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CAESAR II 2011 Applications Guide
Copyright 1985-2011 Intergraph CAS, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Contents
Chapter 1
Introduction
1-1
Overview .................................................................................................................................................. 1-1

Program Support / User Assistance .......................................................................................................... 1-2
Technical Support ..................................................................................................................................... 1-2
Chapter 2
Bends
2-1
Bend Definition ........................................................................................................................................ 2-2

Single and Double Flanged Bends or Stiffened Bends ............................................................................. 2-3
180 Degree Return Fitting-To-Fitting 90 Degree Bends .......................................................................... 2-4
Mitered Bends ........................................................................................................................................... 2-5
Closely Spaced Mitered Bend................................................................................................................... 2-6
Widely Spaced Mitered Bend ................................................................................................................... 2-8
Elbows - Different Wall Thickness......................................................................................................... 2-11
Bend Flexibility Factor ........................................................................................................................... 2-12
Chapter 3
Restraints
3-1
Anchors ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-2

Anchors with Displacements .................................................................................................................... 3-3
Flexible Anchors ....................................................................................................................................... 3-4
Flexible Anchors with Predefined Displacements .................................................................................... 3-5
Flexible Nozzle - WRC Bulletin 297 ........................................................................................................ 3-6
Flexible Nozzle with Predefined Displacements ...................................................................................... 3-8
Flexible Nozzle with Complete Vessel Model.......................................................................................... 3-9
Double-Acting Restraints ....................................................................................................................... 3-13
Double-Acting Restraints - Translational .................................................................................... 3-13
Double-Acting Restraints - Rotational ........................................................................................ 3-14
Single-Directional Restraints .................................................................................................................. 3-15
Guides ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-16
Limit Stops.............................................................................................................................................. 3-18
Windows ................................................................................................................................................. 3-20
Rotational Directional Restraints with Gaps ........................................................................................... 3-21
Single-Directional Restraint with Predefined Displacement .................................................................. 3-22
Single-Directional Restraint and Guide with Gap and Predefined Displacement ................................... 3-23
Restraint Settlement ................................................................................................................................ 3-24
Skewed Double-Acting Restraint with Gap ............................................................................................ 3-25
Skewed Single-Directional Restraint ...................................................................................................... 3-27
Restraint Between Two Pipes Using CNodes ......................................................................................... 3-28
Restraint Between Vessel and Pipe Models ............................................................................................ 3-29
Restraints on a Bend at 45 Degrees ........................................................................................................ 3-30
Restraints on a Bend at 30 and 60 Degrees ............................................................................................. 3-31
Vertical Dummy Leg on Bends .............................................................................................................. 3-32
Near/Far Point Method ................................................................................................................ 3-32
On Curvature Method .................................................................................................................. 3-32
Offset Element Method ............................................................................................................... 3-32
Contents
Vertical Leg Attachment Angle .............................................................................................................. 3-35
Horizontal Dummy Leg on Bends .......................................................................................................... 3-36
Large Rotation Rods - Basic Model........................................................................................................ 3-37
Large Rotation Rods - Chain Supports ................................................................................................... 3-39
Bi-Linear Restraints ................................................................................................................................ 3-40
Static Snubbers ....................................................................................................................................... 3-42
Plastic Hinges ......................................................................................................................................... 3-43
Sway Brace Assemblies .......................................................................................................................... 3-44
Chapter 4
Hangers
4-1
General Information .................................................................................................................................. 4-2

Simple Hanger Design .............................................................................................................................. 4-3
Single Can Design .................................................................................................................................... 4-4
Constant Effort Support Design ................................................................................................................ 4-4
Constant Effort Supports - No Design ...................................................................................................... 4-5
Existing Springs - No Design ................................................................................................................... 4-6
Multiple Can Design ................................................................................................................................. 4-7
Old Spring Redesign ................................................................................................................................. 4-8
Pipe and Hanger Supported From Vessel ................................................................................................. 4-9
Hanger Design with Support Thermal Movement .................................................................................. 4-10
Hanger Between Two Pipes .................................................................................................................... 4-11
Hanger Design with Anchors in the Vicinity .......................................................................................... 4-12
Hanger Design with User-Specified Operating Load ............................................................................. 4-14
Simple Bottomed Out Spring .................................................................................................................. 4-15
Lift Off Spring Can ................................................................................................................................. 4-16
Modeling Spring Cans with Friction....................................................................................................... 4-17
Chapter 5
Expansion Joints
5-1
Universal Expansion Joints - Simple Models ........................................................................................... 5-2

Tied Bellows Expansion Joint - Simple Model......................................................................................... 5-7
Universal Joint With Lateral Control Stops - Comprehensive Tie Rod Model ........................................ 5-9
Hinged Joint ............................................................................................................................................ 5-10
Slotted Hinge Joint - Simple Model........................................................................................................ 5-12
Slotted Hinge Joint - Comprehensive Model .......................................................................................... 5-13
Tied Bellows - Simple vs. Complex Model ............................................................................................ 5-14
Slip Joint ................................................................................................................................................. 5-16
Gimbal Joints .......................................................................................................................................... 5-18
Tied Bellows Expansion Joint - Complex Model ................................................................................... 5-19
Dual Gimbal............................................................................................................................................ 5-21
Simple Bellows with Pressure Thrust ..................................................................................................... 5-23
Pressure-Balanced Tees and Elbows....................................................................................................... 5-26
Universal Joint - Comprehensive Tie Rod .............................................................................................. 5-27
Chapter 6
Miscellaneous Models
6-1
Reducers ................................................................................................................................................... 6-2

Ball Joints ................................................................................................................................................. 6-3
Jacketed Pipe ............................................................................................................................................ 6-4
Cold Spring ............................................................................................................................................... 6-6
Connecting Equipment ............................................................................................................................. 6-7
Vertical Vessels ............................................................................................................................. 6-7
Horizontal Vessels ....................................................................................................................... 6-12
Contents
Chapter 7
Tutorial A
7-1
System Overview ...................................................................................................................................... 7-2

