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College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Added Stress
248
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
249
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
EF cos
FB
EF sin
( EF ) sin 2
( EF )
( EF ) cos 2
cos 2
xy
sin 2
xy
( EF ) sin cos
..
.(1)
Again
n ( EF )
x ( EF ) sin cos
y
n
sin 2
xy
cos 2
y ( EF ) sin cos
2
(
EF
)
cos
xy
2
(
EF
)
sin
xy
(2)
250
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
If
n=
0 then
tan 2
xy
.(3)
This eq. gives 2 values of that are 90o apart, this means that
there are 2 planes that are right angles to each other on which
shear stress = 0, such planes are called principle planes and the
normal stress that act on the principle planes are to as principle
stresses.
251
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
xy
xy
2
y
n
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University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Mohrs circle
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University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
254
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Pole Method
255
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Added
Geostatic stresses
Total Stress
Effective Stress
Pore Water Pressure
Westergaards Method
Bossinisque Equations
Point Load
Line Load
Strip Load
Triangular Load
Circular Load
Rectangular Load
Approximate Method
x
y
xy
Stress Bulbs
Influence Charts
Newmark Charts
256
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Geostatic stresses
The vertical geostatic stress at point X will be computed as following
homogenous soils
n
V
hi
stratified soils
dz
v
0
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
h
v
258
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Isotropic
The largest shear stress will found on plane lying at 45o to the
horizontal
K
K
1
1
v
max
(1
max
v
max
K)
(K
1)
259
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
= (3P/2
(Z3/L5)
GROUND
SURFACE
= (P/Z2) Ip
L=(x2+y2+z2)1/2=(r2+z2)1/2
Principal
r=(x2+y2)1/2
Stresses
General
v
Stresses
h
Z
Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)
260
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
261
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
q (Load/Unit Length)
q (Load/Unit Length)
X
WALL
= {2 q Z3/
General
= (q/Z) IL
Principal
Stresses
h
Stresses
Z
Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)
262
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
263
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
q (Load/Unit Area)
Strip footing
X
Using Influence Factor Tablebelow
z
= (q/Z) IB
General
z
Stresses
Principal
h
Stresses
Z
Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)
264
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
265
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
= q/
2)]
q= H
1(radians)=tan
= qI2
2=tan
B2
B1
B1
-1
{(B1+B2)/z}-tan-1(B1/z)
-1
(B1/z)
B2
H
X
Z
Highway embankment
General
v
EMBANKMENT
h
Principal
Z
Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)
266
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
267
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Qo
X
GROUND
SURFACE
X
Z
z=
q { 1- 1/[(R/Z)2 + 1 ]3/2 }
Z
Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)
268
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Qo
X
GROUND
SURFACE
X
Z
z=
q (A/+B/)
/
Z
General
from tables
r
Stresses
269
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
qs
X/R
0.95
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
xy
Z/R
0.30
1
xy
0.20
x
2
x
x=
0.15
3
1/qs
0.10
4
Circular Load: (Major Principal Stress)/(Surface Stress)
Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)
270
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
qs
1
X/R
0.40
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
Z/R
0.30
0.25
0.20
x
x=
0.15
3
1
3)/qs
0.10
271
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
qs
1
X/R
0.90
0.80
0.70
1 0.60
0.50
0.40
Z/R
0.30
2
0.20
x
x=
0.15
3
z/qs
0.10
0.05
4
Circular Load: (Vertical Stress)/(Surface
272
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
IR = f (m,n)
L
B
q = Load /Area
Loaded Area
Foundation Level
m = B/Z
n = L/Z
v
h
273
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
274
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
q[ I (OXAY )
I (OYBZ )
I (OZCT )
C
O
I (OTDX )
Q = q x Area
Plan
Elevation
z
O P o in t o f in t e r e s t
F ig . 1 0 s tr e s s in c r e a s e a t a p o in t b e lo w a lo a d e d r e c ta n g u la r r e g io n
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University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
O P o in t o f in t e r e s t
F ig . 1 0 s t r e s s in c r e a s e a t a p o in t b e l o w a l o a d e d r e c t a n g u l a r r e g i o n
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University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
277
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
278
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
4m
O
Loaded
Area
279
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Approximate Methods
Equivalent Point Load Method
In dividing the loaded area into smaller units, we have to
remember to do it such that
z/B 3; that is to say, in relation to the specified depth, the size
of any unit area should not be greater than one-third of the
depth.
Qi
I
2 pi
z
280
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
281
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
2:1 Method
z
(B
Q
Z )( L
Z)
Q
(B Z )2
Rectangular area
Square area
Q
z
(D
Z )2
Circular area
282
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Examples (1-3)
283
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
284
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
285
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Example 4
A rectangular foundation 6 x 3m carries a uniform pressure of 300 kN/m2 near the
surface of a soil mass. Determine the vertical stress at a depth of 3m below a point
(A) on the centre line 1.5m outside a long edge of the foundation using influence
factors
m=1
m=1
n =1.5
n=0.5
I = 0.193
I=0.120
286
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Example 5
Determine the stress increase under the embankment at points A1 and A2
287
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
288
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
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