Dissertation On Parametric Forms

INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The advent of the industrial revolution, mass production and large-scale manufacturing industries during the
last two centuries has had a revolutionary effect on architecture. The fathers of modern architecture, such as
Le Corbusier, Mies van der rohe and Walter Gropius were inspired by the automobile factories and methods
of the era; this gave birth to the computer as a design tool.
Parametric design is a method of intelligently designing architectural objects based on relationships and
rules using the computer. These are defined in parametric software and are easily manipulated to quickly
generate multiple iterations of the design in 3d. The use of this tool has allowed for more complex free form,
shapes as well as multiple reactive yet repeating elements to be created.
Parametric design has been pioneered by architects such as Frank o. Gehry who begun to exploit digital
technology originally developed for the automotive and airplane industry for architecture. Offering new
ways of controlling form, parametric design allows architecture to react to its context, the environment and
rules and regulations, enabling a completely digital workflow from design to manufacturing.
With the use of parametric software, architects are able to study relationships and incorporate basic aspects
of the actual construction including material, manufacturing technologies and structural properties into the
design process. It has allowed for architectural design to become an iterative, generative and reactive
process rather than one of evolution; some argue that this is closer to nature, as dArcy Wentworth
Thompson book on growth and form he argues, "an organism is so complex a thing, and growth so complex
a phenomenon, that for growth to be so uniform and constant in all the parts as to keep the whole shape
unchanged would indeed be an unlikely and an unusual circumstance. Rates vary, proportions change, and
the whole configuration alters accordingly."
Such tools transform complex issues into rational, simple decisions. But this trend toward complexity leads
to new design problems requires a deeper understanding of geometry, mathematics and computer software;
the architect mustn't forget that he must be a master of and control the tool, rather than the other way around.
PARAMETRICS IN ARCHITECTURE:
Loosely defined, parametric in architecture (parametricism) implies the design of buildings not as static
objects, but in terms of a series of relationships, controlled by a set of inputs, or parameters. By
programming a certain amount of intelligence into the way geometry is generated in the computer, the
designer shifts his role from the design of a single object to the design of a system in which many solutions
are possible and which is controlled by a defined set of values. This holds many practical benefits for
architecture, as an entire design can be regenerated automatically if any design parameter is changed. The
wide-scale adoption of this technique has also had a range of effects on the theory of architecture and a
reconceptualization in how many architects view the design of buildings and the practice of architecture.
PARAMETRIC DESIGN: NEW FORMS THAT FUNCTION BETTER
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1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVE

AIM
Are complex buildings made through parametric design practically possible?
OBJECTIVE
To understand parameters and parametric approach to design.

To find techniques and material to which the conceptual form will executed in reality.
To investigate parametric techniques helpful to increase the performance of the building.
To find the whether or not parametric design has a role in future architecture.
How parametric design have been used in exterior and interior facades.
1.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATION

SCOPE
This dissertation contains projects relating to current and future possibilities of the digital architectural
visualization process. Parametric design helps to create complex free form buildings.
Case studies conduct on building based on parametric designs
Shanghai Tower
Shanghai Tower, Chinas tallest building and the worlds No. 2 in height at 125 stories, held a topping-out
ceremony today, more than four years after the start of construction in 2008.
Riverside museum
The Riverside Museum building was designed by Zaha Hadid Architects and engineers Buro Happold..The
internal exhibitions and displays were designed by Event Communications. Replacing facilities at the city's
Kelvin Hall, the new purpose-built museum is the first to be opened in the city since the St Mungo Museum of
Religious Life and Art in 1993 and is expected to attract up to 1 million visitors a year.
LIMITATION
As this dissertation is based on emerging field, case studies will be virtual due to absence of projects
in the country.
This dissertation will focus on parametric elements not its programming.
This dissertation will focus on implementation of building techniques.
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1.4 METHODOLOGY
The following steps will be followed in the study of parametric design:
UNDERSTANDING THE NEED FOR SMATER
DESIGNING TOOL
UNDERSTANDING PARAMETRIC DESIGN

ELEMENTS
IMPLEMENTATION OF
PARAMETRIC DESIGNS
METHODOLIGIES OF PARAMERTIC DESIGN
CONDUCT CASE STUDIES
UNDERSTATNDING ITS CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
CONCLUSION
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THE FACE OF ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION
Architecture is not limited to gothic churches and ornate baroque constructions. Parametric design illustrates
how the 20th century was not a rest period for architecture. Since the inception of design software on
computer systems in the 1940s, great revolutions in design have taken place. Even today innovations in the
evolving field of architecture are using parametric design.
Figure 1: Parametric design
The most important feature of parametric design, as you can tell from its name, is to do with its application
of parameters. The seminal conception of parametric design actually has nothing at all to do with parametric
processes. Internationally the industrial boom was affecting the architectural scene, modules were the vogue.
However modules were ineffective, they didnt make the most of the space that they had, they were not very
adaptable, monotonous and were considered a fast, budget conscious way of housing people. In response to
this a more fluid form evolved that deviated from the square rigidity of modular design. Antoni Gaudi may
be an early precursor to this innovation as he moved architecture towards organic forms, even considering
how natural light would enter the building. However Gaudi did not create parametric buildings, only after
the introduction of computer aided design (cad) would such design be possible.
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Cad programs made it possible to design without draftsmen, and drafts were infinitely adaptable. Computers
allowed designers to calculate areas and spaces in a way that would be otherwise impossible to calculate.
Buildings no longer needed to be boxes; they could be created to fit spaces, to respond to the local
environment and to natural elements. In collaboration with computer numerical control machines (CNCS),
which custom cuts unique pieces for construction one by one, architecture was and has been revolutionised
Cutting with the CNC makes economical use of available resources and reduces the amount of waste
created. The CNC cutter is precise and ranges from small iron car parts to huge curved wooden ceiling
beams. Architects typically use the Rhinoceros design program, along with the Grasshopper plug-in to
design for the CNC. This software is designed to calculate intelligently how an architectural construction
might be built whilst retaining maximum efficiency. Parameters that are determined by the architect or
designer ultimately determine the possible forms of the end design
The first bureau to implement this system did so without all of this knowledge, they were Frank O. Gehry &
Partners. After winning the Guggenheim Museum commission in Bilbao with their curvy model, they started
looking for ways of making the design a reality. Realising that existing architectural design programs would
not suffice, they turned to software (CATIA) intended for the airplane and automotive industry. This
unusual methodology was an unprecedented success; the building was finished before the settled deadline
and with less money spent than expected.
Figure 2: The Guggenheim Museum
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This represents the beginning of an era; however it was not without problems. Frank OGehrys designs
required heavy duty structures in order to sustain their grand facades. Later this trend would evolve and the
structure and faade began to share roles, the structure even doubling as the buildings faade. Today,
architects are challenged to innovate ways of making the best use of space and location. Better control of the
interior climate of the space is preferable, less air-conditioning equipment will be needed and less energy
will be consumed.
Parametric design can be used for making sure that the space within a building is being used at its
maximum capacity. The new category of buildings that have their structure working as the facade
include Jacques Herzog, de Meuron and Li Xing gangs The Birds Nest.
The purpose of building using parametric design is to warrant sustainability. The better it is designed for
use, the longer it ought to be inhabited and preserved. Similarly, buildings consume energy and create
pollution during their life cycle as well as during their construction. If this is reduced and is manageable then
it will be more valuable to the people who inhabit and use it.
The Introduction of computer-aided design and manufacturing tools, together with computational design
approaches such as parametric design, associative geometry, algorithmic procedures and scripting, imposed
not only a change from analog to the digital medium, but also a change in the definition of the architectural
design process.
Importance of Technology
New technologies not only provide greater speed, size and reliability at lower cost, but more importantly
these dictate the kinds of structures that can be considered and thus come to shape our whole view of what a
computer is.
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2.1 COMPUTING IN ARCHITECTURE

