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295
NT transmitter and N R
receiver antennas
model
th
receive antenna,
gain from the m transmit antenna to the n
and they are assumed to be independent and identically distributed
(I.I.D)circularly symmetric complex Gaussian random variables
with zero-mean and unit-variance, having uniformly distributed
phase and Rayleigh or Nakagami distributed magnitude. A
circularly symmetric complex Gaussian random variable is a
th
y
h
h
x
n
NrNt Nt Mr
Nr Nr
Or simply as y = H x + n , here
) ), in which a and b
transmitted symbol, n is the N R dimensional noise vector, and H are I.I.D real Gaussian distributed as (0, / 2) . A commonly
used channel model in MIMO wireless communication systems is
is the Nt N r matrix of channel gains. h11 is the gain from transmit a block fading (also known as quasi-static) channel model where
antenna 1 to receive antenna 1 . We assume a channel bandwidth the channel matrix elements, which are I.I.D complex Gaussian
of B and complex Gaussian noise with zero mean and covariance (Rayleigh or Nakagami fading) random variables, are constant
over a block and change independently from block to block. We
2
2
matrix n I Nr , where typically n = N 0 B . For simplicity, given drop the index k for the channel gain. The elements of the additive
a transmit power constraint P we assume an equivalent model noise vector
T
2
with a noise power of unity and transmit power P / n = ,
n( K ) = [n (K ), n ( K ),..., nN ( K )]
(7)
where can be interpreted as the average SNR per receiver are assumed to be also white I.I.D complex Gaussian random
antenna under unity channel gain. This power constraint implies variables with zero-mean and unit-variance. From this
normalization of noise power and channel loss, the averaged
that the input symbols satisfy [5];
transmitted power which is equal to the average SNR at each
Nt
*
E [ xi xi ] =
i =1
(2)
H=
T
r ( K ) = [ r1 ( K ), r2 ( K ), ...rN R ( K ) ]
at sampling instant k may be expressed as
r ( K ) = H .x ( k ) + n ( K )
where, the formula is too crunched
th
e j 1 1
HF =
j 2 1
e
e
e
j 1 2
j 2 2
(8)
(9 )
(3)
(4)
(6)
where,
h11 " hN 1
r1(K)
n1(K)
T
H= # % #
,.r(K) = # X(K) =,n(K) = # .(5)
h " h
rNR(K)
nNR(K)
NTNr
1Nr
T
X ( K ) = [ X1 ( K ), X 2 ( K ),..., XNT ( K )
11
e 12
K
K e
1
1 h11 h12
HF +
HV =
j21
j22 +
K +1
K +1
K +1
e e K +1 h21 h22
296
f (r ) =
hk = N (0,
) + jN (0,
),
2
2
1
2
= E [ R ], m =
2
2
E[ R ] 2
(13)
(10)
where,
2
2
k = 0 exp(- kTS / Trms )
2
0 = 1 exp( TS / Trm s )
2 m me r 2 m 1 ( m / ) r 2
e
( m ) m
(11)
P( r )
r2
r e 2 2
= 2
0
(0 r )
(12)
(r < 0)
r
Figure 2.Rayleigh distribution probability density function
297
h (t , ) =
(t ) e j k ( t ) ( k (t ))
(14)
(t ) and k (t )
h ( k ) = Ce
k
rms
(18)
are path phase and time Let assume the channel sample period ( s ) is in discrete time.
delay in the k th channel. In the communication systems where f c The above equation can be rewritten as shown in equation (19)
are very large, a little delay causes a great phase rotation. In each
k
path, the signal with the local instruments scattered around the
rm s
(19)
h ( k ) = C e
k = k
reflective approach and makes it appear to the recipient. Since this
s
scatters are random process, so amplitude and phase of each path
can be supposed as a randomized variable and therefore the where the delays k uniformly distributed on the
channel
impulse response channel h (t , ) is also considered as a random sample period. Delay range can cause symbol interference
process. Fading random process of channel characteristics is such that, digital symbols become adjacent to the delay . The
important to determine channel treated [8]. A conventional method different paths have been interference overlaid and are over
in estimating the channel randomly supposing scatters number is lapping. Number of symbols found in a single system single
high therefore could be using the central limit theorem. This carrier interference is the following [10]
process for some complex Gaussian is obtained channels impulse
response. As mentioned if there is a direct path between sender
h ( ) = k 2 ( k )
(16)
rms =
2
P0 = k
k
mi2i
m=
i
P0
k2,max
k=
P0 k2,max
m=1, 2
(17)
Normally the first signal with zero delay at the receiving point is
considered as a maximum range. Delay profiler for a
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(2 1 )
di is distance
between mobile node and its base station. We also indicate all
base stations in the system by a unique index
the distance between users with their base station in each cell is
500meters, the power path gain will be a minimum at
g (u, v) =
G0
1 + dB (u, v) / )
around ( 0 .00 0 16 * 10
(22)
(23)
1
F
F 1
f =0
pb[ f ] = 1 .
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[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
Nakagami
VII- CONCLUSION
[12]
[13]
REFERENCE
[1] X .Gao and M. Naraghi, Computationally Efficient Resource
Allocation for Multiuser OFDM Systems, IEEE, Wireless
Communications and networking conference, 2006.
Increasing uplink
[2] [2] A. Sendmaris, E. Erkip, and B. Aazhang,
capacity via user cooperation diversity, Proceedings of
IEEE
International Symposium on lnformation Thcory, pp. 156, 1998.
[3] Muayad S. Al-Janabi, Charalampos C. Tsimenidis, Bayan S. Sharif,
300