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RULES OF INFERENCE AND RULES OF REPLACEMENT1

1. Modus Ponens
PQ
_P_
:. Q
3. Hypothetical Syllogism
PQ
QR
:.PR

5.Constructive Dilemma
(PQ) o (RS)
PVR
:.QVS

7. Conjunction
P
Q_
PoQ

2. Modus Tollens
PQ
~Q_
:. ~P

4. Disjunctive Syllogism
PVQ
_~P_
:. Q

6. Simplification
PoQ
:.P
:.Q

8 Addition
P_
PVQ
9. Absorption

P Q :. P ( P o Q)

RULES OF REPLACEMENT:
10. De Morgans Rule
11. Commutation
12. Association
13. Distribution
14. Double Negation
15. Transposition
16. Material Implication
17. Material Equivalence
18. Exportation
19. Tautology

Within a context of a proof, logically


equivalent expressions may replace each other
~(P o Q) (~P v ~Q)
~(PVQ) (~P o ~Q)
(P v Q) (Q v P)
(P o Q) (Q o P)
[P v (Q v R)] [(P v Q) v R]
[Po (Q o R)] [(P o Q) o R]
[Po(Q v R)] [(P o Q) v (P o R)]
[P v (Q o R)] [(P v Q) o (P v R)]
P ~~P
(PQ) (~Q~P)
(PQ) (~P v Q)
(P Q) [(P Q) o (Q P)]
(P Q) [(P o Q) v (~P o ~Q)]
[(P o Q)R)] [P(QR)]
P (P v P)
P (P o P)

STRATEGIES FOR APPLYING THE RULES OF INFERENCE


AND RULES OF REPLACEMENT
TO PROVE
1. A statement letter or the
negation or a sentence letter
2. A o B
3. ~(A o B)

STRATEGY
Use Modus Ponens, Modus Tollens, Disjunctive
Syllogism
Work for A and work for B, then use conjunction
Work for the equivalent disjunction

4. A v B

Work for A and infer A v B by Addition or use

~ A v ~B then apply De Morgans rule

Condensed by Roland L. Aparece, MA from Dan Magat, A First Book in Logic (Manila: Felta,
1991) p.60 and Patrick Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic.(Belmont: Wadswoth/Thompson
Learning, 2000) pp. 370, 379-380, 389-390, 399-400.

Constructive Dilemma
Work for the equivalent conjunction ~A o ~B then

5. ~A v ~B

apply De Morgans rule

6. A B

Use any strategy for 1, or conditional proof. Work


for the equivalent ~A v B then apply Material
Implication. Sometime Hypothetical Syllogism will
do also.
Work for the equivalent ~(~A v B) then apply
Material Implication.
Work for A B, and B A separately and derive the
conjunction (A B) o (B A).

7. ~(A B)
8. AB

Or work for [(A o B) V (~A ~B)] by Disjunctive


Syllogism or constructive Dilemma.

Note if AB occurs as a premise then the first step


which you need is to break or translate the
equivalence to (A B) o B A), or
(A o B) V (~A o ~ B).
Work for (A B) (B o ~A) using the strategies
outlined above for implications and conjunctions.
To derive (A A), or any tautology, the best strategy is to
use conditional proof or indirect proof)

9. ~(A B)
10. A A

1. Always begin by attempting to fine the conclusion in the premises.

Given
~J
JVK
KL
Prove
L
Let us examine the above argument in detail. The conclusion is L. Upon inspection, we
can find K L in the premises wherein K is the antecedent of the consequent L. More so, K is
found in another premise, a disjunctive statement, J v K. In this case, the partner or other

disjunct of K is J. Lastly, we have a single letter ~J. To solve this argument, one could
simply infer mentally the flow of the solution: J v K and ~J, by applying disjunctive
syllogism to the two premises, one could get K. Now we have K L and K, by applying
Modus Ponens to the two premises, one could get L. Thus, the argument is valid as
demonstrated and the key to this solution is by starting to find the conclusion in the
premises.
JvK
~J
given
K
Disjunctive Syllogism
K L given
K
above
L
Modus Ponens
Q.E.D.
2. If the conclusion contains a letter that appears in the consequent of a conditional statement in
the premises, consider obtaining that letter via Modus Ponens.
Given
AB
AB given
A
A
Prove
B
Modus Ponens
B
Q.E.D

