Environmental,Microbiology,

BI,304,
Instructor:,Dr.,Nalina,Nadarajah,
Email:,nnadaraj@my.centennialcollege.ca,
Oce,Hours:,Mon, :30,, :20, m, ,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
., :30,, :20, m,

Agenda,for,Today,

Chapter,2:,Microbes,in,the,Environment,

2,

Ch.,2:,Microbes,in,the,Environment,
Diverse,and,ubiquitous,
Dier,from,laboratory,strains,
Adapted,to,harsh/varied,condiLons,

5,large,groups,
Viruses,
Bacteria,
Fungi,
Algae,
Protozoa,
12,

Viruses,
Signicant,because,of,their,ability,to,infect,living,
organisms,and,cause,disease,
Small,,obligate,,intracellular,parasites,
Species,specic;,most,akenLon,given,to,plant,
and,animal,viruses,
Historically,have,had,major,impact,on,public,
health,(smallpox,,inuenza,outbreaks),,
virion,=,______________,
13,

Size,Comparison,of,Bacteria,&,Viruses,
450,nm,

300,nm,

125,nm,
80,nm,
30,nm,
14,
Source:,gcsescience07.co.uk,

Virus,Structure,

Adenovirus,

Varicella,(chicken,pox),

H1N1,

15,
Source:,Molecular,Expressions,,Florida,State,University,&,hkp://www.kimicontrol.com,

InfecLon,
Incapable,of,movement,outside,of,hosts;,need,a,
vehicle,
Many,transmission,routes,
InfecLon,is,via,specic,receptor,sites,on,capsid,or,
envelope,
Generally,viral,infecLon,of,a,cell,interferes,with,
the,cells,ability,to,funcLon,properly,

18,

Transmission,Routes,

Source:,Figure,2.5,from,1st,ediLon,Text,Book,

19,

Types,of,InfecLon,
Latent,
Viruses,present,but,do,not,produce,progeny;,oven,cause,iniLal,
disease,,then,remain,dormant,unLl,reacLvated,(e.g.,herpes,
simplex,virus,&,cold,sores),
Acute,
Period,of,illness,directly,associated,with,infecLon,(e.g.,
rhinovirus),
AsymptomaLc,
Viruses,replicate,without,killing,host;,no,noLceable,symptoms,
Oncogenic,
Alter,funcLon,of,host,cell;,result,is,malignant,cancer,cell,
Chronic,
Infected,cells,survive,for,prolonged,period,while,new,viral,
parLcles,are,made,
Slow,
Cause,gradual,increase,in,symptoms,and,eventually,lead,to,
death,of,host,(e.g.,HIV),
20,

Viroids,and,Prions,
Viroids:,_________,
Dierent,from,viruses:,
No,capsid,,exist,as,free,
nucleic,acid,
Low,mw,RNA,than,viral,RNA,
RNA,not,translated,(funcLon,
and,replicaLon,not,well,
understood),
Thought,to,be,quite,distant,
from,viruses,phylogeneLcally,
Only,known,to,infect,plants,

Prions:,____________,
Like,viroids,,they,are,smaller,
than,viruses,,resistant,to,heat,,
unable,to,elicit,an,immune,
response,in,host,
Not,sensiLve,to,nucleases,
Responsible,for,CreutzfeldtP
Jakob,disease,in,humans,(BSE,
or,mad,cow,disease,in,cakle),

21,

Comparison,of,Related,Terms,
Term,

Capsid,protein,

Nucleic,acid,

Infec=ous,unit,

Viral,parLcles,
Virions,
Viroids,
Prions,

22,

Domains,of,Life,

Prokaryotes,divided,into,4,types,(cell,wall,properLes):,

Gram,negaLve,
Prevalent,in,Soil,,Water,&,Subsurface,Zones,
Gram,posiLve,
No,cell,wall,(Mycoplasma),
Found,in,extreme,
Cell,wall,without,pepLdoglycan,(Archaea),
23,
environments,

The,Bacterial,Cell,as,the,Basic,Unit,of,Life,
What are the basic functions of a microbial cell?

,ability,to,reproduce,
,ability,to,use,food,as,an,energy,source,
,ability,to,synthesize,new,cell,components,
,ability,to,excrete,waste,
,ability,to,respond,to,environmental,changes,
,ability,to,change,through,mutaLon,
What are the basic components of a microbial cell?