Todays Computer assisted design (CAD) systems automate traditional ways of working with tracing paper
and pencil. As hardware becomes faster and memory less expensive, more sophisticated fundamental
software technologies will be adopted. This shift in the basis of CAD will provide powerful capabilities and
offer new ways to think about designing.
Fifteen or twenty years ago, when Computer assisted design (CAD) vendors set out to make computers
useful for basis drafting tasks. Simple CAD was a means to draft architectural plans more rapidly, and so
concentrated on two dimensional and on the graphical aspects of plan production i.e. line thickness / weight;
hatching patterns ; correct symbols for electrical / mechanical features, etc. Where some lines represented
walls and others represented windows, doors, stairs, space boundaries, etc.
With the use of computers and computational design tools the architectural design practice have gone
beyond drafting and visualising, defining a departure from the conventional architectural design and
representation processes. Designers have introduced new design strategies that would respond to these
emerging changes and open up new grounds for the exploration of transformations. Hence, the architectural
design and representation processes have been redefined in order to take full advantage of the potentials
offered through computational design strategies and tools, where the aim was to define the conceptual and
perceptual paradigm shifts subsequent to these changes.
2.2 CURRENT SCENARIO- CONVENTIONAL DESIGN
There is always a continues tension in every project between design exploration and process efficiency. The
design phase is virtually endless. The designer can stop designing when he feels that the time invested in the
process is not equal to the value added to the artifact. In the meantime, with tight working schedules and
tense project delivery dates, not all design exploration are thoroughly studied, assessed and evaluated, and
thus better performing designs are likely left undiscovered.
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A recently conducted study by Gane and Haymaker (2007), made a benchmarking survey of existing
conceptual high-rise design practice to determine the performance of leading design teams. It was found that
a multidisciplinary team averaging 12 people can normally produce only 3 design options during a design
process that lasts 5 weeks. It was also found that most of this time is spent by architects on generating and
presenting a small number of design options. Little time is dedicated to establishing and understanding
project goals and running multidisciplinary analysis. These analyses are inconsistent and primarily governed
by architectural rather than multidisciplinary criteria.
From this discussion, we can point out a real need for an approach to design that can explore the
undiscovered solutions. In order to understand the potential change in the organization and composition of
the design process, we need to develop an in-depth understanding of the meaning of parametric design,
parametric thinking and the terms associated with their use in contemporary architecture.
The current market economy requires project teams to design quickly, efficiently and cheaply; however,
research shows that successful design is largely a function of clear definition of end-user requirements and
the generation of multidisciplinary analyses of a large quantity of options. (Karle, 2011).
2.3 NEED FOR SMARTER DRAFTING TOOLS
Today, the mechanics of the drafting task have largely been automated and accelerated through the use of
computer-aided drawing systems (CAD). Computer-aided design is the use of computer software to create
drawings. Today the vast majority of technical drawings of all kinds are made using CAD. Instead of
drawing lines on paper, the computer records equivalent information electronically. There are many
advantages to this system: repetition is reduced because complex elements can be copied, duplicated and
stored for re-use. Errors can be deleted, and the speed of draughting allows many permutations to be tried
before the design is finalised. On the other hand, CAD drawing encourages a proliferation of detail and
increased expectations of accuracy, aspects which reduce the efficiency originally expected from the move
to computerisation.
There are two types of computer-aided design systems used for the production of technical drawings" two
dimensions ("2D") and three dimensions ("3D").
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2D CAD systems such as AutoCAD or Micro Station replace the paper drawing discipline. The lines,
circles, arcs and curves are created within the software. It is down to the technical drawing skill of the user
to produce the drawing. There is still much scope for error in the drawing when producing first and third
angle orthographic projections, auxiliary projections and cross sections. A 2D CAD system is merely an
electronic drawing board. Its greatest strength over direct to paper technical drawing is in the making of
revisions. Whereas in a conventional hand drawn technical drawing, if a mistake is found, or a modification
the is required, a new drawing must be made from scratch. The 2D CAD system allows a copy of the
original to be modified, saving considerable time.
3D CAD systems such as Autodesk Inventor or Solid Works first produce the geometry of the part; the
technical drawing comes from user defined views of the part. Any orthographic, projected and section views
are created by the software. There is no scope for error in the production of these views. The main scope for
error comes in setting the parameter of first or third angle projection, and displaying the relevant symbol on
the technical drawing. 3D CAD allows individual parts to be assembled together to represent the final
product.
3D CAD
2D CAD
Figure 3: 2d drawing and 3d drawing
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2.4 CONVENTIONAL VS PARAMETRIC DESIGN TOOL
In traditional CAD modelling every single change in any portion of geometry needs to be edited or
altered manually by a designer while in parametric modelling, geometry is capable to respond
modifications and changes automatically. Consequently, geometry can be interactively adjusted
depending on a set of predefined rules and relations.
Furthermore, in conventional CAD modelling each instance of a building design such as window or
wall needs to be designed individually, conversely as parametric modelling as demonstrates a
designer first defines an element class or family which defines mixture of fixed and parametric
geometry, a set of relations and rules to control the parameters by which element instances can be
generated and objects within an element family can be differ according to its contextual conditions.
In addition to these main advantages, parametric design tools enables architects to approach
generative forms. In other words, in parametric design, it is the elements of a particular design that
are clarified, not its shape. Hence , different generative forms can be created by modifying some
specific values to the parameters. We have abilities to experience all possibilities of the imaginations.
Unlike traditional CAD software which are merely based on geometric objects that every single
change needs to modify all appropriate components in order to fix the design, parametric design tools
can make associations between geometrics and operations as well as link them together and with
others via explicit or implicit stated relationships.
In conventional design tools it is easy to create an initial model-you just add parts, relating them to each
other by coping, moving and pasting etc. Making changes to a model can be difficult. Even changing one
dimension can require adjusting many other parts and all of this rework is manual. So all these limitations
lead the designers to make a system which more flexible and help to explore innovative design.
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2.5 PARAMETRIC ARCHITECTURE
During the past decade, the practice of architecture has changed radically. The commercial availability of
complex software and its hardware technologies has created a fast, accurate and globally transferable design,
culture and community. Architects attempt to cope with the changes being brought to them by the virtual
world.
Parameter in its definition in Science dictionary is a quantity or number on which some other quantity or
number depends. So a parameter exists only in its relation with others. Parametric design as an approach to
architecture relies on establishing relationships (parameter) between elements, in such a way that it will
allow for changes to percolate through the different elements of the design and update dynamically
whenever modified. Using the computational concepts of evolutionary programming or fitness algorithms,
the user sets up a set of rules and goals (variants) , and computer tests an unlimited number of scenarios until
the ideal solution is found.
Parametric design is also called associative geometry controlled by parameters and constrains via
assembly of associative operations. Equations can be used to describe the relationships between objects, thus
defining an associative geometry.
Nguyen, M., 2009 states that the parametric design has variable and fixed features while variables are
known as parameters (which are geometrical relations and numbers) and fixed features are called
constraints.
Consequently, modelling a form needs values to be assigned for parameters while mathematical equations
are capable to define the relations between objects ( Stavric and Marina, 2011). When the architect alters the
parameters to explore various alternative solutions for particular problem the model will respond to
modifications through automatically updating itself without deleting or modelling and elements.
Branko kolarevic defines the parametric design as a process where the designer deals with mathematical
formulas and parametrical values, and breeds variations within family of entities. Equations are used to
represent the mathematical and geometric relations between objects.
By expressing the relational network within and between objects, the designer acquires the capacity to
regenerate, redefine and reconfigure relations. Since, in parametric design approach, parameters are related
to each other through equations and relations, when one entity is modified in the defined model, other
entities will automatically update themselves. Such an interactive simulation of the variation is possible via
the transformation and modification of parameters.
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2.6 DESIGN EXPLORATION

