International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics (JOSE) 2007, Vol. 13, No.

4, 381389

A Power Transformer as a Source of Noise

Wiktor Marek Zawieska
Central Institute of Labour Protection National Research Institute, Poland
This article presents selected results of analyses and simulations carried out as part of research performed
at the Central Institute of Labor Protection the National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB) in connection with
the development of a system for active reduction of noise emitted by high power electricity transformers. This
analysis covers the transformer as a source of noise as well as a mathematical description of the phenomenon
of radiation of vibroacoustic energy through a transformer enclosure modeled as a vibrating rectangular
plate. Also described is an acoustic model of the transformer in the form of an array of loudspeakers.

power transformer noise reduction active methods transformer modeling

rectangular plate vibrations transformer noise vibroacoustic analysis

1. Introduction
Power transformers are a source of low-frequency
noise, with the most important spectrum
components, in view of the noise level, in the
frequency range below 400 Hz. The noise is of
stationary nature with a spectrum with clearly
visible components for frequencies which are a

multiple of the double frequency of the power grid.

An example of a power transformer noise spectrum
with a power of 630 kVA is shown in Figure 1.
The level of noise emitted by transformers
depends to a large extent on their power, size and
load [1, 2, 3, 4]. In practice it can be assumed
that the flow of vibroacoustic energy in an oil-

Figure 1. An example of a spectrum of power transformer noise

Correspondence and requests for offprints should be sent to Wiktor Marek Zawieska, Department of Vibroacoustic Hazards, Central
Institute of Labour Protection National Research Institute, 00-701 Warszawa, Czerniakowska 16, Poland. E-mail: <mazaw@ciop.pl>.

382 W.M. ZAWIESKA

Mechanical
vibrations of the
core and
windings

Propagation of
the acoustic
wave in oil

Mechanical
vibrations of the
enclosure walls

Propagation of
the acoustic
wave in the
surrounding air

Figure 2. A diagram of vibroacoustic energy flow in an oil-immersed transformer.

immersed transformer, the most common power

transformer type, is as shown in Figure 2.
Research carried out, among others, at the
Central Institute of Labor Protection the
National
Research
Institute
(CIOP-PIB)
indicates that in transformers working in real-life
conditions the sources of vibroacoustic energy are
as follows: the vibrating core, magnetostriction,
vibrating
winding,
vibrating
structural
components, etc. This energy is carried over
mainly to the transformer enclosure. Therefore,
it can be assumed that the vibroacoustic energy
emitted (radiated) into the surroundings is created
first of all as a result of enclosure vibrations.
Transformer enclosures, due to material, design
and operational considerations, come in different
shapes. For the purposes pertaining to research on
the possibility of using active methods in order to
control transformer noise it can be assumed that
the enclosure is cubicoid.
Research on using active methods to control
noise emitted by transformers has been carried
out in Poland and abroad for several dozen years.
As part of research carried out at CIOP-PIB, a
system for active control of transformer noise
(ACTN) was developed and verified in reallife conditions after laboratory tests. Each stage
of the development of ACTN showed that the
mathematical modeling stage as well as laboratory
investigations based on the transformer acoustic
model are of key importance for the selection of
design solutions and the attained parameters of
designed systems and the final cost. The results
of research on modeling a transformer as a source
of noise are presented in a later part of the article.

JOSE 2007, Vol. 13, No. 4

2. Modeling a transformer
as a source of noise
The development of a mathematical model
of a power transformer as a source of noise
is primarily justified for two reasons: (a) a
description of acoustic wave emissions of a power
transformer makes it possible to perform various
computer calculations and simulations (Matlab
suite version 5 was used); (b) on the basis of
the developed mathematical description of the
phenomenon of emission of vibroacoustic energy
and the calculations and simulations performed,
it is possible to develop an acoustic model of a
power transformer as a source of noise. This
model can be used successfully in laboratory
investigations of the use of active methods of
noise control in power transformers. Performing
such research on an actual transformer is
troublesome (e.g., due to restricted access) and
often dangerous.
In the development of a computational and
mathematical model of a power transformer the
following assumptions were made.
An actual power transformer is the reference
point.
The nature of the phenomena which are the
main sources of noise in power transformers
indicate that the acoustic power is emitted in
very narrow bands around even-numbered
harmonics of the power grid frequency.
Therefore, it can be assumed that the
transformer emits acoustic energy into the
environment only at frequencies which are
even-numbered harmonics of the standard
power grid. Because in Poland the frequency
is 50 Hz, transformer noise can be described
with vibrating surface sounds with harmonic
frequencies of 100 and 200 Hz. Here, we
ignore all sources of noise of a different nature

A Power Transformer as a Source of Noise

383

Let us assume that a flat plate with dimensions

(such as fans) and the deviations from the
of a b satisfies the homogeneous equation of
standard frequency of 50 Hz, which can occur
free vibration, which can be formulated for mode
in natural conditions.
(m, n) as follows:
Acoustic energy is emitted only through the
4 444 44
vibrating walls of the enclosure (an oil vat) of
 1)
1)mn
Wmn
(kmn

( x ,(yx), y=) 0=, 0,

(1)
mn
((kkmn
W
1)
W
mn ( x , y ) = 0,
the transformer.
where x, yco-ordinates of a point located on the
In the simulation process a rectangular plate
2 22
[(/m
m
]
kmn
= S==2SS[(22m
a)//2aa))22 (n/((bnn)//2bb]))22 ]a
plate surface;
struc
mn
kkmn
[(
was adopted as a model of the transformer
4 4
(
k


1)
W
(
x
,
y
)
=
0
,
tural wave
mn numbermnpertaining to the mode of free
enclosure wall. This assumption makes it
vibration
(m, n);
=44 [(
[(2ww/w22x//ww2xx) 22))(w(2(ww/w22y//ww2yy)]222)]
)]22a
4
possible to describe mathematically the
==w[(
2
2
2
2
4 biharmonic
= S( xoperator
 (Cartesian
n/b) ] co-ordinates.
4 k1)
Wmn
,[(
y )m=/a0), in
mn
phenomenon of emission of vibroacoustic (kmn
The
form
of
free
vibration
of
plate
Wmn
=A
Amn
sin(
mxS
/a)sin(
Wmn
( x ,(yx), y=) A
sin(
mSthe
/ax)sin(
nfor
SnyS
/bya),/b),
energy through a vibrating, rectangular plate
W
mn ( x , y ) =mn
mn sin( mSx/a)sin( nSy/b),
2 pair
of
numbers
22
2 of m,2n = 21, 22, 3, ... can be
S42 [(
4m
4 modal
4)24 =( n
/a
(see, e.g., Rdzanek, Rdzanek Engel, et al. kmn
[(/(bwmn
(=kmn
(kmn

1)
W1)
x) ,/y]w( )x,=y)0),=(w0, /wy )]
mnW
written
down
as
2 22
[5]). The vibrating plate can be treated as a
W
Wmn
dSdSS S SS
4
2
2
2 Wmn
2mnd
surface made of small components that emit
2 =W
w2 (/wxx2, y)) =2(SwA2S/wysin(
)]2 S2 x/a)sin(nSy/b), (2)
2[(mn
mn
kmnk=mnS=[(Sm[(
/am
) /a)S( n/b()n2/]m
b) ]
an acoustic wave. These components must
w 2ww22
(Sx,y
x,y
)=||rxa=size
=
( x,y
W2W
(W
x,y
W (Wx,y
) | ) | a=/2r a=/20==, 00,,
( x , y ) =a,
Amn
sin(
m
x)/a| x))sin(
na=S/2y0,
/b0,
),0,
be small enough for the assumption that all Wmn where
bgeometric
of
the
plate.
r
(
=
/2
2 22 W ( x,yx)=|rxx=
r a/2
4 4W
22 S2 x =2r a/222 22 2wx w
42 d4S
x
mn