Preparing the Drawing ................................................................................................................... 7-4
Generating CAESAR II Input ........................................................................................................ 7-6
Input Review ............................................................................................................................... 7-20
Ending the Input Session ............................................................................................................. 7-23
Performing the Static Analysis .................................................................................................... 7-24
Reviewing the Static Results .................................................................................................................. 7-26
Static Analysis Output Listing ..................................................................................................... 7-31
Conclusions............................................................................................................................................. 7-39
Chapter 8
Examples
8-1
Example 1 - Harmonic Analysis - TABLE ............................................................................................... 8-2

Harmonic Analysis of This System ............................................................................................... 8-5
Example 2 - Relief Valve Loads - RELIEF .............................................................................................. 8-7
Relief Valve Example Problem Setup ........................................................................................... 8-9
CAESAR II Gas Thrust Load Calculations ............................................................................................ 8-12
Example 3 - Dynamic Analysis of Water Hammer Loads (HAMMER) ................................................ 8-20
Notes for Analyzing Water Hammer Loads ................................................................................ 8-28
Water Hammer Loading - Output Discussion ............................................................................. 8-30
Problem Solution ......................................................................................................................... 8-32
Example 4 - Dynamic Analysis of Independent Support Earthquake Excitation (CRYISM) ................. 8-33
Cryogenic Piping Dynamics Example ......................................................................................... 8-34
Discussion of Results................................................................................................................... 8-45
Example 5 - Structural Analysis - FRAME ............................................................................................ 8-47
Example 6 - Dynamic Analysis - NUREG9 ........................................................................................... 8-58
NRC Example NUREG 9 ............................................................................................................ 8-58
Example 7 - Omega Loop Modeling - OMEGA ..................................................................................... 8-65
Example 8 - Jacketed Piping - JACKET ................................................................................................. 8-70
Step 1 - Create Modeling Plan ..................................................................................................... 8-71
Step 2 - Node Layout ................................................................................................................... 8-72
Step 3 - Core Piping Input ........................................................................................................... 8-74
Step 4 - Jacket Input - 1st Half .................................................................................................... 8-75
Step 5 - Jacket Input - 2nd Half ................................................................................................... 8-78
Example 9 - WRC 107 ............................................................................................................................ 8-80
Converting Forces/Moments in the CAESAR II Global Coordinates to WRC 107 Local Axes ............ 8-82
Example 10 - NEMA SM23 ................................................................................................................... 8-91
NEMA Example PT69M ............................................................................................................. 8-91
Nozzle Results for PT69M .......................................................................................................... 8-94
Nozzle Load Summation Report ................................................................................................. 8-95
Chapter 9
Tutorial B
9-1
Evaluating Pump Discharge Loads ........................................................................................................... 9-2

Creating Accurate Models ...................................................................................................................... 9-11
WRC 297 Calculations Completed at End of Error Checking ................................................................ 9-15
Checking Nozzle Loads .......................................................................................................................... 9-21
System Redesign ..................................................................................................................................... 9-25
Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 9-35
CH AP TER
Chapter 1 Introduction
This chapter discusses the organization of the manual and important information regarding user assistance.
In This Chapter
Overview ....................................................................................... 1-1
Program Support / User Assistance ............................................... 1-2
Technical Support.......................................................................... 1-2
Overview
The CAESAR II Applications Guide is intended to serve as an example guide, showing the application of
CAESAR II. Users should refer to this manual for examples of specific piping components, as well as complete
example jobs.
Chapters 2 through 6 of this manual illustrate the techniques and methods used to model individual piping
components, restraints, and attached equipment. These chapters should be referenced often when modeling
seldom-used components or unusual geometries. Users should recognize that the numeric data used in these
examples is not necessarily applicable in all cases. In general, the numeric values used in these examples are
fictitious quantities, unless otherwise noted.
Chapter 7 is a chapter of worked examples, illustrating the application of CAESAR II to various piping problems.
These examples illustrate modeling, problem solving, and program operation.
Chapters 8 and 9 contain a tutorial that walks users through the modeling and analysis of a complete system.
Users are encouraged to work through these chapters, especially if a particular analysis has not been previously
attempted. The component modeling examples in Chapters 2 through 6 are especially useful, for both modeling
techniques and general program understanding. The examples in Chapter 7 also provide engineering guidelines
and indicate where assumptions must be made in attempting to solve real-world problems.
1-2
Introduction
Program Support / User Assistance