Parametric design systems support in the generation of design and becoming a source of inspiration for
designers it also considered as tools for variable design representations. These systems support creativity by
enabling designers in generating, managing, and organizing highly complex design models, particularly
when the beauty and efficiency of the model is also desired.
DUBAI TOWERS, DUBAI
Figure 4: Dubai towers, Dubai
Figure 5: THESE FORMS CREATED IN THE EXAMPLES

ARE NOT CONVENTIONAL AND TECHNICAL
SOLUTIONS REQUIRE USING COMPLEX GEOMETRY
SOLVERS I.E. PARAMERTIC DESIGN TOOLS.
LANSDOWNE ROAD STADIUM, DUBLIN
Figure 6: Lansdowne Road Stadium, Dublin
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ELEMNTS
OF PARAMETRIC DESIGN
INTRODUCTION
ELEMENTS OF PARAMETRIC DESIGN

Parametric design is the first step to understand that changes, variations and information are the worlds
foundations and matter properties that will bring your mind to the doorstep of the boundless land of
complexity.
- Andrea Graziano
Learn
Create
Execute
Learn skills and techniques from

proven computational designers.
Create your own algorithms,

automate and optimize your
design processes.
Know the best practices for

executing your skills in real
projects.
Figure 7: Showing steps to execute a design
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3.1 TERMS AND DEFINITION

For better understanding of parametric design process it is necessary to define the following terms:
VARIABLES- Variables are the drivers of geometric variations. Two types of variables: independent and
dependent.
The "independent variables" is a user defined

numeric inputs, whose value can actively be
controlled and changed whereas the "dependent
variable" is the output, whose value changes as a
result.
Figure 8: Relationship between independent

and dependent variable
CONSTRAINTS- Constraints help delineate the range of variations that a parametric model can sustain.
Two types of constraints: dimensional and geometric.
Dimensional constraints are essential in defining the geometry of a design concept. For example one might
define an arc by constraining its radius, and length. Such constraints establish a dependency of the geometric
elements on the variable(s) that defines them.
Figure 9: Column Detail
Figure 10: Column showing height
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Figure 11: Column basic constraint
Capital Height + Shaft Height + Base Height = Height of Ceiling (fixed)
NURBS - Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines, are mathematical representations of 3-D geometry that can
accurately describe any shape from a simple 2-D line, circle, arc, or curve to the most complex 3-D organic
free-form surface or solid. Because of their flexibility and accuracy, NURBS models can be used in any
process from illustration and animation to manufacturing.
Figure 12: "Villa Nurbs", Empuriabrava
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NURBS geometry has five important qualities that make it an ideal choice for computer-aided modelling.
Several industry-standard methods are used to exchange NURBS geometry. This means that
customers are able to move their valuable geometric models between various modelling, rendering,
animation, and engineering analysis programs. They can store geometric information in a way that
will be usable for the foreseeable future.
NURBS have a precise and well-known definition. The mathematics and computer science of
NURBS geometry is taught in most major universities. This means that specialty software vendors,
engineering teams, industrial design firms, and animation houses that need to create custom software
applications, can find trained programmers who are able to work with NURBS geometry.
NURBS can accurately represent both standard geometric objects like lines, circles, ellipses, spheres,
and tori, and free-form geometry like car bodies and human bodies.
The amount of information required for a NURBS representation of a piece of geometry is much
smaller than the amount of information required by common faceted approximations.
The NURBS evaluation rule, discussed below, can be implemented on a computer in a way that is
both efficient and accurate.
TOPOLOGICAL SPACE- Architectural or curviliearity, NURBS make the heterogeneous and coherent
forms of the topological space which is computationally possible.
Figure13: High genus topological bodies
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ALGORITHMIC-Step by step procedure designed to perform an operation, and which (like a map or
flowchart) will lead to the sought result if followed correctly. Algorithms have a definite beginning and a
definite end, and a finite number of steps. An algorithm produces the same output information given the
same input information, and several short algorithms can be combined to perform complex tasks such as
writing a computer program.
Figure 14: Voronoi the Algorithmic Design Floating Paradise by Hyun-Seok Kim
SCRIPT-A script language is a programming language that supports the writing of scripts, programs written
for a software environment that automate the execution of tasks which could alternatively be executed oneby-one by a human operator.
Figure 15: Script
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GENERATIVE COMPONENET (GC)- Generative Components is parametric CAD software developed

by Bentley Systems which enables the designer to set up complex design models using any combination of
geometric relations, algebraic expression, logical dependencies and scripting techniques to get the essential
design intent. GC is an application for designers with no programming experience.
GRASSHOPPER-Grasshopper is a software in which graphical algorithmic can be edited tightly with

Rhinos 3-D modelling tools. Unlike Rhino script, Grasshopper requires no knowledge of programming or
scripting, but still allows designers to build form generators from the simple to the awe-inspiring.(Davidson,
2010)
Figure 16: Grasshopper
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3.2 GEOMETRY
Geometry plays a critical role in the generation of building form and structure. Geometry in the schematic
design plays to explore design ideas. A geometric shape has own architectural and structural characteristics.
3.2.1 CONTROL ON GEOMETRY

By using the parametric approach we can regulate and control the complex geometry by defining the control
points or through the mathematical programming to get desired form.
Figure 17: Geometric control under parametric guideline
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Figure 18: Geometric control under parametric guideline
For generating given geometry we have to define two geometric controls.