=
[(
=
w
[(
/
w
w
x
/
w
)
x

(
)
w

/
(
w
w
y
/
w
)]
y
)]
w
x
(
k


1)
W
(
x
,
y
)
=
0
,
mn
mn
points of such a component vibrate with the
The Amn constant was calculated
from
the
S
w22
w 2wobtaining
2
same amplitude and phase to be true. This
x,y
=20,
0,
x,y
0,
(Wx,y
) |y))=||ryb=/2r b=/2condition,
0,
WW
(Wx,y
) |y))=||ryb=/2r b=/20,
WWWmn( xd,Sy( )x,=S2yW)Anormalization
W
((2x,y
=
((x,y
== 0,
r2b/2 w
w2y)yy/b|22), = 0,y = r b/2
sin(
m0,/Sya=xm
/aS)sin(
x/(an)sin(
nW
S2(y]wnx,y
/bySw),
S mn W
means that the dimensions of the component
kmn
== rA
Sasin(
[(
m
)
/
b
)
mn( x,y
mn
mn
) |x=
=
/2
x = r a/2
2
2
Amn = 2.
2 22 wx
wZ
must be much smaller than the length of
D
= k(==x,y
D/D
Uh//UU=,hh0,,,
mn
mn
Zmn
kkmn
mn
W ( x,y ) |x = r a/2 = 0, Zmn
W
)
|
x =2r a/2
The boundary
plate
are kR
as)]
2 2
wconditions
xS2 2 2 w of the
2 Z
the shortest structural wave of the plate
[i Z
 ttkR
W(mn
Wd)mn
S| d
SS4&=
&&
 )]
kR )]
[(
w
/
w
x
)
 (W
w 2(/x,y
wy 2e))]
W
x,y
=
0,
|eye=[[iirtZ
&
ikr
cos(
[ikr[[0ikr
cos(
r,r0
b&4/2 2
b/2 = 0,
y4=Ir(r,
0 cos(
follows:
2
0
=
(
)e
t

I
R,
-
M
,
t

v
r
=
(
)e
I
(r,
t

I
R,
-
M
,
t

v
r
under consideration. Using this approach,
w
(
k


1)
W
(
x
,
y
)
=
0
,

w
y
0
=
(
)e
M, t 
vr
mnR,
S = 0,mnI(r, t  W (I
W ( x,y ) |yS= r b/2
x,y
) |y-
R S S 0 0
2 S22RSS R
= r b/2 = 0,
2wy 2
the vibrating plate can be replaced with an
2 2
0 S00
Zmn
/wUhsin(
,w mSx/a)sin(n&Sy&/b),
(==xk,0,
=&&D
Amn
&ymn)&0,
44 44
W
(y)x,y
W
()x,y
|2,x =W
)r|mn
W
(-x,y
W
()x,y
|M
(kkmn

1)
Wmn
,,ymn
)==
array of loudspeakers playing (the
role1)
ofW
cos(
,)rrm
=)22sin
sin
cos(
|0axM
M
aD
x2cos(
ah/2
x =)M
r
/2
=/rU
/2
=
, -M)M)
r,S,=2r&r0[(
=))/asin
-cos(
);r=ar);/20=&r,=(=0R,(, R-
2=0k0,mn
mn
mn((xxZ
0
cos(
,
=
M
k
=
( ncos(
/[biM
)2
Z
t]kR
)]00 ); r = ( R, - M)& &
0
444 mn
444 & &
w
w
x
x
e
&
[ikr0 cos(r,r0 )]
(
(
k
(
k
k




1)
1)
1)
W
W
W
(
(
x
(
x
,
x
,
y
,
y
)
y
)
=
)
=
=
0
0
,
0
,
,
(3)
&
the aforementioned components. Through
mn
mn
mn
mn
[=
ixZ
I(r,mn
R,
-
M
y)y)]2=0 ))
dS0 ,
(mn
&v&(r0 )e
r,r
4t  4 I r
xt,x,,200yyt,kR
02rr=
0((w
0,w
&
[ikr0 cos(
00de=
0 0, v2(rS )e
0 )] dS ,
(
k


1)
W
(
x
)
=
R
W
S
S
=
I
(r,
t

I
R,
-
M
,
t

22and phase
22
22 W ( x,y
2)x,y
2| mn) | = 0,mn
mn

individual control of the amplitude

0
0
W
(
=
0,
W
(
x,y
W
(
)
x,y
|
)
|
=
0,
=
0,
S
kkmn
[(mm//aa)) ((nn//bb)) ]]y = r by/2= r&b/2&&4 = [(w2w2S/wR
w 2&2) 
& 2y/=wryb2y/2=&)]r2b&&0/2
& &
& &&
mn ==SS [(
222& &v(r,
2Sv(r,
2v(r,
2 t ) t=
t/a))/aU)a==)20)2U2Uw0
w
iwZ
w
w
Z(w
=W
(rr )e(
)e(
Z
y((2nw(nwx/n(/byw
r/b)b,()2(S)r2&rt0]2),],(]t=tw))i=&=Z
r ,((rrt ),,, tt),),w(w
r ,((r&rt ),, t=t))W
r ()e(
iZiitZ
(W
)
i
=
of each loudspeaker in the array it is possible
kkmn
kmn
=
=
=
S
S
S
[(
[(
[(
m
m
m
/
0
r
,
r
)
=
sin
cos(
M

M
);
r
=
(
R
,
)
-
M
& & cos(
&
mn 0
wrt ww=tt( R, 2-
0 M
2)
2
2
2
2
2
cos(
r
,
r
)
=
sin
cos(
M

M
);
0 k Z=
&mn2=k2 mn
[(D
m//UaD
) /,Uhwfunction
( n/b) &] w describing
to obtain very different distributions 4of
the
=S
h0the
22mn
2(2y)
mn
W(x,
& (Z
&kx(mn
& Sx2/aW
W)=
()]
x,y
)&&,,|is
= ,0,wwsin(
( &x,y&) | the
y=)0r)=
4 ==[([(ww22//wwxx22where
)]
x,y
a=
a/2 = 0,
/2A
0(x
)sin(
r)0)
x0/,/wwyry00yW
= ((ww
U
)
,wkR
p
r
t
U
ZI
(
,
)
=
=txt2))2)]i=
(r ,((r&rtn),,,Sttyx),),=/br),
p
r
t
rII2,((2t[r&rtm
mn
mn
sound field.
0
,
t
444 p(r , 2t2)2 =02U220 I[(i Z
2i)Z
2=
2i2iZI
2ZI
kR
)]
&& &&
transversal
The
===[(w[([(
www//w/&wxwof
xxw))t
)ewthe
/w/wy&wyy)])])]points.
wt(t(w(wew&/plate
& & &w &transfer
[ikr0 [cos(
ikr&
cos(
& v)e
0 r,r
0 )]r,r
0 )] dS
& I(r,I(r,
&,,t2=)t =
2t ),2 &w
=
(
)e
t

t
I

R,
I
-
R,
M
-
,
t
M

v
r
dS
4
2
2
&

&
v(r,
t
w
r
i
w
r
r
t
W
r
iZ
t ),0 , 0 ,
U
Z
)
=
(
(
,
(
,
)
=
(
)e(
0
0
v(r, tnatural
w(
rr, .t )&r0==
i
w
r
t
w
r
t
W
r
i
t
Z
) = U0 frequencies
(
,
),
(
,
)
=
(
)e(
),
Z
w
[(
w
/
w
x
)

