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6

Hydrocarbon Analysis

Contents
Notes on Fluid Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Predicting Fluid Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Hydrocarbon Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Recommended Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Properties Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Hydrocarbon Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Porosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Paradigm Rock & Fluid Canvas 2009 | Epos 4.0

Hydrocarbon Analysis 6-1

Notes on Fluid Identification


As discussed in Introduction to NMR on page 1-1, T2 relaxation depends on pore size and fluid properties.
By comparing data acquired using different echo spacings and wait times, the fluid type and volume can be
determined. Fluid typing was pioneered by NUMAR and most methods are most applicable to the MRIL
tool.
Methods for identifying fluid include:

Differential Spectrum, Delta Wait Time Experiments (DTW) on page 1-21

Diffusion Analysis on page 1-22

Enhanced Diffusion on page 1-23

Critical to identification is the understanding of the NMR properties of fluids at reservoir temperature and
conditions.

Predicting Fluid Properties


Fluid properties important for the interpretation of NMR data include:

T1, T2 bulk properties

T2 at reservoir conditions

The diffusion coefficient

Hydrogen Index

Some of these properties are dependent on tool, pore size and whether or not the fluid is wetting or nonwetting. Geolog provides a module for the calculation of NMR fluid properties. These properties act as
guidelines for the identification and quantification of hydrocarbons in the reservoir. However, it should be
noted that the calculated fluid properties are the starting point for fluid typing and quantification, since the
fluid properties are also dependent on other factors that cannot be determined during normal petrophysical
analysis.
See also "Properties Calculator" on page 6-5.

Hydrocarbon Analysis
The principles underlying hydrocarbon analysis are described in the Differential Spectrum, Delta Wait
Time Experiments (DTW) on page 1-21.
Hydrocarbon analysis is used for the identification of gas and light oils (< 5 cp). The Hydrocarbon Analysis
modules assume that a significant T1 contrast exists between water and the light hydrocarbons, and that
the gas and oil have different T2 values. These assumptions are valid for high porosity water-wet reservoirs.

Paradigm Rock & Fluid Canvas 2009 | Epos 4.0

Hydrocarbon Analysis 6-2

Hydrocarbon Analysis Method


Step 1
Acquire two different echo-trains with dual TW activation. TW should be selected to maximize the
contrast between water and the hydrocarbons.
Step 2
Process the CPMG data, applying the minimum RA, phase rotation and environmental corrections.
Step 3
Estimate the bulk properties, T1, T2 and Hydrogen Index of the oil and gas at reservoir conditions.
Step 4
Subtract the CPMG acquired with the shortest wait time from the CPMG acquired with the longest
wait time. The resultant CPMG will contain only the oil and gas signatures.
Step 5
Search the T2 distribution for oil and gas. This is achieved by "inverting the T2 distribution" based
on T2 time constants that have been predicted for the oil and the gas. The T2 amplitudes acquired
from the two T2 time components are proportional to the apparent gas porosity and the apparent
oil porosity.
Step 6
To calculate the true porosity, the apparent porosities must be corrected for incomplete polarization
and Hydrogen Index ("Step 5" on page 6-3 assumes a Hydrogen Index of 1):
A

f = f HI f f

(Eq. 1)

where:
A

= apparent porosity of the fluid phase (oil or gas)

= polarization function for the fluid phase

HIf

= Hydrogen Index of the fluid phase

= true porosity of the fluid phase

f exp

( T W S T 1f )

exp

( T W L T 1f )

(Eq. 2)

where:
TWS

= short wait time

TWL

= long wait time

T1f

= T1 bulk of the fluid phase.