First the dotted line along the circles are repeated, second the repeating pattern of circles. In the same way a
particular pattern of geometry can be transformed on a given curved surface. This type of actions is not possible
through the conventional design tools where the geometric element automatically transformed itself along the
curved surface.
As shown in figure same method while applied while designing BIRD NEST IN CHINA.
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PARAMETRIC STUDY:
GEOMETRIC PATTERN OVERLAY
Figure 19: Parametric Study for National Stadium, Beijing
NATIONAL STADIUM-THE BIRDS NEST

Ground Floor Area [footprint]:
780,122 ft2 The stadium is 330 meters (1,082 ft) long by 220 meters (721 ft) wide, and is 69.2 meters (227
ft) tall
Number of floors:
7 floors (Including 2 Elevated tiers)
Total Building area:
2,777,112 ft2 . Stadium uses 258,000 square meters (2,777,112 square feet) of space and has a usable area of
204,000 square meters (2,195,856 square feet).
Number of occupants:
91,000-100,000
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Lies 8 km due north of Tiananmen Square and the former imperial palace
Olympic green
Olympic
forest park
Figure 20: National Stadium, Beijing location plan

National stadium
Olympic
green
Tiananmen
Square
Olympic village
National indoor
stadium
National
Aquatics
center
National stadium:
Location
Total land surface
Ground breaking
Seating
: Olympic green, Beijing

: 258,000 sq m
: December 2003
: 91,000 (including 11,000 temporary)
NATIONAL STADIUM-THE BIRDS NEST

THE BIRDS NEST- with its unique outer casting of tangled steel girders is one of the key landmarks of the games
Designer
Initial budget
: Herzog and De Meuron(Swiss)

: China Architecture design
: Institute, Arup Sport
: US$500 million
Steel roof
330mX220m weighs
45,000 tones
Interwoven series of
steel box sections
Special design tools were

developed to-analyses
complex geometry at speed
-check strength of steel girders
against the Chinese Steel
Code.
Acoustic membrane
On lower surface, reflects and
absorbs sound to maintain the
atmosphere in stadium.
Original design incorporated a
sliding roof, later eliminated
for cost and safety concerns.
Main body
composed of
24 columns of
trusses,
surrounding
bowl-shaped
stands.
Seven layers to
the stadium
Events
Competitions: opening
and closing ceremonies
Athletics
Football
Concrete work of
main stands
completed first,
and then steel
skeleton was
welded together.
Red lighting
For night-time view
Figure 21: National Stadium, Beijing

Source:http://beijingbirdsnest.wordpress.com/architecture/beijin
g-national-stadium-facts/
ETFE panels
(Ethylene Tretrafluorcethylene)
1. 40,000 sq meters provided by
German firm co vertex.
2. Strength over wide temperature
range.
3. High corrosion resistance.
Outer surface
Inclines at 13 degrees to the
vertical
Green features
1. Rainwater collecting
system
2. Translucent roof for
natural lighting
3. Natural ventilation system
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3.2.2 EXPLORATION OF GEOMETRY THROUGH TOPOLOGICAL GEOMETRY

The parametric geometry is represented by parametric functions, which describe a range of possibilities. The
continuous, highly curvilinear surfaces are mathematically described as NURBS-Non-Uniform Rational BSplines. Due to which parametric model enables high precision rapid-prototyping despite complex
geometries.
In architectural curvilinearity Frank Gehry offers examples of new approaches to design that move away
from deconstructivisms logic of conflict and contradiction to develop a more fluid logic of connectivity.
This was achieved through folding of discrete volumes, and employs topological, metal-sheet geometry of
continues curves and surfaces as shown in figure.
Figure 22: The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao
The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao was built between October 1993 and October 1997 and the site chosen, on
a former wharf with port and industrial use on a curve of the Nervin, represented recovery of the banks of
the river for the city, redeveloping them for culture and leisure.
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Due to the mathematical complexity of Gehry's design, he

decided to work with advanced software initially conceived
for the aerospace industry, CATIA, to faithfully translate
his concept to the structure and to help construction. For
the outer skin of the building, the architect chose titanium
after ruling out other materials and seeing the behaviour of
a titanium sample pinned outside his office. The finish of
the approximately 33,000 extremely thin titanium sheets
provides a rough and organic effect, adding to the
material's color changes depending on the weather and light
conditions. The other two materials used in the building,
limestone and glass, harmonize perfectly, achieving an
architectural design with a great visual impact that has now
become a real icon of the city throughout the world.
Figure 23: Showing thin titanium sheets in Guggenheim Museum construction
3.3 ALGORITHMS
Parametric systems are principally based on algorithmic principles. Therefore, it is necessary to understand
the role of algorithms and algorithmic thinking in design. An algorithmic is a finite set of instructions that
aim to fulfil a clearly defined purpose in a finite number of steps. An algorithmic takes one value or a set of
values as input, executes a series of computational steps that transform the input, and finally produces one
value or a set of values as output.
On the algorithmic level the focus is on the development of computational design logic that is a sequence of
algebraic, analytical, and geometric operations for the manipulation of data and its translation into
architectural properties. One of the first built examples based on an algorithmic design approach was the
pavilion for the Serpentine Gallery by Toyo Ito and Cecil Balmondin 2002. The use of an interactive
subdivision of adjacent sides resulted in a dense field of lines that defined the location of structural members
as well as the distribution of openings for the enclosed cubic space.(kotnic,2007).
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Figure 24: The diagrammatic representation of the associative geometric elements
Figure 25: Serpentine Gallery Pavilion 2002
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3.3.1 ALGORITHMIC PROCEDURES AND SCRIPTING

An algorithm, defined as computational procedures to work off complex situations and problems, identifies
a problem in a finite number of steps. The algorithmic description of the geometry and the procedures is
enabled through a network of mathematical models and generative procedures where a set of parametric
variables and regulations are defined.
Through coding the relations and regulations, s/he can define his/her own procedure and write the script of
the design process. Scripting, defined as writing simple computer programs, make possible to control and
automate operations through a series of codes and instructions.
Through modifying the internal structure, that is, the script, the whole process can be manipulated and a set
of possibilities defined. As a consequence, every new execution of the algorithmic may rise to the evolution
of design solutions tracked by new outcomes. On the other hand, scripted algorithm does not only define
numerous outcomes subsequent to the changes, but also assist their selection or elimination according to the
constraints integrated into the script. This makes possible to define a set of potential solutions through
controlling the script rather than making a selection according to formal criteria
.
3.3.2 EXPLORATION OF PARAMETRIC DESIGN THROUGH ALGORITHMS

