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1. Modus Ponens
PQ
_P_
:. Q
3. Hypothetical Syllogism
PQ
QR
:.PR
5.Constructive Dilemma
(PQ) o (RS)
PVR
:.QVS
7. Conjunction
P
Q_
PoQ
2. Modus Tollens
PQ
~Q_
:. ~P
4. Disjunctive Syllogism
PVQ
_~P_
:. Q
6. Simplification
PoQ
:.P
:.Q
8 Addition
P_
PVQ
9. Absorption
P Q :. P ( P o Q)
RULES OF REPLACEMENT:
10. De Morgans Rule
11. Commutation
12. Association
13. Distribution
14. Double Negation
15. Transposition
16. Material Implication
17. Material Equivalence
18. Exportation
19. Tautology
STRATEGY
Use Modus Ponens, Modus Tollens, Disjunctive
Syllogism
Work for A and work for B, then use conjunction
Work for the equivalent disjunction
4. A v B
Condensed by Roland L. Aparece, MA from Dan Magat, A First Book in Logic (Manila: Felta,
1991) p.60 and Patrick Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic.(Belmont: Wadswoth/Thompson
Learning, 2000) pp. 370, 379-380, 389-390, 399-400.
Constructive Dilemma
Work for the equivalent conjunction ~A o ~B then
5. ~A v ~B
6. A B
7. ~(A B)
8. AB
9. ~(A B)
10. A A
Given
~J
JVK
KL
Prove
L
Let us examine the above argument in detail. The conclusion is L. Upon inspection, we
can find K L in the premises wherein K is the antecedent of the consequent L. More so, K is
found in another premise, a disjunctive statement, J v K. In this case, the partner or other
disjunct of K is J. Lastly, we have a single letter ~J. To solve this argument, one could
simply infer mentally the flow of the solution: J v K and ~J, by applying disjunctive
syllogism to the two premises, one could get K. Now we have K L and K, by applying
Modus Ponens to the two premises, one could get L. Thus, the argument is valid as
demonstrated and the key to this solution is by starting to find the conclusion in the
premises.
JvK
~J
given
K
Disjunctive Syllogism
K L given
K
above
L
Modus Ponens
Q.E.D.
2. If the conclusion contains a letter that appears in the consequent of a conditional statement in
the premises, consider obtaining that letter via Modus Ponens.
Given
AB
AB given
A
A
Prove
B
Modus Ponens
B
Q.E.D
3. If the conclusion contains a negated letter and that appears in the antecedent of a conditional
statement in the premises, consider obtaining the negated letter via Modus Tollens.
Given
AB
~B
~A
Prove
~A
AB
~B
~A
given
given
Modus Tollens
Q.E.D
A v B given
~A
B
Disjunctive Syllogism
Q.E.D
6. If the conclusion contains a letter that appears in a conjunctive statement in the premises,
consider obtaining it via simplification.
Given
Ao B
A o B given
Prove
A
Simplification
Q.E.D.
given
C
A o C Conjunction
Q.E.D
.
(AB) o (CD)
Av C
BvD
given
given
Constructive Dilemma
Q.E.D
B
given
B v D Addition
Q.E.D
9. If the conclusion contains a letter not found in the premises, Addition must be used to obtain
that letter. (See second example under strategy 8.)
10. Conjunction can be used to set up De Morgans Rule.
~A
given
~B
given
~A o ~B
Conjunction
~(Av B)
De Morgans Rule
Q.E.D
11. Constructive Dilemma can be used to set up De Morgans Rule.
(A ~B) o (C ~D) given
AvC
given
~B v ~D
Constructive Dilemma
~(B o D)
De Morgans Rule
12. Addition can be used to set up De Morgans Rule.
~A
given
~A v ~B
Addition
~(A o B)
De Morgans Rule
13. Distribution can be used in two ways to set up Disjunctive Syllogism
(A v B) o (Av C)
~A
A v (B o C)
BoC
given
A o (B v C)
(A o B) v (A o C)
given
Distribution
~(A o B)
given
AoC
Disjunctive Syllogism
Distribution
Disjunctive Syllogism
A v (B o C)
(A v B) o (A v C)
(A v B)
given
Distribution
Simplification
(A o B) v (A o C)
A o (B v C)
A
given
Distribution
Simplification
15. If inspection of the premises does not reveal how the conclusion should be derived, consider
using the rules of replacement to deconstruct the conclusion. (See the example above)
16. Material implication can be used to set up Hypothetical Syllogism
~A v B
~B v C
A B
B C
AC
given
given
Material Implication
Hypothetical Syllogism
A
A(BC)
A
BC)
Exportation
Above
Modus Ponens
~C
~(AB)
given
Modus Ponens
A
A v ~B
~B v A
B A
given
Addition
Commutation
Material Implication
AB
~C~B
BC
AB
AC
given
Transposition
above
Hypothetical Syllogism
~A v ~A
~A
Material Implication
Tautology
(~A v B) o (~Av C)
Distribution