(
w
/
w
y
)]
of
the
vibrating
system
are
as
W
Wmn
sin(mmSSxxw//ata)sin(
)sin(
nrnS
),b/2 = 0, 2 S R2 S2RW
..w)Syt|y/y/b=2b),
W
( x,y
(
x,y
)
|
=
0,
S
S
mn((xx,,yy))==AAmn
mnsin(
r
y
=
r
b
/2
0
0
W dS S
kR
 ZnniitS
&W
&W
&y)sin(
W
(&(x(&x,x,y,y)y)=
)=w=Amn
AA
sin(
sin(
mmm
SSxSx&/x/a/a)sin(
aw&)sin(
nSZZySyttkR
/y/b/b),
bkR
ie
),),
w&mn
&rmn
&&sin(
& follows:
mn
mn
mn
mn
2=
2r,(e2tR
e
cos(
cos(
r
,
r
)
,
=
r
sin
)
=
sin
cos(
cos(
M

M
M

);
M
);
r
=
,
(
R
,
)
-
M
-
U
I
ZI
(
,
)
=
(
,
)
=
(
),
p
r
t
r
t
i
r
S
U
I
ZI
(
,
)
=
(
,
)
=
(
),
p
r
t
r
t
i
r
0 yp
0
00
,M
=US0x0UU
p)0((,=
R-,AZ nSy/b),M)
),, t=t))D
R
Mmn
tsin(
3. Sound emission through
2M
m
/,a00)sin(
=
R
Z
t ( xp,(Z
k, mn
/UhZ
wt,=
& Ww&mn
22
R (4)
mn
W
W
d
d
S
S
S
S
&
r&0 =r0( x=0 ,( xy00 ,) y0 )
w 2 2 S22RSSR
mn
the enclosure (plate) ofmn
r.
2
2
2
WW
(W
x,ydd)SdS|Sxa=/2rSaaSa/2/2
[iW
Zt( x,y
 kR))]| x = r a/2 = 0,
r.
&&
W
Sb/2/2=bb/2/20,
SS
mn
mn i x
r,rsin
wn& mn
the transformer
0M)])
tR,
Z
kR
& & m,I(r,
&2,
&xi,0(;(Ztx,x&tplate
& ik&density,
W
,wkR
)exp[
sin
cos
yxe02)exp[
ik sin
ysin
M0ycos(
(W
)exp[
sin
y=
x0((vxx&cos
-(&M[ikr

2w &ex
where
=
1,
3,
I
...

(
)e
t
-
M
r
0
0
0
,
cos
sin
W
y
ik
y
x
M
M
0
0

0
v(r,
v(r,
t
t
w
r
w
t
r
t
i
w
i
r
w
t
r
t
w
r
w
t
r
t
W
r
W
r
i
t
i
t
U
U
Z
Z
)
=
)
=
(
,
(
)
=
,
)
=
(
,
(
),
,
),
(
,
(
)
=
,
)
=
(
)e(
(
)e(
),
),
Z
Z
0
0
0
0

S
2 dS
22 0SSSW
0
mn
e
/2
/2
b/2
p( R, -, M, wtw) = wUt0 Zwt  a/2
2 2S R
Uaa/2
2bb/2
S
thickness,
Dplate
rigidity.
w
, t))|=x|x==
p( R,W
-S,((M
Z
0
W
W((x,y
x,y))|x|x==rraa/2/2==0,0,hplate
W
x,y
x,y
=
=
0
0
,
,
2 SR/20 = 0, 222 ikRikR
ikR
ikR
ikR
Ww( x,y
W &( x,y ) |yke
ikR
ww2wke
Rke
Adopting the aforementioned assumptions, the
&| | wpotential
&&) |y r==&r=ra=a/20,
u0,
ke
ke
b/2
= rke
b/2=
2x,y
x2(2(x,y
uu211uu22
1u
&a/2wW
&wW
&the
&2Scsurface
/2
bxW
The
acoustic
of
source
in
(
x,y
x,y
)
)
|
)
0,
0,
W
W
W
(
(
(
x,y
x,y
)
)
|
)
|
|
=
=
=
0
0
,
0
,
,
cos(
r
,
r
)
=
sin
cos(
M

M
);
r
=
(
R
,
-
M
P
=

U
Z
R
M
(
,
,
)
A
P
=

U
Z
R
M
(
,
,
)
c
A
w
y
=
=
=
/2
/2
/2
=
=
=
/2
/2
/2
x
x
x
r
r
a
r
a
a
x
x
x
r
r
a
r
a
a
0)exp[
U
U
I
I
ZI
(
,
(
)
=
,
)
=
(
,
,
,
(
),
p
r
p
t
r
t
r
t
r
t
r
mnmn
mnx dy ).
02cos
P

U
Z
-ik
2,2t ),M0 ymn
(t(R)r, =
,i)MZI
)==i(c
A
0
/2
/2
a
b
w
mn
0
0
mn
(
,
sin
(
sin
)]d
W
x
y
x
x
M
mn
mn
0
amplitudes and phases of individual components
wwritten
wxw0xx W
0t
Rdown
R0 2 S22SS
R (R
)0tr&|xwmn
=can
0,
x,y0) | asr a[11,
=R00,R
wW
w22( x,y
the Fraunhofer
be
=zone
/2 M
r aW
)exp[
y0 sin M)]dx0 dy0
xW(w(x,y
)mn
y2=,0=y)0,
0D
/wUx2h222,ik sin -( xx0=cos
W
W((x,y
x,y
))|y|y==be
0,& &a/2  b/222W
x,y
|y|(y=/2=xr=r0(bbx,k/2/20mn
0,
0Z)=
 ikR
 ikR
of which the plate is comprised
can
rrbb/2/2==0,
w
ikR
ww
ikR
\(E
E
/
 a/2  b/2
/2)
k
ab
e
k
ab
r12]
. r . wW
m (a(E
ee ikR&\ m\
k=&=ab
uU
u(x,y
wW
yW
y((x,y
ke
ke
m
aa/2
1(Z
2x,y
(
x,y
x,y
)
)
|
)
|
|
=
=
=
0,
0,
0,
W
W
W
(
x,y
)
)
|
)
|
|
=
0,
0,
0,
=
2
Z
c
A
=
2
U
c
A
2
w
&
&
&
[
i
Z
t

kR
)]
y
y
=
y
=
r
=
r
b
r
b
/2
b
/2
/2
y
y
=
y
=
r
=
r
b
r
b
/2
b
/2
/2
mn
mn
0
=
2
U
Z
c
A
mn
mn
0
&&
P
=

U
Z
R
M
(
,
,
)
c
A

ikR

ikR
determined from the plate vibration equation. In mn
2
2
2
3
3
w
mnw
mn
0 &t ) = U
mn
mn
0
e

i
t
i
kR
t
kR
Z

Z





v(r,
r
t
i
w
r
t
w
r
t
W
r
i
t
Z
(
,
)
=
(
,
),
(
,
)
=
(
)e(
),
Z
unm
r,r/m
R)e
wwRyw,yyt W=2S( x,yke
ke
S13=unm
1(
nm
22
1 [1ikr
S0 ))
0Ecos(
20,vR
W ((x,y
) |y)t=R
= R,
S
(a(EE/m
e0,
e M
(r0R
I,(r,
 0I
ZZmn
Dp//U
Z2mn Amn ) |y =S
c 2 -
r b/2
aa /m
mn ==kkmn
mn D
order to obtain all data required in the simulation
(URhhp,,P
(,-R
, ,M-, ,Rt M
)-=
,, tM
) ==Ur b02/22Z2UUw200tZ
mn
 ikR
S
2
R
w
y
2
S
R
R
\)mM
R-&,,&&-
-
M()E) a /2) (5)
S \ n (E b /2)
ph,R,2,ppSemn
(RR((,R
ZiZZ
Z
=kR
=ck)]kZ
kmn
DD
//U2/UkU
hShab
tmn
=
kR
)]
mnA
w=D
&mn
&M
&
=mn
2tP
U
.
mncos(
process a theoretical analysis was performed
of
mn)M
mn
M
(mn
)I==/(Ur&3h, ,tmn
. 2 0 \ (E /2)
ee[pi[aZ
&&
M
(0-
.  ikR
P
2-
2
[ikr
[ikr
cos(
r,r
r,r
)]
)]t ),
&
&
&
U
ZI
(
,
)
=
)
=
(
,
r
t
i
r
mn
-
(
)
.
P
mn
0
0
0
0
R
\n (
0
e
k
ab
Z
=
k
D
/2
/2
/2
a
b
b
S
1