The design of the national swimming centre in Beijing by PTW Architects (Peddle Thorp and Walker) is
another example of design development based on algorithmic construction of the underlying geometric
structure. The formal description of the space filling was defined by behaviour of foam bubbles and its
abstraction as Wearie-Phelan geometry enabled the use of complex polyhedral cells as a construction
system, a rational and efficient solution that appears to be random.(Xia,2008)
Figure26: The National Swimming Center in Beijing by PTW architects, bubble pattern
Source: http://www.eikongraphia.com/?p=63
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ELEMNTS
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Figure 27: Parametric model of National Swimming Center

Source: http://aecmag.com/case-studies-mainmenu-37/251-creating-a-er-cubem
Geometry of the British museum great court roof

In some cases the criteria in form-finding may not be purely technical. The British museum roof provides a
dramatic example. Its configuration was determined by a relaxation algorithm, in which the goal criterion
was visually continuity, not structure. Structural strength was gained partly by sectional properties and foe
the same of the corner members are nearly made of solid steel.
Techniques such as non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) surfaces have been used to define the roof
surface. The geometric pattern generated by using the mathematical algorithmic, shown below.
Figure 28: Parametric model of British museum great court roof
Figure 29: British museum great court roof
Page 27
ELEMNTS
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 3
3.4 PARAMETRIC SOFTWARE

Parametric and generative modelling have become increasingly popular in the world of architectural design.
This has caused many software developers to release applications that support this kind of modelling. One of
the most popular of these Bentleys Generative Components, which based on their Micro station CAD
software. While being a very powerful tool, GC also has a number of disadvantages. It is a very complex
piece of software that requires extensive training to master. It is also expensive, which may put it out of
reach of individuals, schools, and smaller architectural practices. There are alternatives to GC though, such
as Rhino, which has a much lower price tag. It does not however address the issues of complexity and the
steep learning curve that are associated with GC.GC has a number of built-in components that are used to
create geometry, and while they may be hard to find and use without training, they enable models to be built
without needing to write any code (although custom components can be written by the user). To do
parametric modelling in Rhino however, the user must write scripts (using Visual Basic, C++, or Rhino
Script) to generate the geometry.
3.4.1 GENERATIVE COMPONENTS

The smarter Geometry group uses Generative Components which was invented by Robert Aish at
Bentley Systems consists of founding partners of ,KPF , Forster and Partners, and Arup Sport.
Figure 30: A typical generative components work session within micro station
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ELEMNTS
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 3
Generative Components which is based on the concepts of associative design and object-orientation, is
constructed in C language. Generative Components allows users to design (such as basic elements: point ,
line , face) by giving its specific definition, thus a collection of defined objects provide the ability to control
the entity of design through controlling objects.
Features
Generative Component (GC) enables the designer to set up complex design models using any
combination of geometric relations, algebraic expressions, and logical dependencies and scripting
techniques to capture the essential design intent.
GC also can facilitate feedback loops between parametric associative modelling and environment
analysis.
GC is both an application for designers with no programming experience, who want to design by
establishing associatively between geometric elements, and for designers who are actively
interested in exploring the overlap between conventional design and programming design (using
scripting techniques). (Kudless,2007)
Designers can be refined by either dynamically modelling or directly manipulating geometry, by

applying rules and capturing relationships among building elements, or by defining complex
building forms and systems through concisely expressed algorithms.
GC is integrated with Building Information Modeling (BIM) analysis, and simulation software,
providing feedback on building materials, assemblies, systems performance, and environmental
conditions.
3.4.2 RHINOS GRASSHOPPER

There are two main types of object in grasshopper: Parameters and Components. Parameters are used to
input Variables and feed them into Components that transform them and output the result, which may be
geometry or simply data that can be input into further Components. This visual system allows highly
complex systems to be created in a flexible and non-linear way, and enables relationships between different
operations to be easily laid bare. The components can be arranged on the canvas in whatever way the user
wishes, so they can effectively create a map of the logic of their design. It must be said that GC does make
an effort to lay out the models operations in a similar way, but it d o e s s o i n a c u m b e r s o m e w a y
t h a t o n l y t e l l s the designer in general terms which operations rely on others, and does not allow for
direct editing of the parameters of these operations.
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Grasshopper was initially very simple, but more features have been added over time, which allow for very
complete systems to be modelled, and like GC, it allows users to create custom components using C# or
Visual Basic in order to extend
Grasshoppers capabilities to suit their own individual needs. Furthermore, Grasshopper is still in
development, which means features are being added or refined on a regular basis, based on user feedback.
As around 90% of registered Grasshopper users are architects, one could say that makes them the driving
force for new features and improvements, so shaping Grasshopper to the needs of architectural design first
and foremost.
Figure 31: Implementing design with the help of Grasshopper
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Features
An advantage of grasshopper is that users with little programming experience can manipulate
graphic nodes to define relationships for each element to generate parametric model.
Each graphic node in grasshopper is similar to a modeling element which enables users to learn the
logic of modeling process to build parametric models.
Because it has a flat learning curve and it is until now still freeware, many rhino users begin to learn
it rather than using other parametric modeling softwares.
Grasshopper lets users manipulate graphic nodes, and allow users to script in VB. Net, C# and
python. This scripting portal is used by advanced users to develop free applications for nonprogramming users to manipulate new functions.
Like other parametric softwares Grasshopper enables users to use spread sheets to read and export
data to control elements.
Because Grasshopper is working with Rhino, can be comparison to Genitive Components, which
generates small text file as definition of the models, unlike digital project models that turn into large
3d models after its final process.
The weakness of Grasshopper is that it is difficult to assemble many parametric elements.
Grasshopper is powerful to generate parametric architectural forms, detail design models, material
strategy analyze and to analyze models, but it is very difficult to assemble all predefined elements
foe entire building design.
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PARAMETRIC
DESIGN METHODOLIGES
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 4
Parametric Methods
When we define the object in a general sense, using variable attributes (parameters) we allow for a
large (possibly infinite) number of specific design instances.
When we use parameters to define a large number of instances, and then select the best one, we are
performing parametric design.
When the values of parameters are real numbers, we call this parametric variation.
Parameters can also have entities besides real numbers as values. For examples:
A list of available materials (material)
Number of wings (integer)
A list of available circuits (component)
Hernandez talks about parametric combinations and parametric hybrid models, depending on what
type of entities the parameters are.
We will use the term parametric models in a more general sense, and admit parameters with different
types of entities.
Developing Parametric Models
Figure 32: Parametric model of Rectangle
Start with a rectangle

Identify a family of shapes by defining one parameter
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PARAMETRIC
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INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 4
Parametric Model Case I
Parameter = Width
Height = 2 (we say it is constrained)
Figure 33: Parametric model of Rectangle consider width as a parameter

rhino/
We have defined a family with 1 parameter
Parameter = Width
Height = 2 (we say it is constrained)
Figure 34: Transformation in Parametric model of Rectangle
We have defined a family with 1 parameter

We have defined an infinite number of design instances
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PARAMETRIC
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INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 4
Parametric Model Case II
Parameter = Height
Width = 3 (constrained)
Figure 35: Transformation in Parametric model of Rectangle consider height as a parameter
We have defined a family with 1 parameter.

