom
p
thetown,estimatethenumberofhomesinthetown.Whatswrongwiththe
answer?
p
g
1.Computethetotalweight
Item
Numberof
loads
10
Avg.Vol.
yd3
16
Specific Wt.
lb/yd3
500
TotalWt., lb
col.2x3x4
80,000
18
100
5,400
Privatecars
56
220
12,320
Broken
Concrete
Total, lb/day
45
2595
233,550
Compactor
truck
Pickuptrucks
withleaves
looseanddry
331,270
40
Steps:
Determine the number of homes
number of residence = 331,270 (lb/day) x(capita.day/3.82 lb) x
(residence/2 7cap)
(residence/2.7cap)
number of residence = 32,118
What's wrong with the answer?

p
The demolition load, broken concrete mayy not be representative;
calculate the number of houses with the concrete.
number of residence = (331,270-233,550) (lb/day) x(capita.day/3.82 lb) x
(residence/2.7cap)
number of residence = 9,475 vs. 32,118 with the broken concrete
41
42
Mate
erial Ba
alance
e Apprroach

CE 433: CE 433: CE 433: CE 433: Solid & Hazardous Waste Solid & Hazardous Waste Management Management

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CE 433 :

SOLID & HAZARDOUS WASTE

Phy i al o o itio of olid a te i lude :

Typical Physical Composition of MSW

Solid Waste As Collected

1.92 44.00 14.06

Chemical formula without sulfur

Chemical formula with sulfur

Note: Formulae must be manually adjusted based on table

Biological Properties of MSW

Biodegradability of Organic Waste Components

Biodegradability of MSW ((contd

Data on the Biodegradable Fraction of

Measures and Methods Used to Assess Quantities

What's wrong with the answer?

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