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Bright Future Pakistani Intr. School
O / A Level
Chemistry Teacher
Qatar
Doha,
AS
Doha,
Functional group:
An atom, group of atoms and some
double or triple covalent bond which is
responsible for the characteristic chemical
properties of the organic compounds is
called functional group.
Some important terminology:
Aliphatic: Non-cyclic organic compounds
e.g propane, butane
Alicyclic: closed chains or rings of carbon
atoms. eg cyclohexane
Arenes: Benzene (a ring containing six
carbon atoms and special type of double
covalent which is called delocalized) and
its derivatives.
AS
5. Skeletal Formula: its a zig-zag arrangement of carbon atoms and hydrogen attached to
them but these are not shown by C or H respectively.
6. Three dimensional (3D) formula: All of the four single covalent bonds are not in the
same plane. The two in the same plane are shown solid lines, one out of the plane is
shown by a wedge and one into the plane is shown by dotted line.
Note: While writing the formulae of organic compounds, read the question carefully. You
may lose marks if you are writing displayed and requirement is structural etc.
Question: like carbon, silicon also forms four covalent bonds. Why it does not make variety of
compounds.
Answer: Si-Si and Si-H bond energy is very low as compared C-C and C-H bond energy respectively
because the bonds formed by silicon are longer bonds. So the bonds of Si are unstable and weaker.
Families:
1.
2.
3.
4.
propan+ al (propanal)
propan + one (propanone)
Nomenclature of alkanes:
There is a sequence of some steps for writing the names of organic compounds. Other
families have bit changes in the rules used for alkanes.
1. Select the longest possible chain containing all the carbon atoms attached to the functional
group. The number of carbon atoms in the chain gives the ending word as alkane.
2. Assign a number to each carbon of the chain starting from the end which gives least
possible number to the carbon atoms which are branched.
3. Write the number to which the branch is attached, a hyphen (-) then name of the branch
and at the end name of the chain as an alkane.
4. If more than one branches which are different, write their names alphabetically.
5. If branches are same write and repeat the number for each branch and before the name of
the branch show number of branches by words like di (for two), tri (for three) etc.
6. If chains of same lengths are possible but number of branches is different, choose a chain
with more number of branches.
Q-1 (a) Write down the names of following organic compounds according to IUPAC system
and draw their skeletal formulae.
i.
CH3CH2CH(CH2CH3)CH2CH3
ii. (CH3)3CCH2C(CH3)3
iii.
CH3CH2C(CH3)2(CH2)2CH3
iv. (CH3CH2)3CH
(b) Write the structural formulae of the following compounds.
i.
4-ethyl-3,4-dimethylheptane
ii. 2,2,3,4-tetramethylpentane
Nomenclature of alkenes:
1. Select the longest chain containing all the carbon atoms which are double bonded.
2. Name the branches as we did in alkanes.
3. Parent name: root word then hyphen position of the double bond and then ene, diene,
triene etc.
CH2=CHCH2CH3 (but-1-ene)
CH3CH=CHCH3 (but-2-ene)
(d) C(CH3)3CH=CHC(CH3)3
(d) CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3
Note: These compounds having chains of carbon atoms are called aliphatic compounds,
some have rings are called alicyclic and some have a special type of ring (benzene) are
called arenes.
Note: In this chapter we will study structural isomerism and its types in detail, EZ (cis-trans)
isomerism will be covered in chapter#1.7 and optical isomerism in A2.
Isomerism: The study in which more than one compounds have same molecular formula
but different structural formulae or some different physical property is called isomerism.
(1) Structural isomerism: Compounds having same molecular formula but different
structural formulae are called structural isomers.
(a) Chain/skeletal isomerism: compounds having same molecular formula but different
number of carbon atoms in the chain selected are called chain isomers. These isomers
belong to same homologous series, so they have same chemical properties but different
physical ones.
C4H10: CH3CH2CH2CH3 (4 carbon atoms in the chain)
CH3CH(CH3)CH3 (3 carbon atoms in the chain)
Q-5 Draw displayed formulae of the three isomers of pentane, C5H12.
(b) Positional isomerism: Compounds having the same molecular formula but different
position of the branch or functional group are called positional isomers.
C6H14: CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3 (2-methylpentane)
CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3 (3-methylpentane)
Q-6 Draw positional isomers of
(a) C5H10 (both are alkenes)
(b) C3H7Cl
(c) Functional group isomers: Compounds having same molecular formula but different
functional groups are called functional group isomers.
Sr
Molecular
Functional group
#
1
formula
C3H8O
of isomer 1
C-OH
(alcohol)
C5H10O
Isomer 1
Functional group
Isomer 2
CH3CH(OH)CH3
of isomer 2
C-O-C
H3C-O-CH3
(propan-2-ol)
CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO
(butanal)
(aldehyde)
C3H6O2
(carboxylic acids)
(ether)
(keton
(ether)
CH3CH2CH2COCH3
(butan-2-one)
e)
CH3CH2COOH
CH3COOCH3 or
(propanoic acid)
HCOOCH2CH3
(ester)
Note: so this isomerism comes in pairs of homologous series like alcohol-ether, aldehydeketone and carboxylic acids and esters.