We have defined an infinite number of design instances.
Parametric Model Case III
x- and y-coordinates of 3 nodes are parameters
Instances are not constrained to rectangles
Figure 36: Transformation in Parametric model of Rectangle consider coordinates as a

parameter
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CASE
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INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 5
Riverside Museum by Zaha Hadid Architects, Glasgow, UK
Figure 37: Riverside Museum by Zaha Hadid Architects, Glasgow, UK
Project Architect: Zaha Hadid Architects

Project: Riverside Museum
Location: Glasgow, Scotland
Client: Glasgow City Council
Design: Zaha Hadid Architects
Project Director: Jim Heverin
Program: Exhibition space, cafe, retail, education
Size/Area
Total Area: 11 000 m2

Exhibition Area: 7000 m2
Site Area: 22,400 m2
Footprint Area: 7,800 m2
Materials
Steel Frame
Corrugated Metal Decking
Zinc Cladding
Glass-reinforced gypsum interior surface
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Location plan
Located where the Kelvin joins the Clyde, the museums design flows from the city to the river; symbolizing
a dynamic relationship where the museum is the voice of both, connecting the city to the river and also the
transition from one to the other.
River Kelvin
Royal hospital for

sick children
River Clyde
Riverside museum in
Glasgow, Scotland
Scottish Exhibition and

Conference centre
Figure 38: Location map
Concept and design

The Riverside Museum is derived from its context. The historic development of the Clyde and the city of
Glasgow is a unique legacy. Located where the Kelvin joins the Clyde, the museums design flows from the
city to the river; symbolizing a dynamic relationship where the museum is the voice of both, connecting the
city to the river and also the transition from one to the other. The museum is situated in very context of its
origins, with its design actively encouraging connectivity between the exhibits and the wider environment.
River kelvin
River Clyde
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CASE
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INTRODUCTION
The building, open at opposite ends, has a tunnel-like configuration between the city and the Clyde.
However, within this connection between the city and river, the building diverts to create a journey away
from its external context into the world of the exhibits. Here, the internal path within the museum becomes a
mediator between city and river, which can either be hermetic or porous depending on the exhibition layout.
Thus, the museum positions itself symbolically and functionally as open and fluid, engaging its context and
content to ensure it is profoundly interlinked with not only Glasgows history, but also its future. Visitors
build up a gradual sense of the external context as they move through the museum from exhibit to exhibit.
City
Open at
opposite ends
Tunnel like configuration
River
Sectional extrusion
Figure 39: External profile of Riverside Museum
The design is a sectional extrusion, open at opposing ends along a diverted linear path. This cross-sectional
outline could be seen as a cityscape and is a responsive gesture to encapsulate (enclose something in) waves
on water. The outer waves or pleats are enclosed to accommodate support services. This leaves the main
central space column-free and open, offering greatest flexibility to exhibit the museums world-class
collection.
Zigzagging profile in section

Column-free spans
Some savvy structural
manoeuvres beneath its sleek skin
of zinc.
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CHAPTER 5
CASE
STUDIES
INTRODUCTION
Construction
The buildings form is akin to folding a piece of paper into pleats and then bending it twice 120 degrees in
opposite directions along its length. Such manoeuvres (a movement or series of moves requiring skill and
care) are easily accomplished with paper, but real-life constraints, including supporting the weight of
building materials and resisting wind loads, call for careful calculations.
Buro Happed articulated the roof structure to function as a single unit that spans lengthwise like a rigid beam
rather than crossways between side walls, explains Wolf Mangelsdorf, head of structural engineering. We
are accustomed to dissecting a structure into individual elements that perform different functions a
column, beam, secondary beam, or floor plate, he points out, but in this case, they all function together
and you cant take one piece away.
Beams
Column free-space
Columns
Figure 40: Method applied in placing columns and beams
Consider the roof structure to function as a single unit that spans lengthwise like a rigid beam rather than
crossways between side walls which leaves the main central space column free.
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CASE
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INTRODUCTION
ROOF SECTION
External building envelope
covered with zinc cladding
Horizontal, continues fire break in

wall cavity
Ceiling lining on
contractor-designed
substructure
700mm structural zone
Glass-fibre reinforced gypsum fillet

Glass-fibre reinforced gypsum service strip to
conceal services
Air plenum in wall cavity
175mm polished concrete layer
Acoustical lining
Structural slab
Internal plasterboard lining on

supporting structure
Figure 41: Axonometric Section, showing envelop build up
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CASE
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Achieving a Column Free Vision: The steelwork solution utilises the folded plate geometry of the roof, translating from
the faade, the side walls and the structurally stiff zones where the roof changes direction if possible to minimize the
depth of the structure which is hidden within the building shell to 700mm.
Integrated services: Substantial tunnels below the floor, up to 3.5m deep are the main routes for the building services
including lighting, heating, IT cables and pipe work. Rainwater, brought in from the roof via a network of pipes is also
transmitted through these conduits.
Functional faade: Providing a low level of air leakage and substantial insulation to reduce the extremes of
temperature and thus reducing the demand for heating and cooling. The north and south glass facades are also multipurpose.
Creating the spectacular roof was an achievement in itself but many other, hidden aspects of this museum required
exceptional engineering even although they will go un-noticed by most visitors.
These integral pieces include a series of latticed trusses made of structural steel. Steel tubes form ridges and
valleys that ultimately span a length of over 100 m (328'), including those two twists-and-turns. While
typical A-frames rely on horizontal members to complete the "triangle" and provide stiffness.
Figure 42: Sections
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CASE
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INTRODUCTION
One load consideration is the weight of the roof

itself: the steel members weigh 2,500 metric tons
(over 5.5 million pounds) and they are topped with
185 metric tons (over 400,000 pounds) of zinc
cladding. The architect's design called for an open
interior to provide flexibility for ever-changing
exhibitions, so internal columns were not an
option. The engineers did place columns along the
exterior walls to transfer the weight of the roof to
the ground. These columns are spaced 6 m (19.7')
on centre with a depth of 700 mm (just over 2')
and were designed with stiff connections. As well,
the brackets on the columns support platforms
that cantilever from the wall like shelves to create
display space for the Riverside Museums collection
of cars.
Figure 43: brackets on the columns support platforms that cantilever from the wall
like shelves to create display space for the Riverside Museums collection of cars
Another major load consideration was the force of the wind, which can gust in at over 100 mph from the
Atlantic. The engineers conducted wind tunnel analyses on a physical model to accurately study how the
wind pressure distribution would work and anticipate peak suctions and stresses at overhangs. They placed
portal frames and cross bracing in the periphery of the building that provide lateral stability, located along
the retail areas, cloak rooms, cafe area, and workshops.
With weight transferred effectively down through the side walls and with proper bracing in place, the end
walls of the Riverside Museum could open, allowing natural light to permeate the building and creating a
symbolic link between the River Clyde and the city of Glasgow. These glazed ends also expose the jagged
section of the roof. However, opening the ends involved a little structural trickery, according to
Mangelsdorf. The mullions behind the glass are actually structural columns holding up the ends of the roof.
When you look out the window, you dont actually see that theyre quite chunky, because you see the short
side, explains Mangelsdorf.
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CASE
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Software used
The design team used three-dimensional software to work out the specifics of the structure required to
support such a complex form. The architect defined the inner and outer envelope in CATIA, and Buro
Happold used Rhino to visualize and analyze their structural design. They articulated the connections
between members with Tekla, a program also used by the steelwork fabricator.
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STUDIES
INTRODUCTION
Shanghai tower, China
Project facts
SITE
Location
Area
: Lujiazui Finance and Trade zone,