,cell,envelope,
,cell,membrane,
,cell,wall,
,,,,,,glycocalyx,
,appendages,for,moLlity,and,adhesion,
,nucleic,acids,
,spores,

Bacteria,

Soil,Microbes,

Pseudomonas*

Bacillus*

Most,common,and,ubiquitous,organisms,found,on,earth,
Review:,Size:,0.5,,3,m;,form,colonies;,dierent,shapes,
One,gram,of,soil,can,contain,107,to,1010,bacteria,
how,many,cells,in,a,bacteria,CFU?,

Found,in,diverse,and,extreme,environments,
Important,eects,on,environment,
Photo,Source:,Rothamsted,Research;,R.E.W,Hancock,Lab,,UBC;,Ohio,State,University,Research,,,

25,

Review:,Bacterial,Cell,
Appendages,
agellum,(moLlity,and,akachment,to,surfaces,,
mbriae,(cell,akachment),,pili,(mostly,in,Gm,ve,,
involved,in,conjugaLon;,type,IV,pili,involved,in,
twitching,moLlity),

Cell,Envelope,
most,consist,of,glycocalyx,,cell,wall,&,cell,membrane,

Cell,Protoplasm,
contains,nucleoid,(geneLc,material),,plasmids,(unique,
characterisLcs),,ribosomes,(protein,synthesis,P,70S,
unit),,inclusion,bodies,(food,storage),

26,

Review:,Bacterial,Cell,Wall,Structure,
NoLce,the,dierences,in,pepLdoglycan,layer,and,
outer,membrane,layer,

27,
Photo,Source:,hkp://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/env108/Lesson5_print.htm,

AcLnomycetes,

AcLnomycetes,on,Plate,

Electron,micrograph,of,
AcLnomycetes,

Higher,magnicaLon,electron,
micrograph,of,AcLnomycetes,

Prokaryotes;,classied,as,bacteria,
Morphologically,similar,to,fungi;,have,elongated,cells,
that,branch,into,laments,(hyphae),
AcLnomycetes,hyphae,are,much,smaller,than,fungal,
hyphae,(2,m,vs.,10,P,50,m),

28,
Photo,Source:,hkp://www.uniPgiessen.de/~gh1484/acLno.html;,hkp://www.blm.gov/nstc/soil/bacteria/,,

PlasmidPChromosome,RelaLonship,
Most,geneLc,informaLon,is,contained,in,the,bacterial,
chromosome,(usually,one,,circular,,~1200,m,DNA),
Plasmids,are,extraPchromosomal,,autonomous,and,
expendable;,encode,genes,not,mandatory,but,may,
confer,a,selecLve,advantage,in,some,environments,
Plasmids,range,in,size,from,small,(10kb,in,Streptomyces),
to,large,(300,,1000,kb,in,Rhizobia),
Dierent,species/strains,can,have,several,dierent,
plasmids,with,variable,copy,numbers,
29,

FuncLons,of,plasmids,
CrypLc,plasmids,
unknown,funcLon;,no,phenotypic,traits,

Resistance,plasmids,
encode,anLbioLc,,heavy,metal,or,phage,resistance,

DegradaLve/catabolic,plasmids,
code,for,breakdown,of,unusual,metabolites,(e.g.,
petroleum,,pesLcides),

PlantPinteracLve,plasmids,
Sym,plasmids,in,Rhizobium;,relaLonship,with,leguminous,
plants,

Ti,plasmids,in,A.*tumefaciens;,crown,gall,tumors,
30,

Informa=on,exchange,between,
bacteria,can,occur,in,three,ways:,
1) Conjugation
2) Transformation
3) Transduction

Bacterial,Metabolism,
Oligotrophic:,survive,in,nutrientPdecient,
environments,
Copiotrophic:,survive,only,in,nutrientPrich,
environments,
Autotrophs:,derive,energy,&,C,from,inorganic,
sources,
Photoautotrophs:,carry,out,photosynthesis,and,obtain,
energy,from,sunlight,(e.g.,cyanobacteria),
Chemoautrotrophs:,obtain,energy,from,oxidaLon,of,
inorganic,substances,such,as,H2S,,ammonia,,and,ironP
bearing,compounds,(e.g.,Nitrosomonas,*Nitrobacter,*and*
Nitrospira),
32,

