Exercise 2

Q1: Identify all relevant elements, identify each element as either a stock, flow, or a constant, and
label its units. For each stock, determine its inflows and outflows. Provide the causal graph before
convert it to stock and flow diagram.
Elements
Children
Child-bearing adults
Seniors
Maturing
Deaths
Aging
Births
Number of child-bearing
couples
babies per couple
Adults per couple
Total population
Years as X

Type
Stock
Stock
Stock
Out of children into child-bearing adults
flow out of seniors
out of child-bearing adults into seniors
flow into children
Constants

Unit
People
People
People/year
People/year
People/year
People/year
people/year
couple

constant
constant
auxiliary variable
Constants

people/couple
People
People
years

Q2: Define the equations for all model elements. If there are N people in an age group and they
remain in that age group for M years, then N/M people leave the age group each year
Births= Number_of_chilbearing_couples*Babies_per_couple/Years_as_a_childbearing_adult
Maturing= Children/Years_a_a_child
Aging= Chilbearing_adults/Years_as_a_childbearing_adult
Deaths= Senior/Years_as_a_senior

Number of chilbearing couples= Chilbearing_adults/Adults_per_couple

Total population= Chilbearing_adults+Children+Senior

Q3: Study how the demographics of the small town will change over time
1: Total population
1:

3400

1
1

1:

3200

1
1:

3000
0.00

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Fig.1 Total population

1: Children
1:
2:
3:

2: Chilbearing adults

3: Senior

1050
1200
1400
3

3
3

1:
2:
3:

1:
2:
3:

950
1100
1200

62.50

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850
1000
1000
0.00

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#Children,Child-bearing addults, and seniors

Fig.2 Child, Child-bearing, seniors

Q4: Did the model generate the behavior you predicted? Explain
The behavior of the system makes sense. Each stock starts with 1000 people:
For children, each person lives 20 years as a child, so 1/20 of the children (50 initially) leave the
stock per year. Initially there are 1000 child-bearing adults, so 500 child-bearing couples, i.e.,
each year a couple has 2/25 children. The total number of children born per year is 500*2/25=40

children. Because the inflow to the Children stock is 40 people while the outflow is 50 people,
the net flow into the stock is 10 people per year, so the number of children decreases by DT*10,
for DT=0.0652, this decrease is 0.625 people during the first step. The stock will keep decreasing
until the inflow births is equal the outflow maturing.
Same analysis for Childbearing adults and seniors stocks.
Q5: Did the system will reach equilibrium or will exhibit exponential behavior
For the stocks Children, Seniors, and Childbearing adults, to be in equilibrium we need to have:
Births=maturing; Maturing=aging; Childbearing=deaths. By developing these equations, the
equilibrium is reached when the system reaches the following proportions:
Children/20 = Childbearing/25 = Seniors/30

Q6: If each couple only has one child, what happens to the population distribution now? Simulate
the model over 100 years
1: Children
1:
2:
3:

1000
1050
2000

1:
2:
3:

500
550
1000

2: Chilbearing adults

3: Senior

2
1

3
2
3
1

1
1:
2:
3:

3
1

0.00
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0
50
0
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#Children,Child-bearing addults, and seniors

Fig.3 Child, Child-bearing, seniors

1: Total population
1:

3000

1
1:

1500

1
1:

0
0.00

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Fig.4 Total population

Exercise 3
Q1 : Simulate the cruise control system without controller and feedback (open-loop), m =
1000kg, b = 50 N*sec/m, u = 500 N. Does this satisfy the rise time criterion of less than 5
seconds

in= (-b*v/m)+mu/m

1: v
1:

10
1

1:

1
1:

0
0.00

Page 1

30.00

60.00
Time

90.00
120.00
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Fig.5 Speed variation without control

Q2: Use the following equations and simulate the system. How the system responds to a step
input

in= (-b*v/m)+(k*(vdes-v)/m)

1: v
1:

20
1

1:

10

1:

0
0.00

3.00

Page 1

6.00
Time

9.00
12.00
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Fig.6 Speed variation with control

Exercise 4
Q1: Simulate the system with the link capacity is set to
or v(t) = 100

= 40 and the input rate is set to v(t) = 50

Receiver=40*R/(1+R) ; v= 50 ; DT=0.0125

1: R
1:

2000

1:

1000
1
1
1

1:

1
0.00

Page 1

25.00

50.00
Time
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Fig.7 Buffer occupancy with v(t) equal 50

75.00
100.00
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1: R
1:

7000

1:

3500

1:

0.00

25.00

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50.00
Time

75.00
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Fig.8 Buffer occupancy with v(t) equal 100

Q2: Use the following feedback control to limit the buffer occupancy to a fixed value equal 100,
sigma is equal 0.5

Sender=v*(100-R)/(0.5+100-R); Receiver=40*R/(1+R)
1: R
1:

100

1:

50

25.00

50.00
Time

1:

0
0.00

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75.00
100.00
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Fig.9 Buffer occupancy with v(t) equal 50 using feedback control

1: R
1:

100

1:

50

1:

0.00
Page 1

25.00

50.00
Time

75.00
100.00
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Fig.10 Buffer occupancy with v(t) equal 100 using feedback control