(
E
S
)
1

(
E
S
)
nm
/m
/n
mn
(
(
)e
)e
,
,
II(r,
(r, tt I
IR,
R, -
- MM,, tt== cos(
v
v
r
r
dS
dS
[
i
[
Z
i
[
Z
i
Z
t
t

t


kR
kR
kR
)]
)]
)]
m
a
mn r , r0mn
max
p
(
R
,
)
-
M
a
b

)
=
sin
cos(
M

M
);
r
=
(
R
,
)
-
M
max
p
(
R
,
)
-
M
&
&&&&&
0
0
0
0
mn
max
(xR) My sin
-
Mcos
0 ,(cos
mn
=wt,)exp[
2yU0)exp[
cZ
epA
eemn
&x&& 22SSW
the vibroacoustic properties of a flat, rectangular
[M
ikr
[ikr
[ikr
cos(
cos(
cos(
r,r
r,r
r,r
)]0)]d
)]y .
mn
mn
R
R
(
,
(
sin
sin
(
sin
)]d
)]d
d
.
x
W
x
y
ik
ik
x
y
x
x
y
xII(r,
M
M
0
0
0
0
0
3
2

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
&I
)e
I(r,
(r,&tptmn
t ( R
I
R,
R,
R,
-MM
M
,,,t-M
tt=
== [i ZSt  nm
dS
-M
kR )] R
SM
S-
vv(v(r1(r0r0)e
,I
-
)-
(E[ikr
S)& &1 dS
dS
(00E0
0)e
a /m
/2r.ab/2  br0/2 = (0x00 , y.0 )-M e 22S
a&
cos(r,r0 )]
plate with articulated support and with
S
S
2
R
R
R
0
&& &&fixed Pmn (- M) =I(r,
&
&
-
t  = M N NNikRikRSS0S00 v(r0 )e
dS
((R
)M
MikR
),)ikR

cos(analyses,
rr,,rr00))==sin
sin--cos(
cos(MMMmax
M00););t rprmn
==I
RR,
R,,,-p-
-
M
)& jZt jZ0t
Z
Aumn
,&- MM)Mi ke
R
j((MMmnkrmn
kr)mn
2&tS&&ke
R
ue1ju(eM2&jmn
A
wke(M
mounting. Following are the results cos(
of
mn
&kRAumn
&&&M
&&()&ip=, (ji, lj)ke
) xex e j,Zt
kr
1
2
mn
e
ZU
,
)
l
j
mn
mn
S
ZU
p
j
-M
2

-
(
.
P
&&
PmnP(mn
Rcos(
-(,RMp
, cos(
csin
c)-=A
0-
w Z
t(R),R
w
U
)(=
(UjrM
=
0M
ZU
,Msin
,t0l)i=
j,sin
e t ),
0,M
cos(
r,)v(r,
r-(,r=,Rr,Mr0
),=
=
cos(
cos(
cos(
M
tZ
)A
M
M
);mn
);w
rrr(=r==,((rR
,,,-
),))t ) = W(r)e(
-e(MrMM
xiZ
mn
mn
mn
mn
0
,r0)p)0t-)U

Z
0
00i);
0Z
rr00 ==((xin,
x00,,yy00)) where
0R
max
,m-
)21Sn&RR1 R
which have been presented in more detail
2rrSmn
wRptcos(
mn2 S
R
mn

N
mn
1mM11n);
R( M
&r&&&, rM& ) =

1
m
n

sin

M
r
=
(
,
)
-
M

A
fieldcos(point
radial
vector
in
spherical
cot
=&=0=((x(x0x0-M
,0,y,y&0y&0)0)w)mn e&j (Mmn
mn )
,2\2 \
eejZikR
&&
&& kkr0ab
&xikR
e.g., Zawieska [6], Leissa [7], Meirovitch
[8],ww p(&i&, j, l) jZUr&r0&0r00
a/2
b/2

(2E,la22/2)
(E /2) \ n (\
Enb /2
(E
6iZ
e),
k6t6t),ab
v(r,
v(r,tt))==UU00 ww((rr,ordinates;
w
w
r
r
t
t
W
W
r
r
,tt))==iiZZww((rrp,0(,mtrt=
),),
(
(
,
,
)
)
=
=
(
(
)e(
)e(
Z
r
r
d
x
i

m
)

(
j

U
I
ZI
,
)
=
(
,
)
=
(
,
),
t
r
t
i
r
t
r
d
x
(
i

m
)

(
j

n
)&ra
lcos
plate
surface
point
x
y
(
,
)

mn

=
2
=
2
U
Z
Z
c
c
A
A
M
N
mn00
r
d
x
(
i

m
)

(
j

n(&nx)d)20mial
m
l M,,&&a&2y0 2sin
1x nmn
1wmn

(
,
)exp[
sin
W
x
y
ik
M)]dx
0
w
w
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
mn
mn
mn
mn
0

0
0

3Amn3 j (RM R
Wallace[9], Davies [10].
wwtt
w
t

)
kr
j
Z
t
w
ww
r,rS,t,t),t),
w
t)1(t)E=
r)e(
iZZ
t1(t),tE
Z
))==UUU
(r(r,r,t,t)t)=
)==iiZiZ
((r(nm
), ww
((r1(r,r,t,mn
)
=a=W
)e(
),
),b (/nESb
mn
Sw
(W
Ex(a(rS(re/m
))e(
S1i)iZ
nm
/m
0060jaZU
/2w
b(/2
w
(v(r,
, jtCartesian
,t)t)l=
pv(r,
iv(r,
vector
in
co-ordinates
W
2 (Figure3).
& e
&
& ,
x & &(tr&&i).= m
) wwwtw
tt(w0j(r& ,nt))2 = ilZ
,wikR
ww &&rmn dv(r,
&&
r
r
t
w
r
t
W
r
i
t
U
(
,
),
(
,
)
=
(
)e(
),
Z


ikR

mn

0
1
1
m
n
u1u2
ZI((rr,,tt),),p mn
pp((rr,,tt))==UU00 II((rr,,tt))==iiZI
R, &(-
R,M-
) ke
M) &&&
ke
&)&P&=M) =( R , -w,wtwMp(w)mn
t A
kRmn
Zmn
=(I(r(r&,r&,tU,t)t0)6=
c==iiZI

wwtt PmnP(-
-
. (e(r(r.i,rZ
mnpp(M
U
U
U
I
I
ZI
ZI
(
(
(
,
,
,
)
)
=
)
=
=
)
,
,
),
),
),
p
r
r
r
t
t
t
i
t
t
t
2
2
mn
0
0
0
2M
R 4 2S
&&
R&=m
, (-
)2007,
-
)R,M
(R
j )&nVol.
)  13,
l , No.
wtwmn
&rmnp(max
JOSE
R=,dUmax
-x,wpwM
t,(tiItp()(mn
rr..
),R
r,
t )U=0 iZZI(r ,2t S
-M
0
 ikR
&&p&(r , t )-M
\ m (Ea /2)
rri.ri.Z.Zt tkRkR aw/2t b/2 = 2U cZ A k ab e
M
M
N
N
mn
mn
0
22ee &
3 R
2

Aii ZiA
kR
kR
kR
ZtZtt

2
kmn
= S2 [(m/a)2  ( n/b)2 ]