Bacterial,Metabolism,Cont.,
Heterotrophs:,derive,carbon,from,prePformed,
organic,compounds,that,are,broken,down,
enzymaLcally,
Chemoheterotrophs:,energy,derived,from,oxidaLon,of,
organic,compounds,via,respiraLon,(e.g.,E.coli),
Photoheterotrophs:,derive,energy,from,light,and,use,
organic,compounds,as,a,source,of,reducing,power,(e.g.,
green,and,purple,sulfur,bacteria),

Lithotrophs:,uses,inorganic,substrates,for,energy,(rock,
eaters),
Lithoheterotrophs,(few),versus,Lithoautotrophs,
(Thermosulfurimonas),
Chemolithotrophs,(Thiobacillus),versus,Photolithotrophs,
(Chloroexi),
33,

Bacterial,Metabolism,Flowchart,

Source:,Web,

34,

Fungi,
Eukaryotes,and,chemoheterotrophs,
Ubiquitous,&,diverse,
One,of,the,largest,organisms,on,earth!,
Armillaria*ostoyae,in,
Malheur,NaLonal,Forest,,
Oregon;,2,400,years,old;,
covers,2,200,acres,

Generally,found,in,fresh,&,marine,water,and,soil,
Benecial,and,adverse,eects,on,the,environment,
35,
Photo,Source:,hkp://www.asci.org/;,hkp://www.mediaroots.org/giantPmushroomPlargestPlivingPorganismPeverPfound.php,

Fungal,Facts,
Generally,heterotrophic;,metabolize,simple,sugars,or,
aromaLc,hydrocarbons,
Important,in,degradaLon,of,cellulose,and,lignin,from,
dead,plant,maker,
Generally,aerobic,(except,yeast,,which,can,ferment;,
zoosporic,fungi,in,ruminant,guts),
Forms,symbioLc,relaLonships:,,
Lichens:,symbioLc,associaLon,between,a,fungus,
(Ascomycota),and,green,algae,or,cyanobacteria,
fungus,protects,photosynthesizing,algae/cyanobacteria,
important,for,soil,colonizaLon,in,disturbed/denuded,sites,

Mycorrhiza:,is,a,symbioLc,associaLon,between,a,fungus,
and,the,roots,of,a,vascular,plant,

36,

Structure,of,Fungi,
Yeasts,are,unicellular,fungi,
asexual,reproducLon,via,budding,

Hyphae:,,long,,branching,lamentous,structure,
main,mode,of,vegetaLve,growth,
collecLvely,called,a,mycelium,
Classied,into,2,groups:,

Septate,hyphae,

NonPseptate,hyphae,

37,
Image,Source:,hkp://biodidac.bio.uokawa.ca;,hkp://www.mc.uky.edu/oaa/curriculum/iid98/manual/00lab5.htm,

Fungal,Cell,Structure,
EukaryoLc,cells,with,true,nucleus,and,specialized,
organelles,
Fungal,cells,lack,agella,or,other,surface,appendages,
Contains,glycocalyx,,protecLon,,akachment,&,signal,
recepLon,
Cell,wall,is,rigid;,disLnct,from,prokaryoLc,cell,wall;,
contains,chiLn,

Structure of Fungal Cell Wall

38,

ClassicaLon,of,Fungi,
Over,72000,species,classied,into,4,groups:,
Chytridiomycota,(moLle,fungi):,related,to,algae/,protozoa;,
plant,pathogens,
Zygomycota:,resistant,spherical,spores,formed,during,sexual,
reproducLon,e.g.,bread,mold,Rhizopus,
Ascomycota:,reproduces,sexually,by,ascus;,e.g.,yeast,
Basidiomycetes:,responsible,for,lignin,degradaLon;,e.g.,
white,rot,

Chytrid,Sporangium,

Zygomycetes,

Ascomycetes,

Basidiomycetes,

39,
Photo,source:,Teaching,the,fungal,tree,of,life,at,hkp://www.clarku.edu;,hkp://www.mycolog.com/CHAP3b.htm,,

Algae,
EukaryoLc,,uni,or,mulL,cellular,photosyntheLc,organisms,
Range,in,size,from,microscopic,to,macroscopic,
microalgae,versus,macroalgae,
BluePgreen,algae,,now,known,as,cyanobacteria,,are,
prokaryotes,
ClassicaLon,based,on,the,colour,of,photosyntheLc,
pigments,present:,e.g.,green,,red,,brown,algae,