We understands that CAESAR II is not only a complex analysis tool but also, at times, an elaborate processone
that may not be obvious to the casual user. While our documentation is intended to address questions regarding
piping analysis, system modeling, and results interpretation, not all the answers can be quickly found in these
volumes.
Intergraph CAS understands the engineers need to produce efficient, economical, and expeditious designs. To
that end, Intergraph CAS has a staff of helpful professionals ready to address any CAESAR II and piping issues
raised by users. CAESAR II support is available by telephone, e-mail, fax, and the Internet; literally hundreds of
support calls are answered every week. Intergraph CAS provides this service at no additional charge to the user. It
is expected, however, that questions focus on the current version of the program.
Formal training in CAESAR II and pipe stress analysis is also available from Intergraph CAS. Intergraph CAS
schedules regular training classes in Houston and provides in-house and open attendance training around the
world. These courses focus on the expertise available at Intergraph CAS modeling, analysis, and design.
Technical Support
Phone:281-890-4566
E-mail: caesarii@intergraph.com
Fax:
WEB: www.coade.com
281-890-3301
CH AP TER
Chapter 2 Bends
This chapter illustrates the modeling techniques for various bend geometries in CAESAR II.
In This Chapter
Bend Definition ............................................................................. 2-2
Single and Double Flanged Bends or Stiffened Bends.................. 2-3
180 Degree Return Fitting-To-Fitting 90 Degree Bends ............... 2-4
Mitered Bends ............................................................................... 2-5
Closely Spaced Mitered Bend ....................................................... 2-6
Widely Spaced Mitered Bend ........................................................ 2-8
Elbows - Different Wall Thickness ............................................... 2-11
Bend Flexibility Factor .................................................................. 2-12
2-2
Bends
Bend Definition
Bends are defined by the element entering the bend and the element leaving the bend. The actual bend curvature
is always physically at the TO end of the element entering the bend.
The input for the element leaving the bend must follow the element entering the bend. The bend angle is defined
by these two elements. Bend radius defaults to 1 1/2 times the pipe nominal diameter (long radius), but may be
changed to any other value. Specifying a bend automatically generates two additional intermediate nodes at the
0-degree location and at the bend mid-point (M).
For stress and displacement output, the TO node of the element entering the bend is located geometrically at the
far-point on the bend. The far-point is at the weldline of the bend, and adjacent to the straight element leaving
the bend.
The 0-degree point on the bend is at the weldline of the bend, and adjacent to the straight element entering the
bend.
The FROM point on the element is located at the 0-degree point of the bend (and no 0-degree node point will be
generated) if the total length of the element as specified in the DX, DY, and DZ fields is equal to:
R tan ( / 2)
Where is the bend angle, and R is the bend radius of curvature to the bend centerline.
Nodes defined in the Angle and Node fields are placed at the given angle on the bend curvature. The angle starts
with zero degrees at the near-point on the bend and goes to degrees at the far-point of the bend.
Angles are always entered in degrees. Entering the letter M as the angle designates the bend midpoints.
Nodes on the bend curvature cannot be placed closer together than specified by the Minimum Angle to
Adjacent Bend parameter in the Configure-SetupGeometry section. This includes the spacing between the
nodes on the bend curvature and the near and far-points of the bend.
The minimum and maximum total bend angle is specified by the Minimum Bend Angle and Maximum Bend
Angle parameters in the Configure SetupGeometry section.
Chapter 2 Bends
2-3
Single and Double Flanged Bends or Stiffened Bends

Single and double flanged bend specifications only effect the stress intensification and flexibility of the bend.
There is no automatic rigid element (or change in weight) generated for the end of the bend. Single and doubleflanged bends are indicated by entering 1 or 2 (respectively) for the Type in the bend auxiliary input. Rigid
elements defined before or after the bend will not alter the bend's stiffness or stress intensification factors.
When specifying single flanged bends it does not matter which end of the bend the flange is on.
If the user wishes to include the weight of the rigid flange(s) at the bend ends, then he/she should put rigid
elements (whose total length is the length of a flange pair) at the bend ends where the flange pairs exist.
As a guideline, British Standard 806 recommends stiffening the bends whenever a component that significantly
stiffens the pipe cross section is found within two diameters of either bend end.
The flanges in the figures below are modeled only to the extent that they affect the stiffness and the stress
intensification for the bends.
Flanged Bends
2-4
Bends
180 Degree Return Fitting-To-Fitting 90 Degree Bends

Two 90-degree bends should be separated by twice the bend radius.
The far-point of the first bend is the same as the near-point of the second (following) bend.
The user is recommended to put nodes at the mid-point of each bend comprising the 180 degree return. (See the
example below.)
180 Degree Bend
DX = 2R
Chapter 2 Bends
2-5
Mitered Bends
Evenly spaced mitered bends, whether closely or widely spaced, are uniquely defined by two parameters:
Number of cuts (changes in direction)
Equivalent radius <or> miter spacing.
For closely spaced miters the equivalent radius is equal to the code defined R1 for B31.3 and R for B31.1.
The equation relating the equivalent radius to the spacing for evenly spaced miters is:
R eq = S / [ 2 tan() ]
Where:
R eq - equivalent miter bend radius
S - spacing of the miter cuts along the centerline
- code defined half-angle between adjacent miter cuts:

= / 2N
Where:
- total bend angle
N - number of cuts
An additional parameter B (length of miter segment at crotch) is checked for closely spaced miters when using
B31.1. B may be found for evenly spaced miters from:
B = S [ 1 - r o / R eq ]
Where:
r o - outside radius of pipe cross-section.
2-6
Bends
Closely Spaced Mitered Bend

Miter bends are closely spaced if:
S < r [ 1 + tan () ]
Where:
S - miter spacing
r - average pipe cross section radius: (ri+ro)/2
- one-half the angle between adjacent miter cuts.
B31.1 has the additional requirements that:

B > 6 tn
22.5 deg.
B - length of the miter segment at the crotch.
t n - nominal wall thickness of pipe.
Closely spaced miters regardless of the number of miter cuts may be entered as a single bend. CAESAR II will
always calculate the spacing from the bend radius. If the user has the miter spacing and not the bend radius, the
radius must be calculated as shown on the following page.
Chapter 2 Bends
2-7
The mitered bend shown below has 4 cuts through 90 degrees and a spacing of 15.913 in.
R eq = S / [ 2 tan () ]
/ 2N
=
90 / [2(4)]
11.25 deg.
R eq = 15.913 / [2 tan (11.25 deg.)]