384 W.M. ZAWIESKA

4
2
2
2
2 2
2 =2 [(w /w2x ) 2 (2w /wy )]
4 = [(w
/wx )  (w /wy )]

( x , y ) = ASx/sin(
mSnxS/ay)sin(
2 ( 2x , yW
a)sin(
/b), nSy/b),
4 = [(w 2 /wx 2 )  (w 2 /W
wymn
)] ) =mnAmn sin(mmn

2
2
Wmn ( x , y ) = Amn sin(mzSx/a)sin(W
nSmn
y/dbS), WSmn dS S
4 4
(Skmn
 1)Wmn ( x , y ) = 0,
S
1
2
w2
2
w0,
W
(
x,y
)
|
=
W
(
x,y
)
|
=
0
,
Wmn
dS S
(xr,= ra,/2)
W ( x,y ) |x = r a/2 =2 0,
W ( x,y )2|x = r a/2 = 0x,= r a/2
1
kmn = S2 [(wmx/2a)2  w(xn/b)12 ]
S
4 4
(kmn
 1)Wmn ( x , y ) = 0,
2
w2
w 2W ( x,y ) | W ( x,y=) 0,
|y = r b/2 =w0, W ( x,y )2| W ( x,y=) 0,
|y = r b/2 = 0,
W ( x,y ) |x = r a/2 = 0,
W ( x,y )y|=xr=br/2a/2 = 0,4
4 4
2 wy y =2r b/2 2 2
22
2
(
k


1)
W
(
x
,
y
)
=
0
,
4
1 1

=
[(
w
/
w
x
)

(
w
/
w
y
)]
w
y
mn
mn
wx
 1)Wmn ( x , y ) = 0,
r
2
2
2
2
2
kmn = S [(m/a)  ( n/b) ]
2Z
khmn, D/Uh ,
mnD=/U
Zmn = kmn
w2
1
W
(
x,y
)
|
=
0,
W
(
x,y
)
|
= (0,x , y ) = A sin(
2
2
2
2
1)]nSy/b),
y
r
b
y
r
b
=
/2
=
/2

4
4
 kR
W
me)]S[ixZ/at )sin(
2
[(
m
/
a
)

(
n
/
b
)
]
&&
2
2
2 4( kkmn
4 = S
[
i
Z
t
 kR
mn
mn

1)
W
(
x
,
y
)
=
0
,
&
& &[ikr cos(r,r0 )]
w
y
S [(m/a)  ( n/b)(k]mn mn  1)W4mn (mn
x , y2) = 02,

e
&
r,r0 )] 0
(r,R,t - I
r0 )e
dS
= [(w /wx )  (w 2 /wy22 )]2
= M, t  = 2 S vR(r0 )e[ikrv0 (cos(
I(r, t  II
M,R,t -
dS0 ,
Zmn = kmn D/Uh ,
S
2
R
S0
S0
2
4 ( x4, y ) = 0,
)(W
24 = [(
mn
w 22/wx 2( n)2/b)(2w]2 /wy 2 )]2
Wmn
dS S &
4kmn
22 02,=
&
2
0
[i Z&t &kRcos(
)] r& , r& ) =
= [(w 2 
/w1)
x 2W
) mn
 ((wxk2,mn
/2yw)yk=
&
&
=mn)]SW
[(Sm([(
/xa,m
)y2/)a=) (A
n/b)sin(
]
sin
cos(
M

M
);
r =M()R, - M)
e r , r0 ) = sin -0cos([M
&
0 , -
ikr
M0r,r
);0 r)] dS
= (R
/aR,
)sin(
Sy, /bt ),= cos(
0 cos(
mn
mn
S
x
(
)e
,
I(r, tm
 SxI
-nM
v
r

& 0
0
&R
ry0 =) ( x0 , y0 )
2rS
b 2 nSy/b),
x
=
(
,
2 (4x , y ) =2A 2sin( mS
mk/2a)2=S(2n[(/bm)/2a])2  ( n/bW
S
w2
x
/
a
)sin(
0
0
0
2
2
0
) ]
x ()w2 (/ww&y 2/&w)]y2 )]
x ,mn
y ) = Amn sin(mSx/a)sin(
n=S[(y=w/b2[(),/ww2x 2/w)mn
W ( x,y )w|x = r a&/2 = 0,
W ( x,y ) |
4mn
&
&
&
/2 = &0,
& r = (v(r,
&U) w(r , t )& = iZw(wrx,&2t ), w(r&,&tx)= r=aW
Wmn dS cos(
S r , r0 ) = sin -cos(M  M0 );
R,wt-
)w=(M
(r )e(iZt ),
0t ) = iZw(r , t ), w(r , t ) = W (r )e(iZt ),
v(r,
t
r
U
)
=
,
0
wt
&
2
2
2
2 2
2
t
w
S
2
4
2
2
2
2
a
w 2/w
x )  (w /wy )] W
( x0 , nyS0y)/b),
w
S mSrx0/a=)sin(
((wmn
y)]
)Amn
= dASsin(
sin(
x ,/y(wx)y,=W
& wW ( x,y
& W ( x,y ) |y = r b/2 = 0,
Wmn
dS =S[(w /wx W) mn
) |wy = r b&/2 =& 0,
mn mn mSx/a)sin(wn2Sy/b),
&
&
U
I
ZI
(
,
)
=
(
,
)
=
(
p
r
t
r
t
i
r
&
p(&r , t ) = U & I(r , 0t ) =t& iZI(r , t ), wy, 2t ),
W S( x,y ) |x = r a/2 =v(r,
0,& t ) = U 2wWw((x,y
a/2w=(r0,,t ), w0(rw,t t ) = Ww
r , t))|x== riZ
(r )e(iZt ),
0
2
wx wt
a)sin(
SSyx/b/a),)sin(
y/b),
2
&
w
2n
mn(sin(
2
WAmn
x , y )m=SxA/mn
sin(
m
n
S
y
&
Z
2W) | dS S
r.
w WW( x,y
mn = kmn D/Uh ,
=
0,
W
(
x,y
)
|
=
0
,
mn
d
S
S
2
r
.
x
r
a
x
r
a
=
/2
=
/2
mn
2
y ) |x = r a/2 = 0,
W ( x,y ) |x = r a/2 = 0, & wx w w &
&

S ( x,y ) | y = r b/2 =p0,

&&
(r , )t )|and
, tz)
), spherical
r , t ) =inUCartesian
W
( x,y
=(ry,
0,
i  Zt  kRe(r,
i  Zt  kR [i Zt  kR )]
wFigure
x 2 S 3.
02 W I
& co-ordinates
y=
= ribZI
/2
A rectangular (plate
(x,
[ikr0 cos(r,r0
2  , ). e
e R,
2
w
t
2
=
(
)e
I
(r,
t

I
-
M
,
t

v
r
w
y
(
,
,
,
)
=
p
R
M
t
U
Z
2
S S W 2 dS S 2

0
0
p( R, -, M, t ) =  U0 Z
& 2 w w W ( x,y ) |
w W
mn
2 SR 2 S R S
( x,y
) |y = r b/2=
=0,
W
) |x =yr==ar/20b/2,==0,0,
2 SR
2 0,
r .wD/UW
2 ()x,y
y ) |y = rSb/2 = 0,
W
x,y
xy/2
r
=
W2( W
x,y(()x,y
|x =))r||aZ
0,
(
x,y
|
0
2
==k0,
h
,
=mn
r=ab/2
/2
x
r
a
=
/2
wy
a/2& b&/2
mn
&
wy
wx 2wx
i  Zt  kR  a/2 b/2
cos(
=(sin
-ycos(
R, M- My)0 sin M)]dx0 d
)exp[
x0 ,ik
x=0y(cos
x& (xr ,,r0y)W)exp[
2
w2
e
2
[
i
Z
t

kR
)]
0 );0sin
2
2
cos
W
xik0Msin
x
-M(
Mr(
&
w Z

2
0
0
0 sin M)]dx 0 dy0 .
=
k
D
/
U
h
,
2
e
&
=
0,
W
(
x,y
)
|
=
0
,
w
(
,
,
,
)
=
p
R
M
t