Paradigm Rock & Fluid Canvas 2009 | Epos 4.0

Hydrocarbon Analysis 6-3

Recommended Methodology
The following methodology is recommended for hydrocarbon analysis using Geolog.
Step 1
Calculate T1bulk and T1, T2 of oil and gas and reservoir. See "Properties Calculator" on page 6-5
module.
Step 2
Fluids > "Hydrocarbon Analysis" on page 6-7
Use this module to estimate apparent porosity. Porosity can be estimated by extrapolating the
CPMG echo data back to time = 0. A regression through the first few echoes can be used to calculate
the intercept at the y-axis, which is the amplitude at t=0.
Step 3
Fluids > "Inversion" on page 6-8
Use this module to subtract the TWS CPMG data from the TWL CPMG data and invert the resulting
CPMG to a continuous distribution of exponentials (minimum T2 = 0.3ms, maximum T2 = 3000ms,
bins = 30).
Step 4
Check the T2 distribution for gas and oil. Peaks in the T2 distribution should correspond with the
predicted T2 for oil and gas. If the predicted values cannot be correlated with the T2 distribution,
the T2bulk properties will need to be recalculated using the correct parameters. Geolog Xplot can be
used to investigate the distribution of T2 values.
Step 5
Determine the correct values for T2 gas and T2 oil from the peaks in the T2 distribution. Providing
that the T2 peaks are close to the predicted values, T2 oil and T2 gas can be adjusted to reflect the
peaks found in the inverted T2 distribution.
Step 6
Fluids > "Hydrocarbons" on page 6-11
Use this module to calculate the apparent porosity for oil and gas. Use T2 for oil and gas determined
in "Step 4" on page 6-4 and "Step 5" on page 6-4.
Step 7
Fluids > "Corrections" on page 6-15
Use this module to calculate the true porosity for oil and gas.

Paradigm Rock & Fluid Canvas 2009 | Epos 4.0

Hydrocarbon Analysis 6-4

Properties Calculator
The Fluid Properties module calculates fluid properties relevant for the analysis of NMR data.
Operation
1. Select Petrophysics > NMR > Fluid properties to display the nmr_fluid_predict module.
2. Set the required input Values as described in Table 6-1, "nmr_fluid_predict Parameters" on
page 6-6.
The nmr_fluid_predict Module

Paradigm Rock & Fluid Canvas 2009 | Epos 4.0

Hydrocarbon Analysis 6-5

Table 6-1: nmr_fluid_predict Parameters


Name

Default

Description

MRIL tool constant.

Magnetic field gradient.

TE

Echo-spacing of the acquisition.

HI_GAS

Hydrogen Index of gas.

HI_WATER

Hydrogen Index of water.

HI_OIL

Hydrogen Index of oil.

HI_MF

Hydrogen Index of mud filtrate.

FTEMP

Formation water temperature.

MU_OIL

Oil viscosity.

MU_WATER

Water viscosity.

RHO_GAS

Gas density.

T1_WATER

Bulk T1, T2 water.

T1_OIL

Bulk T1, T2 oil.

T1_GAS

Bulk T1, T2 gas.

DCO_WATER

DCO_WATER

Diffusion coefficient for water.

DCO_OIL

DCO_OIL

Diffusion coefficient for oil.

DCO_GAS

DCO_GAS

Diffusion coefficient for gas.

T2_OIL

T2_OIL

T2 oil (reservoir conditions).

T2_GAS

T2_GAS

T2 gas (reservoir conditions).

HOIL

HOIL

Hydrogen Index for oil.

HWATER

HWATER

Hydrogen Index for water.

HGAS

HGAS

Hydrogen Index for gas.

HMF

HMF

Hydrogen Index for the mud-filtrate

T2DW

T2DW

Diffusion-limited value for the T2 of water. T2 amplitude beyond this value is


assumed to be hydrocarbon.