=
40
Closely Spaced Miter Bend
2-8
Bends
Widely Spaced Mitered Bend

Mitered bends are widely spaced if:
S r * [1 + tan ()]
S - spacing between miter points along the miter segment centerline.
r - average cross section radius (r i +r o )/2
- one-half angle between adjacent miter cuts.
B31.1 has the additional requirement that:

22.5 deg.
In CAESAR II, widely spaced miters must be entered as individual, single cut miters, each having a bend radius
equal to:
R = r [1 + cot ()] / 2
R - reduced bend radius for widely spaced miters.
During error checking, CAESAR II will produce a warning message for each mitered component, which does not
pass the test for a closely spaced miter.
Chapter 2 Bends
2-9
These components should be re-entered as a group of single cut joints
Widely Spaced Miter

Pipe O.D. = 10.375 in.
Assuming closely spaced:
Pipe Thk. = 0.500 in.
= /2 =90/(22) =22.5 deg.
Bend Angle = 90
S = R eq [2tan(
)]
Cuts = 2
= 45[2tan(22.5)]
R eq = 45 in.
= 37.279 in.
Now check s r2 [1+tan(
)]
r2 [1+tan()] = 4.9375[1+ tan(22.5)] = 6.9 826 in.
37.279>6.9826 The miter is widely spaced.
Calculate the coordinates to get from the tangent intersection point of the single cut miter bend at node 10 to
the single cut miter bend at node 15.
Note: The straight pipe section coming into and going out of the bend must be R eq sin ( ).
R=
[1+cot(
)]
= 4.9375
[1+cot(22.5)]
2
= 8.4288 in.
DX = Scos(45)
DY = Ssin(45)
= 37.279cos(45)
= 37.279sin(45)
= 26.360 in.
= 26.360 in.
2-10
Bends
Widely Spaced Miters ... Continued

Input widely spaced miters as individual straight pipe elements, with bends specified, having one miter
cut.
Coming up to the first cut.
Coming out of the second cut.
Between the first and second cuts.
Chapter 2 Bends
2-11
Elbows - Different Wall Thickness

When the fitting thickness in the bend auxiliary field is entered, CAESAR II changes the thickness of the curved
portion of the bend element only. The thickness of any preceding or following straight pipe is unaffected.
The specified fitting thickness applies for the current elbow only and is not carried on to any subsequent elbows
in the job.
Stresses at the elbow are calculated based on the section modulus of the matching pipe as specified in the B31
codes. However, stress intensification factors and flexibility factors for the bend are based on the elbow wall
thickness.
Thick Elbow
Note: The elbow at 10 has a thickness larger than the matching pipe wall.
The matching pipe has a thickness of 0.5.
2-12
Bends
Bend Flexibility Factor

Normally bend flexibility factors are calculated according to code requirements. However, the user may override
the code calculation by entering a value in the K-factor field. For example, if the user enters 1.5 in this field, the
bend will be 1.5 times as flexible as a straight pipe of the same length.
CH AP TER
Chapter 3 Restraints
This chapter details the modeling of various restraint types in CAESAR II.
In This Chapter
Anchors ......................................................................................... 3-2
Anchors with Displacements ......................................................... 3-3
Flexible Anchors ........................................................................... 3-4
Flexible Anchors with Predefined Displacements......................... 3-4
Flexible Nozzle - WRC Bulletin 297 ............................................ 3-6
Flexible Nozzle with Predefined Displacements ........................... 3-8
Flexible Nozzle with Complete Vessel Model .............................. 3-9
Double-Acting Restraints .............................................................. 3-12
Single-Directional Restraints......................................................... 3-15
Guides ............................................................................................ 3-16
Limit Stops .................................................................................... 3-18
Windows ........................................................................................ 3-19
Rotational Directional Restraints with Gaps ................................. 3-21
Single-Directional Restraint with Predefined Displacement ......... 3-21
Single-Directional Restraint and Guide with Gap and Predefined
Displacement ................................................................................. 3-22
Restraint Settlement....................................................................... 3-24
Skewed Double-Acting Restraint with Gap .................................. 3-25
Skewed Single-Directional Restraint............................................. 3-26
Restraint Between Two Pipes Using CNodes ............................... 3-28
Restraint Between Vessel and Pipe Models .................................. 3-28
Restraints on a Bend at 45 Degrees ............................................... 3-29
Restraints on a Bend at 30 and 60 Degrees ................................... 3-31
Vertical Dummy Leg on Bends ..................................................... 3-31
Vertical Leg Attachment Angle ..................................................... 3-35
Horizontal Dummy Leg on Bends ................................................. 3-35
Large Rotation Rods - Basic Model .............................................. 3-37
Large Rotation Rods - Chain Supports .......................................... 3-38
Bi-Linear Restraints....................................................................... 3-40
Static Snubbers .............................................................................. 3-42
Plastic Hinges ................................................................................ 3-43
Sway Brace Assemblies ................................................................ 3-44
3-2
Restraints
Anchors
The following are general guidelines and information concerning anchors:
The anchor default stiffness for translational and rotational degrees of freedom is defined in the
Configuration file.
Connecting nodes can be used with anchors to rigidly fix one point in the piping system to any other point in
the piping system.
Entries in the Stif field apply to all 6 anchor degrees of freedom.
Displacements should not be specified at an anchor. If the displacements of a particular point are known,
they should be input directly without any additional restraints or anchors.
Accurate input of the piping boundary conditions (i.e. restraints) is probably the single most important part
of system modeling, requiring experience both with piping fabrication and erection, and with CAESAR II.
The first group of examples illustrates a large number of boundary condition applications and their proper
modeling using CAESAR II.
Rigid Anchor at Node 5
Nozzle Connection Modeled As Anchor
Rigid Anchor Input
3-3
Anchors with Displacements