U
Z
[
ikr
cos(
r,r
)]
&
mn
mn
 a/2
 b/2
a/2(=
x=
r
a
/2
0
0
0
w
k
D
/
U
h
,
W
x,y
)
|
=
0,
W
(
x,y
)
|
=
0
,
2
= ()x,y
I(r,) |yt=r=
I
- MW
,harmonically
t(W
dS
mn
mnx = r aw/2
( x,y
=x =R,
0,
|y = rvariable
r a/2
r0 0=, ( x0 , y0 ) ikR
0 )e  a/2  b/2
x WIn
b/2
(W
x,y
0,
x,y
| =)rSkR
0,= 0,2v(SrR
the
processes
ikR
y = r b/2 of
bR
/2
)] =b/2
w)x|2event
2wy 2 e[i Zty2
&&
ikR ke
ikR
u1u2
ke
[i Zt& kR )]
S0
w
y
[
ikr
cos(
r,r
)]
/2
/2
a
b
&
&
u
u
2
ke
ke
0 P 0 ( RdS
e
1
2
w
&
&
&
&
&
=

U
Z
M
,
,
)
c
A
in
time
the
following
relationships
can
be
written
2
=
(
)e
,
I
(r,
t

I
R,
-
M
,
t

v
r
[
ikr
cos(
r,r
)]
w

mn
mn
0
0
0
P
=

U
Z
R
M
(
,
,
)
c
A
0
0
&
&
&
2
mn
cos 0M
W
ik sin -( x0 v(r,
x 2dS
Mmn
)e/,( x=0 (, Ry0, )exp[
b/2 =I0,R, - M, tW =
v=(rsin
t ) = yU00 sinw
rR, xmn
t )0 d=yi0Z. w(r , t ),R w(2r S
()]d
, t ) = W (r )e(iZt )
0,
2, r
( x,y )Z|wy =cos(
==
mn
0D
0R
S
Z
k
U
h
,
/2
r
b
r
cos(
M

M
);
r
)
-
M
2
S
R
R
W ( x,y ) |y = r b/2 2= 0,down
W
(
x,y
)
|
=
0,
mn
mn
=
k
D
/
U
h
,
S0 of an
0 y = r b/2 of vibration
S Rthemn
2for
wt
distribution
mn
 a/2  b0/2 speed
wy
wy 2 & && S0
&kR )]
k ab \e  ikR
[iZkR
t )]
&
&

ikR

ikR
[
i
Z
t
r
x
y
=
(
,
)
(E /2)\ m (E\a n/2)
(Eb /2)\
w 2U &cZk abA e  ikR
&
&
acoustic
particle
and
the
sound
radiation:
&2
&
&
&
e
&
cos(
r
,
r
M

M
);
r
=
(
R
,
)
-
M
0 ) = sin
0 -cos(
0
u
u
[
ikr
cos(
r,r
)]
=
ke
ke
e
&
0
0
0
0
1, t2
mn (r3, t ), m a (8)
0 , t )mn
[
ikr
cos(
r,r
)]
2 M  M I);
=
U
Z
c
A
U
I
ZI
(
)
=
(
=
p
r
r
i
krmn
D
/
U
h
,
)
=
sin
cos(
r
=
(
R
,
)
-
M
2
=
(
)e
(r,
t

I
R,
-
M
,
t

v
r
dS
0
0
0 0 mn mn 3
Z A
( R , -, M) =  U
c
0 Zmn = kmn DI/(r,
Uh0 ,t  I
&& R, - Mw, tPmn
wt
&= 2 S R
& 0 v(r0R)e
& 0 mn mn& dSR0 , 02 S
S nm RS nm
1  (ERa /m1S)2(E1a/m(ESb) /n1S)2
2S R
r
x
y
=
(
,
)
S
0
0
0
t )t = kR
U0)] w(r&,&t ) = iZw(r ,St0), 0 w(r , t ) = W (r )e(iZ&t ),
= ( x0 , y0 ) e[i Zt  kR )] v(r,
[i Z
&&
[ikr cos(r,r0 )]
.ikR
&- M, t  =
[ikr
r,r0 )]
pMmn
M)( R, -\Mn)(Eb /2)
R,(r,
(Epmn
&r&e, r&v)(r=0 )e
&0);
e(r-
w w-t0cos(
0 ,cos(
& v(&M
&r& =
&, M)
& k ab
a /2)
) =(\Rm, -
.
P
sin
M
(R
,2(U
-
=
I
tw I&R, - 2cos(
MS, Rcos(
tr&&v(r,
rM0=)ei);dS
dS
mn
&0-cos(
0
0
, r0 )t )&=0=sin
M

r
=
(
R
,
)
-
M
-
M
)
=
.
P
=
Z
.
c
A
w
r
t
w
r
t
w
r
t
W
r
i
t
U
Z
(
,
)
(
,
),
,
)
=
(
)e(
),
Z
mnmnmn 3
0 (6)
wW (r&)e(0 iZt ), &
i )Zt  kR
max
p
2 
2( R, -e M
S
R
w
r
t
= U0 w(r , t ) = iZw(r&, t ),
(
,
)
=
S&0 2
mn
max
p
(
R
,
)
-
M
R
t
w
2(Eb /nS)
S
1

(
E
S
)
1

nm
/m
S0 I(r , t ) = iZI(r , t ),
U
(
,
)
=
p
r
t
mn
a
r
x
y
=
(
,
)
0
wt
, t ) =  U0 Z
p( R, -, M-M
& r = 0( x0 ,&y00 ) 0 wt
-M
&
sin -r&cos(
M0-);cos(
r =M(0R,M
2 SR
& M)
& p ( R, - M)
cos(
, wr0 ) M=&sin
);) =rMU)=w (wR,I&(-
&&,0-
&
M
N
mn
&
&
&
&
ZI
(
,
)
=
(
,
),
p
r
t
r
t
i
r
t
j Zt
&wM()r=, t ), &w(r , t ) = W
& (r )e(
M a/2 Nb/2

A
-
(
.
ZI&(v(r,
) ,=yU)0& I(r , t ) = iv(r,
rt ), =trt),)U. = wU0w0(r&ww,tt(r) ,=tPi)mn

krmn
i
i
t
Z
=
),
Z
)
j ( Mmn
mn

Amn index
w(r , tp) = (W
i)Zt ), The
Zw(r , t ), max
(r-)e(
)
j (Mmn of
kre
j Zt
ZU
(
,
,
)
p
i
j
l
j
P
(,
)
modal
isx e ,
0 0 r w=
0
mndirectivity

R
,
M
x
y
(
,
)
t
mn
0
(
,
)exp[
sin
(
cos
W
x
y
ik
x
x
t
w
ZU
x
(
,
,
)
,
p
i
j
l
j
e
e

mn
i
t
kR
Z

0
0 0
0 0 r

&
0 M  y0 sin M)]
wt point described
0
 with the

for
any
field
radial
e

mn

r
.
r
-M
1
1
m
n

2
1b/2 of
w& &
&
defined
mn sound pressure
module
1 a/2
nvalue
as mthe
& (pr&(,R&t,)w-=, W
=
Mw,&(tr&))e(
&  Ut0),Z& & &
w(r , t ) = iwZw(r& ,, tt)),&=p(irw
ikR
ikR
(,ir
I, (tr) ,=tiZ
,=wtU
)(r=., U
),ZRt), M inNthe
i(ZI
rt ,2tipressure
kR
t(Z)e(
t
w
W
),
)
=
The
sound
radiation
S
0
6
2
I
ZI
)Zof
(
),
r
i
r
u1u2
ke
from
Equation
8,
standardized
by
the
value
t t ) = U0 wt w(r vector
wv(r,
p
i (Zrt ,tkR