Paradigm Rock & Fluid Canvas 2009 | Epos 4.0

Hydrocarbon Analysis 6-6

Hydrocarbon Analysis
Porosity
This module calculates NMR porosity by extrapolating the CPMG echoes back to Time = 0 (i.e., the
beginning of the experiment). Fits a regression line to the first few echoes.
Operation
1. Select Petrophysics > NMR > Hydrocarbon analysis > Porosity to display the
nmr_tda_phi module.
2. Set the required input Values as described in Table 6-2, "nmr_tda_phi Parameters" on page 6-7.
The nmr_tda_phi Module

Table 6-2: nmr_tda_phi Parameters


Name

Default

Description

FIRST_ECHO

First CPMG echo to use in the regression.

LAST_ECHO

Last CPMG echo to use in the regression.

PHIA_LIM

Maximum porosity.

TE

Echo spacing for the acquisition mode TWL.

ECHOA

Echo data acquired using TW = long (longest wait time).

PHIA_MRIL

PHIA_MRIL

Apparent MRIL porosity.

PHIA

PHIA

Apparent porosity where PHIA is PHIA_MRIL limited between 0 and


PHIA_LIM.

Paradigm Rock & Fluid Canvas 2009 | Epos 4.0

Hydrocarbon Analysis 6-7

Supplementary Information
In fluid filled rocks, the volume of rock occupied by fluid is equal to porosity. Petrophysical NMR
measurements utilize hydrogen proton spins to generate a signal. Because hydrogen is abundant in fluids,
the magnitude of the NMR signal is proportional to the formation fluid volume.
When all the proton spins are aligned in the magnetic field, the NMR signal is proportional to the porosity
of the rock. Consequently, at the start of the CPMG experiment, at t=0, and before relaxation of the proton
spins has occurred, the signal is proportional to porosity.
NMR logging tools are calibrated using a 100% porosity reference (i.e., a water-filled bucket). The
determination of porosity therefore assumes that the hydrogen nuclei in the formation fluid are equal to an
equivalent volume of water such that the Hydrogen Index is 1. Porosity estimates must be adjusted to
reflect variation in the Hydrogen Index of the formation fluid.
Porosity can be estimated by extrapolating the CPMG echo data back to time = 0. A regression through the
first few echoes can be used to calculate the intercept at the y-axis, which is the amplitude at t=0.

Inversion
The module performs an inversion of CPMG data generated from the subtraction of TWS CPMG data from
TWL data. The resultant T2 distribution will contain T2 components associated with hydrocarbons. L2 and
L1L2 inversion parameters use zeroth order regularization methods.
Operation
1. Select Petrophysics > NMR > Hydrocarbon analysis > Inversion to display the
nmr_invert_tda module.
2. Set the required input Values as described in Table 6-3, "nmr_invert_tda Parameters" on
page 6-9.

Paradigm Rock & Fluid Canvas 2009 | Epos 4.0

Hydrocarbon Analysis 6-8

The nmr_invert_tda Module

Table 6-3: nmr_invert_tda Parameters


Name

Default

OPT_COMPRESS

Yes

Description
Double click in the field then click on the Dropdown List
button
to select either yes or no and thus turn data compression on or off.

FIRST_ECHO

Available when OPT_COMPRESS is set to "yes"; first echo of the


CPMG data to be included in the inversion.

LAST_ECHO

Available when OPT_COMPRESS is set to "yes"; last echo of the


CPMG data to be included in the inversion; all echoes lying between
the FIRST_ECHO and LAST_ECHO contribute to the solution.

COMPRESS_BINS

Available when OPT_COMPRESS is set to "yes"; data redundancy can


be reduced by averaging the data into discrete windows.
COMPRESS_BINS defines the number of averaging windows. For
example, COMPRESS_BINS = 10 means that the data will be reduced
to 10 points. Windows are logarithmically spaced.

Paradigm Rock & Fluid Canvas 2009 | Epos 4.0

Hydrocarbon Analysis 6-9

Table 6-3: nmr_invert_tda Parameters


Name

Default

INVERSION_TYPE

L2

Description
Double click in the field then click on the Dropdown List
to select either L2 or L1L2 inversion (see "Supplementary
Information" on page 6-10).

button

REG_PARAM

Controls the smoothness of the T2 distribution. Larger values increase


the smoothing component.

