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Y
.
INDUCTION MOTORS
LALIT
HA
Overview
DC Motors (Brushed and
Brushless)
Brief Introduction to AC Motors
Linear Motors
Linear Induction Motors
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Conventional (Brushed) DC
Motors
Permanent magnets
for outer stator
Rotating coils for
inner rotor
Commutation
performed with
metal contact
brushes and
contacts designed
to reverse the
polarity of the rotor
as it reaches
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horizontal
Conventional (Brushed) DC
Motors
Common Applications:
Small/cheap devices such as toys, electric
tooth brushes, small drills
Lab 3
Pros:
Cheap, simple
Easy to control - speed is governed by the
voltage and torque by the current through the
armature
Cons:
Mechanical brushes - electrical noise, arcing,
sparking, friction, wear, inefficient, shorting
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DC Motor considerations
universal
7
Brushless DC
Motors
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Brushless DC Motor
Commutation
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DeltaWye
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10
Brushless DC
Motors
Applications
CPU cooling fans
CD/DVD Players
Electric automobiles
Pros (compared to brushed DC)
Higher efficiency
Longer lifespan, low maintenance
Clean, fast, no sparking/issues with brushed
contacts
Cons
Higher cost
More complex circuitry and requires a controller
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AC Motors
Two main types of AC motor, Synchronous and
Induction.
Synchronous motors supply power to both the
rotor and the stator, where induction motors
only supply power to the stator coils, and rely
on induction to generate torque.
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12
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AC induction
Motors
Induction motors only supply current to the
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Synchronous AC Motors
Current is applied to both the Rotor and the
Stator.
This allows for precise control (stepper
motors), but requires mechanical brushes or
slip rings to supply DC current to the rotor.
There is no slip since the rotor does not rely
on induction to produce torque.
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Linear Motors
Linear motors are electric induction motors that produce motion in a straight line
rather than rotational motion. In a traditional electric motor, the rotor (rotating
part) spins inside the stator(static part); in a linear motor, the stator is
unwrapped and laid out flat and the "rotor" moves past it in a straight line.
Linear motors often use superconducting magnets, which are cooled to low
temperatures to reduce power consumption
High Precision
Accuracy, resolution, repeatability limited by feedback
device, budget
Zero backlash: No mechanical transmission components.
Fast Response
Response rate can be over 100 times that of a mechanical
Stiffness
No mechanical linkage, stiffness depends mostly on gain &
current
Durable
Hannes
Daepp
Downsides of Linear
Motors
Cost
Low production volume (relative to demand)
High price of magnets
Linear encoders (feedback) are much more expensive than
coupled to load
No (minimal) Friction
No automatic brake
Hannes Daepp
Components of Linear
Motors
Forcer (Motor Coil)
core material
Mounting Plate on top
Usually contains sensors (hall effect
and thermal)
Magnet Rail
F=
lI x B
Coils wound
around teeth of
laminations on
forcer
Ironless Core
separated by
spacer
Coils held
together with
epoxy
Slotless
iron
Hannes Daepp
held together
with epoxy
LinearMotorTypes:IronCore
Distinguishing Feature
magnet rail
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Hannes Daepp
assembly and
mounting plate Hall effect
and
thermal
sensors
Iron Plate
Top View
LinearMotorTypes:Ironless
Distinguishing Feature
Front View
Forcer
Mounting
Advantages:
Plate
Winding, held
No attractive forces in forcer
Rare
by epoxy
No Cogging
Earth
Low weight forcer - No iron means
Magne
Hall Effect and
higher accel/decel rates
Horseshoe
ts
Thermal
Disadvantages:
Shaped
Sensors
in
coil
Low force per package size
backiron
Hannes Daepp
LinearMotorTypes:Slotless
Side View
Distinguishing Feature
Mix of ironless and iron core: coils
forcer
Lower
Hannes
Daepp attractive forces
Front View
Coil
Back
Thermal assemblyiron
sensor
Rare
Earth
Magnets
Mounting
plate
Iron
plate
LinearMotorTypes:Slotless
Side View
Disadvantages
Some attractive force and
cogging
Less efficient than iron core and
ironless - more heat to do the
same job
Front View
Coil
Back
Thermal assemblyiron
sensor
Rare
Earth
Magnets
Hannes Daepp
Mounting
plate
Iron
plate
LinearMotorTypeComparison[2]
Linear Brushless DC Motor Type
Feature
Iron Core
Ironless
Slotless
Attraction Force
Most
None
Moderate
Cost
Medium
High
Lowest
Force Cogging
Highest
None
Medium
Power Density
Highest
Medium
Medium
Forcer Weight
Heaviest
Lightest
Moderate
Hannes Daepp
controller/feedback
elements
Typical sensors include Hall
4. Cable management
Hannes Daepp
Applications
Small Linear Motors
Packaging and Material Handling
Automated Assembly
Reciprocating compressors and
alternators
Large Linear Induction Machines
(3 phase)
Transportation
Materials handling
Extrusion presses
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Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Power factor and efficiency are
less than of rotary motors
because of a ratio of large air
gap between inductors and pole
pitch(g / ) >1/ 250 .
The longitudinal end effect
reduces power factor and
efficiency. This can be noticed
only with fast speed and small
pole number motors.
Influence of the longitudinal end
effect can be reduced with
special motor design methods.
Extra vibrations with distortions
can be noticed because of
uncompensated normal force .
ns=2 fs/p
Here,
vs=2 t fs
vr=(1-s)vs
Linear Induction Motor is similar in construction
to a circular motor that has been opened out flat.
The magnetic field now sweeps across the flat
motor face instead of rotating.
References
[1] S. Cetinkunt, Mechatronics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
Hoboken 2007.
[2] J. Barrett, T. Harned, J. Monnich, Linear Motor Basics,
Parker Hannifin Corporation,
http://www.parkermotion.com/whitepages/linearmotorarticl
e.pdf
[3] Trilogy Linear Motor & Linear Motor Positioners, Parker
Hannifin Corporation, 2008,
http://www.parkermotion.com/pdfs/Trilogy_Catalog.pdf
[4] Rockwell Automation,
http://www.rockwellautomation.com/anorad/
products/linearmotors/questions.html
[5] J. Marsh, Motor Parameters Application Note, ParkerTrilogy Linear Motors, 2003.
http://www.parkermotion.com/whitepages/
Linear_Motor_Parameter_Application_Note.pdf
[6] Greg Paula, Linear motors take center stage, The