 0
Amn
dm
x-), 6M)(i=jZ(tjm
)nc)2 (j l2 ,Z
n) A l 2 ,keof this
2e
w
t
mn
)R
j ( MdmnxrP
kr(mn
U
(
,
w
t
r
i

(
,
,
,
)
=
p
R
M
t

U
Z
2 eFraunhofer
a/2can
b/2 bep0(written
mn mn
0
ZU
x
,
,
)
,
i
j
l
j
e
mne
zone
down
as

mn
&
0
-,wM&, t&) =  U0wZ &&& r .
alongythe
(0, 0) direction,
along which
R
R 2S
2 SR ik sin -( x0 cos Mrmn
& x
W ( x0 , y0 )exp[
 ymodule
0 .
0 sin M)]dx 0 d
m 1 n 1

pw(trI,(tr),=t )U=0 iZII((rr,r, t.t2),) S=RiZI(r , at/2), ab/2/2 b/2

this
quantity
takes
the
maximum
proper
value
in \ m (Ea /2)
t  kR 
k ab e  ikR
a/2 b/2
wt
ti ZkR
Z
6ikRM  y sin
2 M)]d
2 x dy .
2,i y
ik sin -( x cos
e
(
)exp[
W
x
x
=
2
U
Z
c
A

ikR

e
0
0
0
0
0
0
mn
mn
0
r
d
x
(
i

m
)

(
j

n
)

l
,
&
(-R,sin
, -, ,-tM
=U M
t0)cos
u1u2 the Fraunhofer zone:
mnM)]dx 0 dy0 . ke
ke
)(( x,R=
p( Rp,ik
ZU20 Zy0 sin
S3 nm R 1  (Ea /mS)
r.a/2  b/2W ( x0 , y0 )exp[
a/2
PMmn
, -,bM/2)0=  U 0 c 2 SR Zmn Amn
2
R
S
i  Zt  kR 
ikR
R
i  Zt a/2
kRbikR
ke ikRR u1u22 S
/2
p ( R, - M)
2e
u1(uxU2 0,cyke)exp[Zikmnsin
keUikRZ2 eP a/2
)p=( R, U-0, Z
(9)
( Rbke
,/2-, M) =
A
 ikR
M()E=/2) mn
(0-
.
P0mn
mn
,
)
=
M
t
(
cos
sin
)]d
d
.
W
x
y
x
y
x
M

M

\
(
E
/2)
\
(7)
R , -, M) =  U 0 c 2 SR0 Zmn
Amn
e
kab
0
0
0
0
(
,
)exp[
sin
(
cos
sin
)]d
d
.
W
x
y
ik
x
y
x
y
xmn
M

M
m a0 0
n b max p ( R, - M)
SR
R 20S
0 0 = 2R
0
2
U
Z
.
c
A
mn
/2
/2
a
b


2
S
R
R
mn
mn
0
 a/2  b/2
b/2
S3ikR
)2
nm
/mS)2\1n(E(Eb /2)
a/2 b/2
ikR
e uikRuR \1 m((EEaa/2)
b /nS-M
 ikR
ke
ikR
kab
ikR
ke
sin
(
cos
sin
)]d
d
.
ik
x
y
x
y
M

M
\
(
E
/2)
\
(
E
/2)
e
kab
W (xx0 , y0 )exp[
1
2
=
2
U
Z
. M N
c
A
u
u
0
0
0
0
ke
ke
a y
n xb0 d1y02.
, yP0 )exp[
sin
sinAmnM)]d
0
U0 ccosm MZ
Zmn
-, M
, ik
) =-( x
0mn
2
3
= 2W
U (cxZ
.
The2 numerical analysis
of the modal
of jZt
(R
P0mn
R , -(,RM
(mn
A
b/2
mn A
Amn jindex
mn
2R2 S 1  (Ea /mS) 1  (Eb /nS)
3 ) =  UR0 c 0 pmn
2 M)mnS nm
mn, -
mn
( Mmn krmn )
 a/2  b/2 0
R
R
(- M) = 1 R (Ea /mS) 1  (RE.b /n2SS)
PSmn
, l)sound
p(i, jof
ethe
jZU

x e ,
ikR
ikRnm
0
directivity
radiation
through
tested
ikR
ikR p ( R, - M)
u1u2 ke max
ke
ke
 ikR
rmn
p
(
R
,
-
M
)
mn

u
u

ikR
ke

1
1
m
n
\
(
E
/2)
\
(
E
/2)
The
sound
pressure
amplitude
p
(R,
,
)

e
kab
mn
1 2
=
ZU,mn
nb /2)b
\ m (Ema /2)aacoustic
\ n (Esystem
-AMmn) P Z
kab. mne
P  U(0Rc, -, MpR)mn
= (R
A2)mn
was
== 2U
=-M
2cUZ0 cZAmn Amn
. performed on the basis of
mnM
0c
mn.R(-
S
.
- mn
M) =
2
3
2
mn
mn
0
2 Sthe
R
R7 and
max
pmn
( R, conversions
- M3 )S nmR which
2 S)
R1  1(E (/m
E S/m
Er8mn
d x9. Directivity
(i m)6  ( of
j radiation
n)2  l 2 , for
M
N S nm
max pmn ( Rbased
, - M)on Equation
b /n
)2 S1) 1(Eb (/n
S
)and
Equations
 ikR
(E ikR
a a
bA
-M
\
/2)
\
(
E
/2)
e
kab
(
M

)
j
kr
j
Z
t
mn
m
a
n
are
not
discussed
here
can
be
written
down
as
an
mn
mn
eZU(0R, -\Mm)(Ea/2) e.\ n (Eb /2) several
p(jmn
= 2-M
U0 cZmn A=mn2U 3cZ p(iA, j, l)kab
R, -
. x e , symmetrical modes m = n is presented
2
2)N
MS)M
mn
mn
0 nm
rmn
R
-
Mmn
(M
) =S13pnm
.
P
2
2)
S
(
E
1

(
E
S
/m
/n

elementary
formula:

A
M
N
1
1
m
n
mn
-
(
)
=
.
P

a
b
R
) ) in
j Zt
(EM
S)e 1j ( Mmn(E bkr/n

(1RjZ, t-
mn A
mn S
4a. The shape of curves shown in it
a /m
max
) mn
(i, ej,j (lM)max
,
pmn
jZU
) 0p(mn
x e Figure
p
R
,
)
-
M
mn kr
mn
mn
x
,
l) p jZU
e

6
2
2
) ( R, - M) r -M-M
r
mn ( R0, - Mp

( mn
d x m(i 1 m
j n)  l , indicates that the radiated sound pressure reaches
n )1 
r
mn
m 1 nmn1 . mn

.
Pmax
mn (-pM) =
MN N6
(
R
,
)
-
M

M
2 kr )
mn max p ( R, - M
( A
) 2 d x (i m) Amn
j mn
j (nMemn
)2j ( Mmn
,) mn jxZte jZt ,
6 mnp(i, j,2rlmn
krlmn
-M
ZU
)
j

d
x
(
i

m
)

(
j

n
)

l
,

0
ZU
(
,
,
)
p
i
j
l
j
e
-M

mn

xe ,
0
rmn
m 1m n1 1 n 1 rmn

M
N

j Zt 4
M
AJOSE
Mmn A
) 13, No.
krVol.

mn jN(2007,

mn
j Zt
mn j ( Mx e krmn
, )
(i, 0j, l) jZU0 r er rmn
pjZU
im)6m)6( j(xjne)2 n),2l 2, l 2 ,
x d e(xi(mn

m 1 n 1 mn mn drmn

m 1 n 1

A Power Transformer as a Source of Noise

385

Figure 4. The modal index of radiation directivity for the selected four forms of free vibration of
a rectangular plate with free articulated support for different values of plate parameters. Notes.
am=n=1, 2, 3, 4; =33; =/2; h=4mm; bm=n=3; =11, ... , 44; =/2; h=4 mm;
cm=n=3; =44; =/2; h=(2, 4, 8) mm; dm=n=4; =44; =/2; h=(2, 4, 8) mm.