NECH_V

Number of data points in the CPMG echo-train.

TE

Echo spacing.

T2_MIN

Minimum T2 of the T2 distribution.

T2_MAX

Maximum T2 of the T2 distribution.

T2_BIN

Number of T2 bins.

ECHO_AMP_A

CPMG echoes collected using acquisition TW = Long (TWL ).

ECHO_NOISE_A

Noise channel, obtained from acquisition TW = Long (TWL ).

ECHO_AMP_B

CPMG echoes collected using acquisition TW = short (TWS).

ECHO_NOISE_B

Noise channel, obtained from acquisition TW = short (TWS).

ECHOA, NOISEA, ECHOB and NOISEB should have the same number of echoes (samples) and should have been
acquired using the same echo-spacing (TE). The wait times should be defined so that TWL > TWS.
PHI_T2_DIST_DIFF

Amplitude distribution generated from CPMG data calculated from


TWL - TWS.

T2_TIME_DIFF

Time constants for the amplitude distribution.

ECHO_AMP_DIFF

CPMG echo-train generated from the subtraction of CPMG data


acquired using TWL and TWS.

ECHO_NOISE_DIFF

Noise channel generated from the subtraction of CPMG data acquired


using TWL and TWS.

ECHO_FIT_DIFF

The fitted CPMG data generated during the modeling of the T2


distribution (model fitted to DIFF_ECHO).

SIGMA_NOISE

Standard deviation of noise for the differential echo-train.

INVERT_DIFF_BAD

Bad inversion flag.

Supplementary Information
L2 and L1/L2 inversion parameters use zeroth order regularization methods. The L1/L2 hybridization
model attempts to deal with outliers in the CPMG data set. L1/L2 is particularly useful for noisy data or
CPMG decays that display spiking.
L2 Solution
L2 inversion utilizes a design matrix that has a row for each of the data points (in this case, the
CPMG data). Each equation is then multiplied by a number (common to all the equations) that
standardizes the data. Standardization serves to eliminate the effect of small or big
data:parameters ratios. Furthermore, each equation is multiplied by a number that is inversely
proportional to measurement error. The measurement error accounts for equations that have small
measurement errors associated with the data.

Paradigm Rock & Fluid Canvas 2009 | Epos 4.0

Hydrocarbon Analysis 6-10

The design matrix has 2M - 2 rows where M stands for the number of parameters (number of T2
values).
The first additional M rows contain zeroth order regularization; the first one has 1 in the first
position, . . . the Mth has 1 in the Mth position; all the rest are zeros. This serves to minimize the
length of the model. Algebraically, it lowers the condition number of the matrix thus making the
process of finding the solution more stable.
The rest of M-2 rows have 1 -2 1 around each (no border) parameter. This adds another term to the
minimization, causing less second derivative. This uses the NNLS algorithm as described by
Lawson & Hanson's book "Solving Least Squares Problems", Prentice Hall, 1974. It solves Ax=b in
a least squares sense (A is out matrix, x is T2 distribution, b are the measured echoes), subject to
the condition that each element of x is non-negative, as is needed from a distribution.
L1/L2 Hybridization
Based on Langan et al, Geophysics, 1997, 1183-1195.
Used where the CPMG noise is non-Gaussian and where the data has outliers that will affect
the result.
The standard deviation of the measured echoes and the calculated theoretical curve are compared.
The equations are weighted according to the distance of the actual echoes from the theoretical
curve. Those of about <= standard deviation will have the same weight, as in regular L2
minimization. Those further away will be weighted about inverse proportionally to the distance
from the theoretical curve. This solution is iterative. Once a temporary solution is attained, it is
used to find the weights and to create the input for the next solution. This is done until convergence
of the solution.
T2 Time Constants
The time constants are selected so that they are logarithmically equally spaced. For example, the
default for the CMR is T2 min = 0.3ms, T2 max=3000ms, and the number of time constants
(T2_BINS) is 30.
Incomplete Polarization
The inversion routine automatically corrects for incomplete polarization due to insufficient wait
time. If a polarization correction is not required, the wait time (TW) should be set artificially
high, (e.g. 20s).