Green,Algae,

Red,Algae:,Rhodophyta*

Brown,Algae:,Sargassum*

41,
Photo,Source:,hkp://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/;,hkp://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/proLsta/rhodophyta.html;,hkp://scitec.uwichill.edu.bb/,

Structure,of,Algae,Cell,
Many,structural,
similariLes,to,fungi,
thin,,rigid,cell,wall,
some,contain,CaCO3,or,
chiLn,
euglenoids,lack,cell,wall,
Diatoms,contain,silica,

,Some,contain,gelaLnous,
capsule,
Some,have,agella,
Have,chloroplasts,for,
photosynthesis,and,
storage,molecules,

42,
Photo:,McGraw,Hill,,hkp://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/env108/lesson6b.htm,

Algae,in,the,Environment,
Most,signicant,impact,in,aqueous,environments;,
basis,of,the,aquaLc,food,chain;,cause,eutrophicaLon,
Some,produce,toxins;,cause,death,in,sh,,shellsh,,
humans,,livestock,and,wildlife,
Plankton:,large,oaLng,communiLes,of,microscopic,
algae,
Microalgae:,unicellular,,microscopic,algae,,typically,
found,in,freshwater,and,marine,systems,
used,in,nutraceuLcals,,cosmeLcs,,animal,feed,
source,of,biofuel,,

43,

Protozoa,
Unicellular,eukaryotes;,some,are,visible,with,the,
naked,eye,(Amoeba),
More,than,65,000,named,species,
Adapted,to,a,wide,variety,of,environments,(some,
extreme,,polar,,hot,springs,,deserts);,found,in,
nearly,all,terrestrial,and,aquaLc,environments,
FreePliving,or,parasiLc,
Most,are,heterotrophic,P,feed,on,bacteria,,algae,
or,other,protozoa,
44,

Structure,of,Protozoan,Cell,
No,_________,
cell,rigidity,provided,by,
gelaLnous,cytoplasmic,
material,,ectoplasm,

Wide,range,in,size,,5m,to,
1,mm,
Vacuoles,serve,variety,of,
funcLons:,
phagocyLc,
contracLle,
secretory,,

45,
Photo:,McGraw,Hill,,hkp://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/env108/lesson6b.htm,

ClassicaLon,of,Protozoa,
Classied,into,4,major,groups:,agellates,,
amoeboids,,sporozoans,,ciliates,

Giardia*lamblia*
(Flagellates),

Entamoeba*histolyDca*
(Amoeboids),

Plasmodium*knowlesi*
(Sporozoans),

BalanDdium*coli*
(Ciliates),

46,

Encystment,
Protozoa,needs,water,to,survive,
Key,feature,of,protozoa,is,the,ability,to,survive,
periods,of,dessicaLon,(no,water),by,encystment,,
Encystment:,transformaLon,into,inacLve,,immobile,,
environmentally,resistant,cysts,,
can,survive,dry,heat,of,120C,,freezing,in,liquid,N2,
cysts,can,be,easily,transported,via,air,,water,,aquaLc,birds,
or,passage,through,intesLnal,tract,

when,condiLons,are,favorable,again,,cyst,walls,are,
broken,down,in,the,process,of,excystaLon,

47,

Benecial,Roles,of,Protozoa,
Many,environmental,niches,lled,because,of,ability,
to,survive,in,such,diverse/,extreme,environments,
Recycling,nutrients;,provide,other,microbes,with,
nutrients,from,metabolic,waste,products;,sustain,MO,
populaLon,and,increase,decomposiLon,rates,
Sewage,treatment:,removal,of,parLculate,maker,and,
reducLon,of,bacteria,via,grazing,
Direct,contribuLon,to,food,chain,(nutrient,source,for,
higher,consumers,such,as,nematodes,and,
crustaceans),
48,

DiseasePCausing,Protozoa,
Cause,malaria,,sleeping,sickness,,giardiasis,and,other,
illnesses,
Oven,able,to,evade,host,immune,system;,survive,in,
hosts,and,create,chronic,illness,
e.g.,Toxoplasma,,causes,blindness,,serious,illness,or,death,
in,unborn,fetuses,

Transmission,is,oven,through,ingesLon,or,biLng,
arthropods,
Oven,enter,in,cyst,form;,once,inside,body,
excystaLon,occurs,
49,

References,
Environmental,Microbiology,by,Maier,,R.M,,Pepper,,I.L.,and,Gerba,,C.P.
, 200 ,,20 ,,Elsevier,

50,