Pudong district, Shanghai, China
: 30,370 square meters
TOWER
Height
Stories
Area
Program
: 632 meters
: 121 occupied floors
: 380,000 square meters above grade
141,000 square meters below grade
: Office, luxury hotel, entertainment, retail,
and cultural venues
PODIUM
Height
Stories
Area
Program
: 36.9 meters
: 5 occupied floors
: 46,000 square meters
: luxury retail, bank, restaurant, conference,
meeting, and banquet functions. Below grade levels
will house retail, 1,800 parking spaces, and services.
DESIGNER ARCHITECT
Gensler
LOCAL DESIGN INSTITUTE

Architectural Design and Research Institute of Tongji University
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER
Thornton Tomansetti
Shanghai Rising
Shanghai Tower will anchor the citys Lujizui district, which has emerged as one of East Asias leading
financial centers.Designed by a local team of gensler architects to embody Shanghais rich culture, the 632meter-high mixed-use building will complete the citys super-highrise precinct.It is the most forwardlooking of the three towers symbolizing Shanghais past,present and future.Its curvred faade and spiraling
form symbolize the dyanmic emergence of modern China.By incorporating sustainable best practice
Shanghai Tower is at the forefront of a new generation of super-highrise towers,achieving the highest level
of performance.632 metres (2,073 ft), have 128 stories, and contain an area of 380,000 m2.It will be the
tallest building in China and is slated to be the second tallest in the world.Tower features office space,
luxury residences, a high-end hotel, retail space, restaurants and a public observatory.
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CHAPTER 5
CASE
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INTRODUCTION
Location
Huangpu River
Pearl River Rose
garden
Oriental
Riverside Hotel
Shanghai Pudong
Mosque
Shanghai tower
Figure 44: Location plan
Concept and design
Self Contained city

Shanghai tower is a city within a city
comprising nine vertical zones, each 12 to
15 stories high. Each zone is encircled by
public space within the double skin
faade. Within each neighborhood, a mix
uses caters to the daily needs of
occupants. Separate elevators shuttle
people among zones and below grade
parking links via walkways to the nearly
super high-rise parking links via
walkways to the nearly super - high-rise
towers.
Page 44
CASE
STUDIES
INTRODUCTION
Zone 9
Observation /cultural facilities
Zone 8
Hotel/boutique office
CHAPTER 5
Observation level
The highest of the nine zones houses
public amenities: restaurant, an
exhibition center, and enclosed and
open observation decks by the tallest
single-lift elevator in the world
Offices
Zones 2 through 6 are comprised of
high performance offices, all is which
are filled with natural light and
connect to the atriums with expansive
views of the city.
Zone 7
Hotel
Zone 6
Office
Sky lobbies
Each office zone rises from a sky
lobby at its base a light-filled garden
atrium that fosters community and
supports daily life. Shops and
restaurants in each lobby lower the
demand for trips to the ground level
which saves energy.
Zone 5
Office
Retail podium
Zone 1 is the base level retail podium
of luxury boutiques, high-end dinning
destinations, cafes and lounges.
Zone 4
Office
Zone 3
Office
Ground floor lobbies

Both the office tower and the hotel
conference center functions will be
accessed through separate, dedicated
lobbies.
Zone 2
Office
Zone 1
Retail
Figure 45: Showing different zones with their classifications
Page 45
CHAPTER 5
CASE
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INTRODUCTION
Construction
Construction moves
ahead as the technical
complexities of the
towers structure, glass
enclosure,and mechnacial
systems are skillfully
managed.
MAT FOUNDATION
HOOP RINGS
MECHANICAL
FLOOR
STRUTS
Soil conditions in Shanghai- a clay-based mixture typical

of a river delta- meant supporting the tower on 831
reinforced concrete bore piles sunk deep into the ground.
61,000 cubic meters of concrete has been used to create
the six-meters-thick mat foundation.
Erecting gigantic composite columns- measuring 5X4
meters at the base and reinforced with steel plates that
weigh 145 meters tons each- that will provide structural
support for the tower.
To carry the load of transparent glass skin, Gensler
designed an innovative curtain wall that that is suspended
from the mechanical floors above and stabilized by a
system of hoop rings and struts.
And the strategic division of the tower into nine vertical
zones will supply the lifeblood of the buildings heating,
cooling, water, and power throughout with less energy
and at lower cost.
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CHAPTER 5
CASE
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INTRODUCTION
The spiralling form of the tower rotates as it rises, signifying the emergence of
china as a global financial power.
This tower is symbolic of a nation whose future is filled with limitless
opportunities, said Mr. Qingwei Kong, president of the Shanghai tower
construction and Development co.,Ltd.,a.
Shanghai towers footprint was reduced to make

more room for green spaces, pedestrian paths, and
entryways to the tower, creating a public space for
respite and social interaction.
Shanghai tower, at 632 meters, is a 121storyvertical city comprising office spaces

as well as dining, shopping, hospitality, and
entertainment destinations. The Chrysler
Building is shown for scale.
Page 47
CASE
STUDIES
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 5
Innovations
Shaped to reduce wind loads
Genslers team used a series of wind tunnel tests to simulate the regions greatest natural forces, the
typhoon. Results produced a structure and shape that reduce wind loads by 24 percent-ultimately yielding a
saving of $58 million in construction costs. A simple structure, public spaces within the double facade , and
sky gardens based on shanghai traditional open courtyards will make Shanghai tower an unrivalled asset for
the Lujiazui district.
A 16 meter tall scale model of the tower passed ashake table test simulating earthquakes measuring up to 7.5
on Richter scale.
Genslers design team anticipated that three important design strategies the asymmetrical of the towers
form, its tapering profile, and rounded corners would allow the building to withstand typhoon wind
forces common to Shanghai. Using wind tunnels tests, Gensler and structural engineer Thornton refined the
towers form, ultimately reducing building wind loads by 24%. The result is a simpler and lighter structure
with unprecedented transparency and a 32% reduction of costly materials.
Figure 46: Many options were studied, but wind tunnel tests pinpointed a 120-degree rotation as optimal for
minimizing wind loads.
Page 48
CHAPTER 5
CASE
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INTRODUCTION
Landscaped atriums are located

regular intervals throughout the
buildings
Tuned-mass damper minimizes

building movement.
Benefits of the double skin

The innovation design incorporates two independent
curtain walls - the outer skin is cam shaped in plan,
the inner one is circular. The space between them
forms atriums that will house landscaped public
gardens at regular intervals throughout the building.
These sky gardens will improve air quality, creative
visual connections between the city and the towers
and provides a place where building users can
interact and mingle.
The landscaped sky lobbies will be social and retail
hubs foe each neighbourhood within the building.
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CHAPTER 5
CASE
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INTRODUCTION
Minimizing reflection and glare

