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Photosynthesis 2
The light-dependent reactions make ATP and reduced NADP which are then used in
the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle). The reduced NADP provides reducing
power (electrons or hydrogen) and the ATP provides the energy for the process of
making carbon dioxide into carbohydrate.
The key steps in the Calvin cycle are shown in the diagram.
1 Carbon dioxide combines with a 5-carbon
2 The 6-carbon compound formed is unstable and
compound called ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).
immediately breaks down into two 3-carbon molecules,
This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme ribulose
glycerate 3-phosphate (GP).
bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBISCO), the
3 This 3-carbon compound is
most abundant enzyme in the world.
6C02
reduced to form a 3-carbon
sugar phosphate called
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
(GALP). The hydrogen for the
5 Ten out of every 12
reduction comes from the
GALPs are involved in
6RuBP (5C)
reduced NADP from the light12GP (3C)
the recreation of RuBP.
dependent reactions. ATP from
The ten GALP molecules
the light-dependent reactions
12ATP
12reduced
rearrange to form six
provides the energy required
NADP
5-carbon compounds;
for the reaction.
then phosphorylation
12NADP
12ADP + 12Pi
using ATP forms RuBP.
6ADP
12GALP
(3C)
(10GALP)
(2GALP)
6ATP
glucose (6C)
(hexose)
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) provides energy for chemical reactions in the cell.
When energy is needed, phosphate is removed from the ATP to give ADP and a
phosphate. The energy is released when the phosphate forms bonds with water. In the
photosynthesis light-dependent reactions, ATP is made using energy from light.
ATP
ADP + Pi + energy
used in respiration to
produce carbon dioxide,
water and energy
10
lipids
(waterproong
and storage)
amino acids
(to make
proteins)
proteins
(enzymes, and
in membranes)
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Q1
There are two steps where ATP is used in the Calvin cycle. Where are they?
Q2
Whereabouts in the Calvin cycle is RUBISCO used and what does it do?
Q3
Structure
Function(s)
thylakoid membrane
light-dependent reactions
thylakoid space
photolysis of water
granum
stroma
light-independent reactions
outer membrane
fully permeable
inner membrane
Features
Thinking Task
Q1 Look at the diagram of the Calvin
cycle on page 10. Work out how
many carbon atoms are involved
at each stage (RuBP, CO2, GP,
GALP, glucose).
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es
i
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carbonate
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carbon compounds
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exc h and
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yn
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dead organic
matter
vity
cti
carbon in
fossil fuels
carbon
compounds
in animals
feeding
v
a
nic
ca
ol
n
tio
on
irati
resp
carbon
compounds
in plants
s
bu
wea
the
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fossilisat
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CSI Biology!
It is certainly possible to find out how long ago a mammal died. There are five main
ways that scientists go about this.
26
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18/7/09 13:06:53
body temperature
After death, muscles usually totally relax and then stiffen. This
stiffening is called rigor mortis. This happens within about
69 hours (depending on temperature). The stiffness occurs
because muscle contraction relies on ATP, which cannot be
made once respiration has stopped. So the muscles become
fixed. The stiffness wears off again after about 36 hours in
cooler conditions as the muscle tissue starts to break down.
extent of decomposition
forensic entomology
stage of succession
Putting all this information together can give the forensic scientist a very good estimate
of time of death.
Thinking Task
Q1
List three indicators that can be used to work out time of death.
Q2
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