Follow these general guidelines to model anchors with displacements:
Enter only displacements for the node.
Do not specify restraints or anchors at the node to be displaced.
For anchors with displacements, make sure all 6 degrees of freedom at the node are defined.
Note: Degrees of freedom not defined (left blank) in any displacement vector are assumed to be free in all load
cases.
Up to 9 different displacement vectors (i.e., D1...D9) may be defined.
Non-zero displacements are usually part of the thermal expansion effects and, if so, should normally be added
into any analysis case containing the corresponding thermal, i.e. W+P1+T1+D1. The CAESAR II recommended
load cases do this automatically.
The translations and/or rotations for any nodal degree of freedom that have displacements specified in any
displacement vector will be zero for load cases not containing that vector as part of the load case identification,
and the specified non-zero value for load cases containing the vector as part of the load case identification. For
instance, defined displacements are used if the load case is W+P1+T1+D1 (OPE) and those displacements are
held to zero if the load case is W+P1 (SUS).
Once a degree of freedom has been fixed in one displacement vector, it cannot be free in another displacement
vector at the same node.
Note: The default value for a blank displacement field is zero.
Anchors with Predefined Displacements
Pr edefined Displacements on an Anchor
Anchor Displacement
3-4
Restraints
Flexible Anchors
Follow these guidelines to model flexible anchors:
Use six flexible restraints.
Put four restraints on one spreadsheet and the last two restraints on the next element spreadsheet.
See the following flexible nozzle examples to improve modeling methods for intersections of this type.
Flexible Restraints for Nozzle and Shell
3-5
Flexible Anchors with Predefined Displacements

To model flexible anchors with predefined displacements, implement the following requirements:
Use six flexible restraints.

Put four restraints on one spreadsheet and the last two restraints on the next element spreadsheet.
Define a unique connecting node (CNode) at each of the six restraints. All six restraints should have the
same connecting node.
Specify the displacements at the connecting node.
Flexible Anchors with Predefined Displacements

The connecting node here is 1005. Connecting node numbers may be selected at the user's convenience, but
must be unique.
3-6
Restraints
Flexible Nozzle - WRC Bulletin 297

Adhere to these requirements when modeling flexible nozzles:
Frame only one pipe element into the nozzle node.
Do not place restraints at the nozzle node.
Do not place anchors at the nozzle node.
Do not specify displacements for the nozzle node. (See the following example for displacements at flexible
nozzles.)
CAESAR II automatically performs the following functions:
Calculates nozzle flexibilities for the nozzle/vessel data entered by the user.
Calculates and inserts restraints to simulate nozzle flexibilities.
Calculates flexibilities for the axial translations, circumferential, and longitudinal bending.
Users must perform the error check process to view these calculated values.
CAESAR II uses the following criteria for its calculations:
Shear and torsional stiffnesses are assumed rigid.
Nozzle configurations outside of the WRC 297 curve limits are considered rigid. It is not unusual for one
stiffness value to be rigid because of curve limits, and the others to be suitably flexible.
The Vessel Temperature and Material fields on the WRC 297 auxiliary data area may be used to
optionally compute a reduced modulus of elasticity for the local stiffness calculations.
Schematic of Nozzle and Vessel to be Modeled Using WRC 297
WRC 297 Input Example
WRC 297 Output Example
3-7
3-8
Restraints
Flexible Nozzle with Predefined Displacements

Follow these guidelines to model flexible nozzles with predefined displacements (WRC 297):
Define a unique vessel node on the Nozzle spreadsheet.
Apply the predefined displacements to the vessel node.
Note: These displacements can be given on any element spreadsheet (the displacement node does not need to
be on an element that defines it).
The CAESAR II generated nozzle/vessel flexibilities will be inserted in restraints that act between the nozzle node
and the vessel node.
Flexible Nozzle With Predefined Displacements
Displacements Defined on Vessel Node
3-9
Flexible Nozzle with Complete Vessel Model

Follow these guidelines for modeling a flexible nozzle that includes a complete vessel:
Define a unique vessel node on the Nozzle Spreadsheet.
Run a rigid element between the vessel node defined on the Nozzle Spreadsheet and the centerline of the
vessel. The outside diameter of the rigid element should be approximately equal to the outside diameter of
the vessel. The weight of the rigid element should be zero.
Model the actual vessel length using pipe elements. The vessel diameter and wall thicknesses should be
modeled as accurately as possible
Use an anchor to model the vessel anchorage point.
The CAESAR II generated nozzle/vessel flexibilities will be inserted between the nozzle node and the vessel node.
Full WRC 297 Model Schematic
3-10
Restraints
Full WRC 297 and Vessel Model
Pipe Enter ing Nozzle
WRC 297 Auxiliar y Input
3-11
Full WRC 297 and Vessel Model Continued ...
Rigid Weight is Blank ( 0.0)
Vessel Radius Element
Vessel Element
Vessel Skir t Element At Ambient Temper atur e
3-12
WRC 297 Results Found At End Of Er r or Checking
Restraints
3-13
Double-Acting Restraints
Double-acting restraints are those that act in both directions along the line of action. The most commonly used
restraints are double-acting.
A CNode is the connecting node. If left blank, the restrained node is connected via the restraint stiffness to a
rigid point in space. If the CNode is entered, the restrained node is connected via the restraint stiffness to the
connecting node.
If a gap is specified, it is the amount of free movement along the positive or negative line of action of the
restraint before resistance to movement occurs. A gap is a length, and so is always positive.
Double-Acting Restraints - Translational

Restraint acts along both the positive and negative directions. Friction at double-acting restraints acts
orthogonally to the line of action of the restraint.
Double - Acting Restraint at Node 55 in the Z Direction
Input
Schematic
3-14
Restraints
Double-Acting Restraints - Rotational

The behavior of these restraints is similar to double-acting translational restraints.
Friction is not defined for rotational restraints.
Hinged-End Rod Free to Rotate About the Z-Axis

Restrain all except R z
Four restraints on element spreadsheet

containing node 105 and remaining
restraint on next spreadsheet.
3-15
Single-Directional Restraints
The following are some important facts pertaining to single-directional restraints:
The sign on the single-directional restraint gives the direction of free movement; that is, a +Y restraint
may move freely in the positive Y direction and will be restrained against movement in the negative Y
direction.
Single-directional restraints may define restraint along positive, negative, or skewed axes.
Any number of single-directional restraints may act along the same line of action. (If more than one single
directional restraint acts along the same line of action, then there are usually two in opposite directions and
they are used to model unequal leg gaps.)
A CNode is the connecting node. If left blank then the restrained node is connected via the restraint stiffness
to a rigid point in space. If the CNode is entered then the restrained node is connected via the restraint
stiffness to the connecting node.
Friction and gaps may be specified with single-directional restraints. The gap is in the opposite direction of
the free travel.
Rigid Single - Directional Restraint in Y at Node 20

The sign on the restraint gives the direction
of free movement. Since the stiffness is
omitted, the restraint will be rigid.
3-16
Restraints
Guides
The following are some important facts pertaining to Guides in CAESAR II.
Guides are double-acting restraints with or without a specified gap.