3. If the conclusion contains a negated letter and that appears in the antecedent of a conditional
statement in the premises, consider obtaining the negated letter via Modus Tollens.
Given
AB
~B
~A
Prove
~A

AB
~B
~A

given
given
Modus Tollens
Q.E.D

4. If the conclusion is a conditional statement, consider obtaining it via Hypothetical syllogism.


Given
AC
AC given
CB
CB given
Prove
AB Hypothetical Syllogism
AB
5. If the conclusion contains a letter that appears in a disjunctive statement in the premises,
consider obtaining that letter via Disjunctive Syllogism.
Given
AvB
~A
Prove
B

A v B given
~A
B
Disjunctive Syllogism
Q.E.D

6. If the conclusion contains a letter that appears in a conjunctive statement in the premises,
consider obtaining it via simplification.
Given

Ao B

A o B given

Prove
A

Simplification
Q.E.D.

7. If the conclusion is a conjunctive statement, consider obtaining it via conjunction by first


obtaining the individual conjuncts.
Given
A B
A
C
Prove
Ao C

given
C
A o C Conjunction
Q.E.D
.

8. If the conclusion is a disjunctive statement, consider obtaining it via Constructive Dilemma or


Addition.
Given
(AB) o (CD)
BC
Av C
Prove
BvD
Given
Av C
B
Prove
BvD

(AB) o (CD)
Av C
BvD

given
given
Constructive Dilemma
Q.E.D

B
given
B v D Addition
Q.E.D

9. If the conclusion contains a letter not found in the premises, Addition must be used to obtain
that letter. (See second example under strategy 8.)
10. Conjunction can be used to set up De Morgans Rule.
~A
given
~B
given
~A o ~B
Conjunction
~(Av B)
De Morgans Rule
Q.E.D
11. Constructive Dilemma can be used to set up De Morgans Rule.
(A ~B) o (C ~D) given
AvC
given
~B v ~D
Constructive Dilemma
~(B o D)
De Morgans Rule
12. Addition can be used to set up De Morgans Rule.
~A
given
~A v ~B
Addition
~(A o B)
De Morgans Rule
13. Distribution can be used in two ways to set up Disjunctive Syllogism

(A v B) o (Av C)
~A
A v (B o C)
BoC

given

A o (B v C)
(A o B) v (A o C)

given
Distribution

~(A o B)

given

AoC

Disjunctive Syllogism

Distribution
Disjunctive Syllogism

14. Distribution can be used in two ways to set up Simplification.

A v (B o C)
(A v B) o (A v C)
(A v B)

given
Distribution
Simplification

(A o B) v (A o C)
A o (B v C)
A

given
Distribution
Simplification

15. If inspection of the premises does not reveal how the conclusion should be derived, consider
using the rules of replacement to deconstruct the conclusion. (See the example above)
16. Material implication can be used to set up Hypothetical Syllogism

~A v B
~B v C
A B
B C
AC

given
given
Material Implication
Hypothetical Syllogism

17. Exportation can be used to set up Modus Pones.


(A o B)C)
given

A
A(BC)
A
BC)

Exportation
Above
Modus Ponens

18. Exportation can be used to set up Modus Tollens.


A(BC)
given
(A o B)C
Exportation

~C
~(AB)

given
Modus Ponens

19. Addition can be used to set up Material Implication.

A
A v ~B
~B v A
B A

given
Addition
Commutation
Material Implication

20. Transposition can be used to set up Hypothetical Syllogism

AB
~C~B
BC
AB
AC

given
Transposition
above
Hypothetical Syllogism

21. Transposition can be used to set up Constructive Dilemma.


Given
(AB) o (CD)
given
(~B~A) o (~D ~C) Transposition
~B v ~D
given
~A v ~C
Constructive Dilemma
22. Constructive Dilemma can be used to set up Tautology.
(A C) o (B C)
given
AvB
CvC
Constructive Dilemma
C
Tautology
23. Material Implication can be used to set up Tautology.
A~A
given

~A v ~A
~A

Material Implication
Tautology

24. Material Implication can be used to set up Distribution.


A (Bo C)
given
~Av (Bo C)
Material Implication

(~A v B) o (~Av C)

Distribution

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