Hydrocarbons
This module performs quantification of hydrocarbons based on a search of the CPMG data for T2
components predicted for gas and oil. Estimates PHIA associated with oil and gas. There are two options
available for performing the search: "Exact" on page 6-11 and "Search Range" on page 6-13.

Exact
The Exact search method will invert the differential echo to time constants that are exactly specified.
Options are available for Oil, Gas and Oil+Gas.

Paradigm Rock & Fluid Canvas 2009 | Epos 4.0

Hydrocarbon Analysis 6-11

Operation
1. Select Petrophysics > NMR > Hydrocarbon analysis > Hydrocarbons > Exact to display
the nmr_tda1 module.
2. Set the required input Values as described in Table 6-4, "nmr_tda1 Parameters" on page 6-12.
The nmr_tda1 Module

Table 6-4: nmr_tda1 Parameters


Name

Default

Description

FLUIDS
Double click in the field then click on the Dropdown List
select the fluid phases to search for (oil, gas, oil+gas).
OPT_COMPRESS

button to

yes
Double click in the field then click on the Dropdown List
button to
select either yes or no and thus turn data compression on or off.

FIRST_ECHO

Available when OPT_COMPRESS is set to "yes"; first echo of the CPMG


data to be included in the inversion.

Paradigm Rock & Fluid Canvas 2009 | Epos 4.0

Hydrocarbon Analysis 6-12

Table 6-4: nmr_tda1 Parameters (Continued)


Name

Default

Description

LAST_ECHO

Available when OPT_COMPRESS is set to "yes"; last echo of the CPMG


data to be included in the inversion; all echoes lying between the
FIRST_ECHO and LAST_ECHO contribute to the solution.

COMPRESS_BINS

Available when OPT_COMPRESS is set to "yes"; data redundancy can be


reduced by averaging the data into discrete windows. COMPRESS_BINS
defines the number of averaging windows. For example,
COMPRESS_BINS = 10 means that the data will be reduced to 10 points.
Windows are logarithmically spaced.

NECH_V

Number of data points in the CPMG echo-train.

TE

Echo spacing.

T2_COMP1

Available when GAS or OILGAS is selected for FLUIDS; first T2


component associated with Hydrocarbon 1.

T2_COMP2

Available when OIL or OILGAS is selected for FLUIDS; second T2


component associated with Hydrocarbon 1.

Note: T2_COMP1 and T2_COMP2 are T2 components associated with hydrocarbons found in the reservoir where
T2_COMP1 < T2_COMP2. Normally, T2_COMP1 is gas and T2_COMP2 is light oil. The T2 components are
predicted from the equations, and the inspection of T2 distributions obtained from the inversion of the differential
echo-train. Hydrocarbon analysis assumes that the hydrocarbons decay with a single exponential, and that the
hydrocarbons are non-wetting.
ECHO_AMP_A

CPMG echoes collected using acquisition TW = Long (TWL).

ECHO_NOISE_A

Noise channel, obtained from acquisition TW = Long (TWL).

ECHO_AMP_B

CPMG echoes collected using acquisition TW = short (TWS).

ECHO_NOISE_B

Noise channel, obtained from acquisition TW = short (TWS).

PHIA

Apparent porosity where PHIA is PHIA_MRIL

HC_SIGMA

HC_SIGMA

Standard deviation of noise for differential echo-train.

HC_DIST

HC_DIST

T2 distribution containing the hydrocarbons components (2-bin


distribution).