Connecting Nodes (CNodes) can be used with guides.
Guides may be defined using the global system coordinates or with the restraint type GUI.
A guided pipe in the horizontal or skewed direction will have a single restraint, acting in the horizontal
plane, orthogonal to the axis of the pipe.
A guided vertical pipe will have both X and Z direction supports.
CAESAR II computes direction cosines for guides. Guide direction cosines entered by the user are ignored.
Guide on Horizontal Pipe with Single Directional Restraint
Node 25 is guided in Z with a gap of 2.5 in. A

single directional restraint in the Y direction
also exists. Both restraints are rigid.
Note: In this example, replacing the guide
restraint with a Z- restraint is equivalent.
Guided Pipe in Both Horizontal and Vertical Directions
3-17
3-18
Restraints
Limit Stops
The following are important facts pertaining to Limit Stops:
Limit stops are single- or double-acting restraints whose line of action is along the axis of the pipe.
The sign on the single-directional restraint gives the direction of unlimited free movement.
Limit Stops/Single Directional Restraints can have gaps. The gap is the distance of permitted free movement
along the restraining line of action.
A gap is a length, and is always positive. Orientation of the gap along the line of action of the restraint is
accomplished via the sign on the restraint. The gap direction is opposite the direction of free travel.
Connecting Nodes (CNode) may be used with any Limit Stop model.
Limit Stops may be defined using the restraint type LIM.
Limit Stops provide double or single-acting support parallel to the pipe axis. Limit Stops may have gaps and
friction. The positive line of action of the Limit Stop is defined by the FROM and TO node on the element.
CAESAR II computes direction cosines for orthogonal or skewed limit stops. Limit Stop direction cosines
entered by the user are ignored.
Directional Limit Stop with a Gap
Two Limit Stops Acting in Opposite Directions

The stop at 45 permits unlimited free movement in the plus X direction, and 1.0 in. of free
movement in the minus X direction before the Limit Stop becomes active.
The stop at 195 permits unlimited free movement in the minus X direction, and 1.0 in. of free
movement in the plus X direction
3-19
3-20
Restraints
Windows
Keep in mind the following facts when modeling Windows in CAESAR II.
Equal leg windows are modeled using two double-acting restraints with gaps orthogonal to the pipe axis.
Unequal leg windows are modeled using four single-acting restraints with gaps orthogonal to the pipe axis.
(See the following example.)
The gap is always positive. The sign on the restraint determines the direction of movement before the gap
closes. If there is no sign, then the restraint is double-acting and the gap exists on both sides of the line of
action of the restraint. If there is a sign on the restraint then the gap exists on the restrained line of action of
the restraint, i.e. a +Y restraint is restrained against movement in the -Y direction, and any gap associated
with a +Y restraint is the free movement in the -Y direction before the restraint begins acting.
Window Modeled with Four Single Directional Restraints with Gaps
3-21
Rotational Directional Restraints with Gaps

These restraints can be considered specialty items and are typically only used in sophisticated expansion joint or
hinge models.
Rotational Directional Restraints
Allowable rotation of 5 degrees in either

direction about the Z-axis before resistance to
rotation is encountered.
Bi-Dir ectional Rotational Restr aint with Gap
Hinge Assembly at node 50 can rotate relative

to assembly at node 55 only in the positive
direction about the Z-axis.
Hinge Assembly with Dir ectional Rotational Restr aint
3-22
Restraints
Single-Directional Restraint with Predefined Displacement

Define the one-directional restraint as usual, and enter a unique node number in the CNode field. Specify the
predefined displacements for the CNode.
Single-Directional Restraint with Predefined Displacement
Piping at node 55 rests on top of the restraint that is displaced in the Y-direction, simulated by
node 1055.
3-23
Single-Directional Restraint and Guide with Gap and Predefined

Displacement
Define the single-directional restraint and guide as usual. Put a unique node number in the CNode field for the
single-directional restraint and the guide. The same unique node number should be entered in both CNode fields.
Specify the predefined displacements for the CNode.
Guide Plus Single-Directional Restraint with Predefined Displacement
Guided piping at node 70 rests on a

structural member node 1070. The
structure undergoes a predefined
displacement.
Note: In the example above, ignoring other loads that may be acting on the pipe, the 0.25 inch gap will be closed
in the -X direction, and the pipe will have a displacement of 0.50 inches in +X direction.
3-24
Restraints
Restraint Settlement
Keep in mind the following facts when modeling restraint settlement:
Model using a single-directional restraint with predefined displacements. The magnitude of the predefined
displacement is the amount of anticipated settlement in the minus Y direction.
The Operating Load Case is used to include the effect of settlement.
The settlement displacements are prescribed for the connecting node at the single directional restraint. For
more information, refer to Single-Directional Restraint with Predefined Displacement.
Settlement is considered as an EXP load with a half-cycle.
Restraint Settlement
The weight of this pipe at node
95 exerts a sufficient load on
the foundation node 1095 to
cause a calculated 0.325 in.
settlement.
3-25
Skewed Double-Acting Restraint with Gap