Concerns over light pollution had significant impact
on the design of the outer curtain wall. Two curtainwall schemes staggered and smooth were
studied extensively. The test revealed that a
staggered skin made up of glass panels set vertically
was far superior to a smooth skin of angled glass,
which would reflect much more light onto
neighbouring buildings.
The outer curtain wall design incorporates metal
shelves at each floor level, producing the preferred
staggered configuration.
Light reflectance off the curtain wall was modelled
using Ecotech software, which showed that the
staggered curtain wall design was much more
desirable.
`
Figure 47: The outer skin gradually narrow at each floor level,
giving the glass tower an elegant tapered profile
A fast tracked super-high-rise tower
Figure 48: Structural diagram
Page 50
CASE
STUDIES
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 5
The simplicity of Shanghai towers structure is a

response to many challenges: a windy climate, an
active earthquake zone, and clay-based soil. The
heart of the structural system is a concrete core. The
core acts in concert with an outrigger and super
column system, with double belt trusses that
support the base of each vertical neighbourhood.
This series of drawings illustrates the layering of

structure, composite floors, inner skin, and
exterior curtain wall.
Software used
The design team used three-dimensional software to work out the specifics of the structure required to
support such a complex form. For Light reflectance off the curtain wall was modeled using Ecotech
software. Softwares like 3ds MAX and Revit are used in this project.
Page 51
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 6
This development in computational design tools, altered the conventional architecture design approach, and
opened up new grounds for the generation and experimentation of design ideas.
Changes in architectural design processes have followed paradigm changes in mathematics and geometry,
and the increasing use of computer as a generative device, altogether altering design processes in
architecture. The parametric computational tools blurred the boundaries between different phrases of the
process of design.
Parametric design is a method of intelligently designing architectural objects based on relationships and
rules using the computer. The use of this tool has allowed for more complex free form, shapes as well as
multiple reactive yet repeating elements to be created. With the use of parametric software, architects are
able to study relationships and incorporate basic aspects of the actual construction including material,
manufacturing technologies and structural properties into the design process.
Parametric design does not reduce design complexity. Complexity is probably one of the central terms that
describe the contemporary design problems in architecture. The increasing design complexity in architecture
is not only due to external stimuli such as increasing building performance requirements, new building
functions, design processes etc., but also due to new formal interest in free-form geometry and the
underlying mathematical and geometric concepts.
Page 52

Dissertation On Parametric Forms

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INTRODUCTION

PARAMETRIC DESIGN: NEW FORMS THAT FUNCTION BETTER

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVE

To understand parameters and parametric approach to design.

1.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATION

Case studies conduct on building based on parametric designs

PARAMETRIC DESIGN: NEW FORMS THAT FUNCTION BETTER

UNDERSTANDING PARAMETRIC DESIGN

METHODOLIGIES OF PARAMERTIC DESIGN

CONDUCT CASE STUDIES

UNDERSTATNDING ITS CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

PARAMETRIC DESIGN: NEW FORMS THAT FUNCTION BETTER

Figure 1: Parametric design

PARAMETRIC DESIGN: NEW FORMS THAT FUNCTION BETTER

Figure 2: The Guggenheim Museum

PARAMETRIC DESIGN: NEW FORMS THAT FUNCTION BETTER

PARAMETRIC DESIGN: NEW FORMS THAT FUNCTION BETTER

2.1 COMPUTING IN ARCHITECTURE

2.2 CURRENT SCENARIO- CONVENTIONAL DESIGN

PARAMETRIC DESIGN: NEW FORMS THAT FUNCTION BETTER

2.3 NEED FOR SMARTER DRAFTING TOOLS

PARAMETRIC DESIGN: NEW FORMS THAT FUNCTION BETTER

Figure 3: 2d drawing and 3d drawing

PARAMETRIC DESIGN: NEW FORMS THAT FUNCTION BETTER

2.4 CONVENTIONAL VS PARAMETRIC DESIGN TOOL

PARAMETRIC DESIGN: NEW FORMS THAT FUNCTION BETTER

2.5 PARAMETRIC ARCHITECTURE

PARAMETRIC DESIGN: NEW FORMS THAT FUNCTION BETTER

2.6 DESIGN EXPLORATION

DUBAI TOWERS, DUBAI

Figure 4: Dubai towers, Dubai

Figure 5: THESE FORMS CREATED IN THE EXAMPLES

LANSDOWNE ROAD STADIUM, DUBLIN

PARAMETRIC DESIGN: NEW FORMS THAT FUNCTION BETTER

Figure 6: Lansdowne Road Stadium, Dublin

ELEMENTS OF PARAMETRIC DESIGN

Learn skills and techniques from

Create your own algorithms,

Know the best practices for

Figure 7: Showing steps to execute a design

PARAMETRIC DESIGN: NEW FORMS THAT FUNCTION BETTER

3.1 TERMS AND DEFINITION

The "independent variables" is a user defined

Figure 8: Relationship between independent

Figure 9: Column Detail

PARAMETRIC DESIGN: NEW FORMS THAT FUNCTION BETTER

Figure 10: Column showing height

Figure 11: Column basic constraint

Capital Height + Shaft Height + Base Height = Height of Ceiling (fixed)

Figure 12: "Villa Nurbs", Empuriabrava

PARAMETRIC DESIGN: NEW FORMS THAT FUNCTION BETTER

Figure13: High genus topological bodies

PARAMETRIC DESIGN: NEW FORMS THAT FUNCTION BETTER

Figure 15: Script

PARAMETRIC DESIGN: NEW FORMS THAT FUNCTION BETTER

GENERATIVE COMPONENET (GC)- Generative Components is parametric CAD software developed

GRASSHOPPER-Grasshopper is a software in which graphical algorithmic can be edited tightly with

Figure 16: Grasshopper

PARAMETRIC DESIGN: NEW FORMS THAT FUNCTION BETTER

3.2.1 CONTROL ON GEOMETRY

Figure 17: Geometric control under parametric guideline

PARAMETRIC DESIGN: NEW FORMS THAT FUNCTION BETTER

Figure 18: Geometric control under parametric guideline