HC_BAD

HC_BAD

Bad analysis flag.

PHIA_COMP1

PHIA_COMP1

Porosity associated with T2 component 1 (gas).

PHIA_COMP2

PHIA_COMP2

Porosity associated with T2 component 2 (light oil).

ECHO_FIT

ECHO_FIT

The fitted CPMG data generated during the modeling of the T2


distribution (model fitted to DIFF_ECHO).

DIFF_ECHO

DIFF_ECHO

CPMG echo-train generated from the subtraction of CPMG data acquired


using TWL and TWS.

Search Range
The Search Range method allows the user to specify a range over which to search, and will find the best
relaxation time constant to fit the data. If two fluid phases are specified (Oil+Gas), the user must specify
two different ranges over which to search for the best relaxation time constants.
Operation
1. Select Petrophysics > NMR > Hydrocarbon analysis > Hydrocarbons > Search Range
to display the nmr_tda1a module.

Paradigm Rock & Fluid Canvas 2009 | Epos 4.0

Hydrocarbon Analysis 6-13

2. Set the required input Values as described in Table 6-5, "nmr_tda1a Parameters" on page 6-14.
The nmr_tda1a Module

Table 6-5: nmr_tda1a Parameters


Name

Default

Description

FLUIDS
Double click in the field then click on the Dropdown List
to select the fluid phases to search for (oil, gas, oil+gas).

button

REG_PARAM1

Regularization for inversion.

BINS

Number of bins over which to conduct the search.

FIRST_ECHO

First echo of the CPMG data to be included in the inversion.

LAST_ECHO

Last echo of the CPMG data to be included in the inversion; all echoes
lying between the FIRST_ECHO and LAST_ECHO contribute to the
solution.

Paradigm Rock & Fluid Canvas 2009 | Epos 4.0

Hydrocarbon Analysis 6-14

Table 6-5: nmr_tda1a Parameters


Name

Default

Description

COMPRESS_BINS

Data redundancy can be reduced by averaging the data into discrete


windows. COMPRESS_BINS defines the number of averaging
windows. For example, COMPRESS_BINS = 10 means that the data
will be reduced to 10 points. Windows are logarithmically spaced.

NECH_V

Number of data points in the CPMG echo-train.

TE

Echo spacing.

T2_COMP1_MIN

Available when GAS or OILGAS is selected for FLUIDS; minimum


value for first T2 component associated with Hydrocarbon 1.

T2_COMP1_MAX

Available when GAS or OILGAS is selected for FLUIDS; maximum


value for first T2 component associated with Hydrocarbon 1.

T2_COMP2_MIN

Available when OIL or OILGAS is selected for FLUIDS; minimum


value for second T2 component associated with Hydrocarbon 2.

T2_COMP2_MAX

Available when OIL or OILGAS is selected for FLUIDS; maximum


value for second T2 component associated with Hydrocarbon 2.

Note: T2_COMP1 and T2_COMP2 are T2 components associated with hydrocarbons found in the reservoir where
T2_COMP1 < T2_COMP2. Normally, T2_COMP1 is gas and T2_COMP2 is light oil. The T2 components are
predicted from the equations, and the inspection of T2 distributions obtained from the inversion of the differential
echo-train. Hydrocarbon analysis assumes that the hydrocarbons decay with a single exponential, and that the
hydrocarbons are non-wetting.
ECHO_AMP_A

CPMG echoes collected using acquisition TW = Long (TWL).

ECHO_NOISE_A

Noise channel, obtained from acquisition TW = Long (TWL).

ECHO_AMP_B

CPMG echoes collected using acquisition TW = short (TWS).

ECHO_NOISE_B

Noise channel, obtained from acquisition TW = short (TWS).

PHIA

Apparent porosity where PHIA is PHIA_MRIL

HC_DIST

T2 distribution containing the hydrocarbon components (2-bin


distribution).