The following are some important considerations for modeling skewed restraints:
Direction vectors or direction cosines can be used to define the line of action of the restraint. If direction
vectors are used, CAESAR II will immediately convert them to direction cosines.
Direction cosines may be quickly checked in the graphics processor.
Any translational axis can be used in the restraint description. The redefinition of the axis does not affect
any other restraint description for the element.
Be careful when entering skewed direction input data. A common mistake is to specify an axial instead of
transverse restraint when modeling a skewed guide. Plotted section views of the restrained nodes can be an
extremely useful check of the skewed direction specification.
The sense of the direction or cosine unit vector is unimportant. In the definition of double-acting restraints,
the direction vector and cosines are only used to define the restraint line of action and are not concerned with
a direction along that line.
A simple rule can be used for finding perpendicular, skewed, or direction vectors. The restraint is to be
perpendicular to the pipe. If the pipe has skewed delta dimensions DX and DZ, the perpendicular restraint
directions vector will be (DX, 0, -DZ).
Skewed Double-Acting Restraint with Gap
Double Acting Restraint Y, Guided @ 45 Deg.
3-26
Restraints
Skewed Double-Acting Restraint with Gap Continued ...
Input Using Unit Dir ection Vector s
Input Using Dir ection Cosines
Input Using Per pendicular Vector
Input Using Guide Restr aint Type
3-27
Skewed Single-Directional Restraint

The following are some important considerations regarding skewed single-directional restraints:
Skewed restraints may be nonlinear.
Direction vectors or direction cosines may be used to define the line of action of the restraint. If direction
vectors are used CAESAR II will immediately convert them to direction cosines.
The direction of the cosines or the direction vector is along the positive line of action of the (+) restraint.
(See the figure for clarification.)
Direction cosines may be quickly checked in the graphics processor.
Connecting nodes (CNode) can be used with any skewed single-directional restraint.
Skewed Single-Directional Restraint
3-28
Restraints
Restraint Between Two Pipes Using CNodes

Note: For these two examples, the directive Connect Geometry Through CNodes must be disabled to avoid
plotting and geometry errors.
Nonlinear or linear restraints can act between two different pipe nodes. The CNode effectively represents what
the "other end of the restraint" is attached to.
Nonlinear Restraint Between Two Pipes
Rigid Rod Hanger Between Two Pipes
3-29
Restraint Between Vessel and Pipe Models

The following are some important facts that pertain to restraints acting between vessel and pipe:
Use a restraint with connecting node to link the pipe to the rigid element extending from the vessel shell.
Any number of restraints may be specified between the restrained node and the connecting node.
Restraints may be linear or nonlinear with gaps and/or friction.
Restraint Between Vessel and Piping
3-30
Restraints
Restraints on a Bend at 45 Degrees

Linear and/or non-linear restraints can act at any point on the bend curvature. Points on the bend curvature are
like any other point in the piping system.
The following figure shows a bend supported vertically by a rigid rod. The rod will be allowed to take tensile
loads only and so will be modeled as a single directional restraint that can move freely in the +Y direction. (See
the Chapter on "Bends" if the actual positions of the nodes 19 and 20 are not clear.)
The line of action of the rod is really shifted away from node 19. Note that a downward force at node 15 will
produce a positive Z moment about 20 in the system as modeled, and a negative Z moment about the point 20 in
real life.
The magnitude of this moment is a function of the load and the moment arm (the amount of the shift). If this is
considered significant, then a rigid element with zero weight could be placed between node 19 and the actual
point of rod attachment. The restraint would then be placed at the actual point of rod attachment.
90 Degree Bend Restrained at Midpoint
3-31
Restraints on a Bend at 30 and 60 Degrees

Up to three (3) nodes can be defined at any angle on the bend curvature so long as the points are more than five
degrees apart. Restraints may be modeled on any of these nodes; if necessary one of these points can be at the
zero degree point on the bend. The zero degree point on a bend is the bend near point.
The To node of the bend is placed at the tangent intersection point for geometric construction but is placed at the
bend "far" point for analysis purposes. Therefore, specifying a node at the bend far-weld point will generate an
error.
Nodes and angles on the bend curvature can be specified in any order.
Restraints on Intermediate Points Along a Bend
3-32
Restraints
Vertical Dummy Leg on Bends

Dummy legs on bends can be modeled several ways. The three most common methods used to model dummy
legs are outlined below:
Near/Far Point Method
Easy input
Dummy leg acts along centerline of vertical run
Dummy leg does not act at the proper place on the bend curvature
On Curvature Method
Easy input
Dummy leg acts at the proper place on the bend curvature
Dummy leg does not act along the centerline of the vertical run
Offset Element Method
Difficult input
Dummy leg acts at the proper place on the bend curvature

Dummy leg acts along centerline of vertical run
Note: The element immediately after the bend must define the downstream side of the bend. Do not define
dummy legs on the element spreadsheet immediately following the bend specification spreadsheet.
Dummy legs and/or any other elements attached to the bend curvature should be coded to the bend tangent
intersection point. The length of the dummy leg will be taken directly from the DX, DY, and DZ fields on the
dummy legs pipe spreadsheet. There will be no automatic alteration of the dummy leg length due to the
difference between the bend tangent intersection point and the actual point on the bend curvature where the
dummy leg acts. The true length of the dummy leg should be input in the DX, DY, and DZ fields on the dummy
leg element spreadsheet.
Input and output plots of the dummy leg always show it going to the bend tangent intersection point.
For each dummy leg/bend model a warning message is generated during error checking. The user should verify
that the warning message description of the bend is accurate.
3-33
Vertical Dummy Leg on Bend

The bend shown is entered from the top left corner of the
control station nodes 80 to 85, and exits horizontally to the
right nodes 85 to 90. The dummy leg is attached near the
45-degree point on the bend, and the centerline of the
dummy leg should line up with the centerline of the vertical
run of pipe.
Note: Coding the bend is the same for all 3 methods except
alpha is not required for the Near/Far Point Method.
3-34
Restraints
Dummy Leg on Bend Continued ...