Figure 5. Loudspeakers arranged in the spatial co-ordinates system (i, j, l).

JOSE 2007, Vol. 13, No. 4

2
Zmn = kmn
D/Uh , 2 S R

S0
[i Zt  kR )]

386 W.M. ZAWIESKA

the maximum value along the main direction
of the = 0 plate for modes with odd numbers
m=n=1, 3, and along a direction other than
the main 0 direction for modes with even
numbers m=n=2, 4, ... .
Calculations were performed for the follow
ing values of parameters of the vibroacoustic
system containing a vibrating rectangular
plate: a homogeneous steel plate with density
=7700kg/m3 and dimensions a b (a=1.04m,
b=0.52m), plate thickness h={2,4,8}103m,
Poissons ratio for steel v = 0.3, acoustic wave
propagation speed in air c = 340 m/s, air density
0 = 1293 kg/m3, Youngs modulus for steel
E=205.0109N/m2.

4. ACOUSTIC MODEL OF A POWER

TRANSFORMER
As mentioned earlier the vibrating plate can be
simulated with an acoustic system comprised
of an array of loudspeakers, each of which can
be treated as a source of a spherical wave (the
analysis is performed for the far field of the
Fraunhofer zone).

& &&
&e
&&
cos(r I, r(r,
-cos(
0) =
t sinI
R, -M MM
, 0t );=r = ( R, - M) v(r0 )e[ikr0 cos(r,r0 )] d
&
2S R S
r0 = ( x0 , y0 )
0
& &
&
& cos(r ,wr ) =&sin -cos(M & M ); r =& ( R, - M& )
v(r, t ) = U0& 0w(r , t ) = iZw(r , t ),0 w(r , t ) = W (r )e(iZt ),
t ( x 0 , y0 )
r0w=
In order
to perform simulations and computer
w &w &
&
&
& must &
) =& Ut )0 = UIthe
(r , problem
p(calculations,
r , tv(r,
t ) = iZI(subject
r , t ), & to analysis
wt 0 wt w(r , t ) = iZw(r , t ), w(r , t ) = W (r )e(iZt ),
& be digitized in time and space. As regards the
r.
w consideration,
&
&
&
steady
I(r ,it)Z=
ZI(r , ttime
), variability
p(r ,state
t ) = Uunder
t ikR
0
wt 2 ein the calculations. Figure 5
be disregarded
p(can
R, & , M, t ) =  U0 Z
r . the arrangement
2of
SRan array loudspeakers
shows
/2
/2
a
b
iN)
kR 
 Zt treated
with dimensions of (M,
as point
2 eik sin -( x cos M  y sin M)]dx dy .
W, t()x=
y0U)exp[
xp( R
, -, M
0 ,
0
0
0 0
Z
0
sources
in
the
co-ordinate
system
(i,
j,
l).
 a/2  b/2
2 SR
ikR into account
The calculations
a/2 b/2 ketake
u
ke ikR au1digitized
Pmn
( R , -, Mx
) =  U 0 cW ( x , y
AmnJ,
)exp[
( x0 2cos
ik sin
-The
M  y sin M)]dx
0 Z
0mn
space
with
dimensions
of
(I,
L)
.
R 2 S spatial 0
 a/2  b/2 R
grid is cubical, with a side
of d. The
 ikR acoustic
\ n (E
ke AikR k ab e ke ikR\um1u(E
a /2)
=
2
U
Z
c
pressure
in
a
complex
form
at
point
P(i, 2j,
Pmn ( R , -, M) =  U0 0 c mn mn Zmn
3 Amn R
2
(2ESa /mS) 1  (Eb
R1  with
of sources
l), originating from an RarrayS nm
 ikR
\ m (Ea /2)
p ( R, - M) is expressed
k ab e
dimensions
U0 cZmn
(- M) = ofmn(M,= 2N)
. Amn 3 with the
Pmn
R
max pmn[13]:
( R, - M)
S nm
1  (Ea /mS)2 1
following formula
-M

pmn ( R, - M)
Pmn (-
M) = M N Amn j ( M. kr ) jZt
p(i, j, l) jZU0 max pmn( R, -eM) mn mn x e ,
-M
r

(10)
m 1 n 1 mn
M
N

A 2 j ( Mmn krmn ) jZt

6
m
)2 ,mn
forrmn
I; )0j = (1,j 2,n...
J;l el, = 2, ... , L; x e ,
) (...i j,ZU
pi (=
i, 1,
jd, lx2,
r

m 1 n 1 mn

where

rmn

d x (i m)6  ( j n)2  l 2 , (11)

and dresolution (side of the digitization

grid),m.

Figure 6. A model of a plate (enclosure wall) as an array comprised of four sources.

JOSE 2007, Vol. 13, No. 4

A Power Transformer as a Source of Noise

387

Figure 7. An acoustic model of a power transformer.

For the far field condition in the case under

consideration to be satisfied, the following
relationship must be fulfilled:
l>>kd2.

(12)

The plate model in the form of an array

comprised of four point sources is presented
in Figure 6, and the acoustic model of a power
transformer developed on the basis of the
presented approach is shown in Figure 7. For the
results of laboratory studies using the model of a
power transformer see Zawieska [14].

5. SIMULATING STUDIES
The results of sample simulations of acoustic
wave emission by a plate simulated in such a
way are presented as pressure curves in Figure8.
Simulations were performed for two different
source arrangements using Matlab suite
version5.

Column A in Figure 8 shows the results for an

arrangement of four sources placed on vertices
of a square with sides of 0.75 m; two sources
at opposite corners have phases shifted by
relative to the other two. The volume velocity
of all sources was equal to 0.05 m3/s. Column B
shows the results for an analogous arrangement
of sources, with the phase matched in all sources.
Column C shows the scale of tones, in dB/20
Pa, for the presented charts.
Row 1 presents diagrams of the level of
acoustic pressure complex modulus in the OXY
2
plane at a distance of 2.25 m (10kd ) from the
source plane. Row 2 illustrates diagrams of the
level of complex modulus of acoustic pressure
in the OXY plane at a distance of 10 m from the
source plane. Row 3 shows diagrams of the level
of complex modulus of acoustic pressure in the
OXZ plane horizontally (fixed co-ordinate y) of
the first pair of sources.

JOSE 2007, Vol. 13, No. 4

388 W.M. ZAWIESKA

Figure 8. Results of simulation calculations of noise control in a transformer simulated by an array of

loudspeakers.

JOSE 2007, Vol. 13, No. 4

A Power Transformer as a Source of Noise

6. CONCLUSIONS
The research and numerical simulations discussed
in this paper showed that a power transformer
as a source of noise can be simulated with good
approximation as an array of point sources.
With specific geometric conditions satisfied,
these sources can be put into effect (in a certain
frequency range) with appropriately selected
loudspeakers. By controlling the amplitude and
phase of each loudspeaker, the desired directional
characteristics of the source can be obtained.
The mathematical simulation performed and
the actual acoustic model of the transformer
in the form of an array of loudspeakers made
it possible to perform several simulations and
laboratory investigations pertaining to the use of
active methods for the control of noise emitted
by transformers. Particularly valuable are the
possibilities open by the use of developed models
in designing active systems for use in actual
conditions first of all during the phase of tuning
the circuit controlling operation of the system and
initial adjustment of the developed system in its
final form.

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