HC_SIGMA

Standard deviation of noise for differential echo-train.

HC_BAD

Bad analysis flag.

PHIA_COMP1

Porosity associated with T2 component 1 (gas).

PHIA_COMP2

Porosity associated with T2 component 2 (light oil).

DIFF_ECHO

CPMG echo-train generated from the subtraction of CPMG data


acquired using TWL and TWS.

Corrections
This module corrects PHIA calculated for gas and light oil for variable Hydrogen Index and incomplete
polarization due to an insufficient wait time.
Operation
1. Select Petrophysics > NMR > Hydrocarbon analysis > Corrections to display the
nmr_tda2 module.
2. Set the required input Values as described in Table 6-6, "nmr_tda2 Parameters" on page 6-16.

Paradigm Rock & Fluid Canvas 2009 | Epos 4.0

Hydrocarbon Analysis 6-15

The nmr_tda2 Module

Table 6-6: nmr_tda2 Parameters


Name

Default

PHIT_MAX

Description
Maximum allowed porosity.

TW_S

The short wait time.

TW_L

The long wait time.

HOIL

Hydrogen Index of the oil.

HGAS

Hydrogen Index of the gas.

T12B_OIL

Bulk T1, T2 for the oil.

T12B_GAS

Bulk T1, T2 for the gas.

PHIA

Apparent porosity where PHIA is PHIA_MRIL

PHIA_OIL

PHIA_OIL

Apparent porosity associated with the oil.

PHIA_GAS

PHIA_GAS

Apparent porosity associated with the gas.

PHIT_OIL

PHIT_OIL

True porosity associated with the oil (see "Supplementary Information" on


page 6-17)

PHIT_GAS

PHIT_GAS

True porosity associated with the gas (see "Supplementary Information"


on page 6-17)

BVW

BVW

Bulk volume of water.

PHIT

PHIT

Total porosity.

BVW_OIL

BVW_OIL

BVW + Oil.

BVW_OIL_GAS

BVW_OIL_GAS

BVW + Oil + Gas.

Paradigm Rock & Fluid Canvas 2009 | Epos 4.0

Hydrocarbon Analysis 6-16

Supplementary Information
To calculate the true porosity, the apparent porosities must be corrected for incomplete polarization and
Hydrogen Index.
A

f = f HI f f

(Eq. 3)

where:
A

= apparent porosity of the fluid phase (oil or gas)

= polarization function for the fluid phase

HIf

= Hydrogen Index of the fluid phase

= true porosity of the fluid phase

f exp

( T W S T 1f )

exp

( T W L T 1f )

(Eq. 4)

where:
TWS

= short wait time

TWL

= long wait time

T1f

= T1 bulk of the fluid phase.

The total volume of hydrocarbons is calculated as:


PHIT_HC = PHIT_OIL + PHIT_GAS
Because the gas and oil have been corrected for Hydrogen Index and insufficient wait time, PHIT_NC may
be greater than the PHIT calculated using the "Hydrocarbon Analysis" on page 6-7 module. This is because
the first calculated PHIT has not been corrected for Hydrogen Index or insufficient wait time. If PHIT_HC
> PHIT, PHIT is set so that PHIT = PHIT_HC.
This assumes that all of the water is polarized and that if PHIT_HC > PHIT, then BVW = 0.
BVW is calculated as PHIT - PHIT_OIL - PHIT_GAS
PHIT is calculated as BVW + PHIT_OIL + PHIT_GAS

Paradigm Rock & Fluid Canvas 2009 | Epos 4.0

Hydrocarbon Analysis 6-17

Index
F
fluid
properties of NMR data, predicting 2

N
NMR
proton spins aligned in the magnetic field 8

P
predicting
fluid properties of NMR data 2

Z
zeroth order regularization methods 10

Paradigm Rock & Fluid Canvas 2009 | Epos 4.0

Hydrocarbon Analysis 6-18

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