Near Point Method
Dummy Leg length is equal to the distance from its

base to the bend tangent intersection point plus the
bend radius.
On Cur vatur e Method
Calculate from the relation shown on the following

page. Input on the bend specification instead of the
midpoint. Calculate the offset distance y = R(1-sin).
Add the distance y to the dummy leg length.
Offset Element Method
Calculate and the offset distance x and y from the

figure on the following page. Add x and y to the
dummy leg length. Activate the offsets to subtract
them from the dummy leg.
Vertical Leg Attachment Angle

Dummy Leg Attachment Angle Calculation
3-35
3-36
Restraints
Horizontal Dummy Leg on Bends

The element leaving the bend must define the downstream side of the bend. Do not define dummy legs on the
element spreadsheet immediately following the bend specification spreadsheet.
The true length of the dummy leg should be input in the DX, DY, and DZ fields on the dummy leg pipe
spreadsheet.
Input and output plots of the dummy leg always show the dummy leg going to the bend tangent intersection
point.
For each dummy leg/bend model a warning message is generated during error checking. The user should make
sure that the warning message description of the dummy leg is accurate.
Horizontal Dummy Leg on Midpoint of Bend
The dummy leg is defined as a zero weight

rigid supported on one end by a spring can.
3-37
Large Rotation Rods - Basic Model

Large rotation rods are used to model relatively short rods, where large orthogonal movement of the pipe causes
shortening of the restraint along the original line of action.
Large rotation rods can be entered in any direction. The user picks the XROD, YROD, or ZROD from the type
list. When CAESAR II detects that a rod is being input, the restraint field is changed: Gap is changed to Len and
Mu is changed to Fi. Len is the length of large rotation swing. Fi is the initial load on the restraint if used to
model a variable support spring hanger. (See some of the later rod examples.) The user can imagine the large
rotation rod as providing a bowl in which the pipe node is free to move.
Large rotation rods should only be entered where needed. Repeated use where not necessary may cause the
system to become unstable during the nonlinear iteration. The system should first be analyzed without the large
rotation rods and then large rotation rods added where horizontal movement at support points is greatest. Usually
only one rod should be added in an area at a time.
The rod angle tolerance is currently set at 1.0 degree.
Large rotation is generally considered to become significant when the angle of swing becomes greater than 5
degrees.
Connecting nodes may be used for large rotation rods just like for any other support. Graphically, the connecting
nodes and the restraint node do not have to be at the same point in space. There is no plot connectivity forced
between large rotation rod nodes and connecting nodes.
The signs on the large rotation rod are significant and determine the orientation of the swing axis. A +YROD is
equivalent to an YROD and indicates that the concave side of the curvature is in the positive Y direction.
In the example below, the rod pivots about the structural steel support. There is a very short swing arm, so even a
small amount of horizontal movement will produce a relatively large swing. In the output report for this restraint,
the user will see X and Y direction loads.
3-38
Large Rotation Rods
Restraints
3-39
Large Rotation Rods - Chain Supports

In the model below, the user wants the large rotation swing only in the plane of the chain support (the Y-Z
plane). The two pipes should move freely relative to each other in the axial direction (the X-Y plane). Three
restraints with connecting nodes are used. The first is the large rotation rod with its connecting nodes, which in
turn is connected to the second and third linear restraints that allow only Y-Z interaction between the large
rotation rod connecting node and the top pipe node.
Chain Supports
3-40
Restraints
Bi-Linear Restraints
Bi-linear restraints have the digit 2 following the direction in the restraint TYPE field.
When a bi-linear spring is entered the restraint fields change as follows: Stif changes to K1, which is the Initial
Stiffness, Gap changes to K2, which is the Yield Stiffness, and Mu changes to Fy, which is the Yield Load.
Bi-linear restraints are used most often to model soil support where some soil ultimate load bearing capacity can
be calculated.
Both the yield stiffness (K2) and the yield load (Fy) are required entries. The initial stiffness (K1) may be left
blank, and a rigid initial stiffness assumed. The yield stiffness may be negative if necessary. Some subsea
pipeline resistance tests have shown that load carrying capacity drops after the ultimate load is reached, and
displacement continues.
More detailed use of the spring types used to model underground piping systems is illustrated in the CAESAR II
User Guide - Underground Pipe Modeler.
Characteristics of Bi-Linear Supports
3-41
Pipe in a Trench Bi-Linear Restraint Modeling
Estimated Stiffness Models
Estimated Later al Stiffness: 60,000lb/in.

Estimated Ver tical Stiffness: 533,333 lb/in.
3-42
Restraints
Static Snubbers
Static snubbers are translational restraints designed to provide resistance to dynamic loads such as seismic and
wind. Snubbers are activated in the Load Case Editor under the Load Case Options tab by checking the
Snubbers Active check box for the appropriate load case, which contains an occasional load. In the figure
below snubbers will be active in load case L2 to restrain the pipe against the uniform load.
Load Case Options Tab
Static snubbers (or static analysis snubbers) have SNB following a translational direction in the restraint Type
field.
When a snubber is entered, the restraint fields change as follows: Gap and Mu are disabled.
Static snubbers may be directional, i.e. may be preceded by a plus or minus sign. To model static snubbers
follow the steps below.
Modeling Static Snubbers
1
Run the OPErating case without defining a snubber.
Note the displacements, in all six degrees of freedom at each snubber location.
From INPUT/PIPING add each snubber with a distinct CNode.
Place displacements, from step 1 above, on all snubber CNodes.
Modify the load cases by including D1 everywhere T1 displays.
Activate snubbers in the Load Case Editor for all load cases containing occasional loads.
3-43
Plastic Hinges
The steps in setting up a plastic hinge are illustrated below. The leg from A to B is overheated, causing bending
of the B-D support leg. This example models the plastic deformation at cross-section E-E. The plastic hinge is
formed between the nodes 10 and 15. The expansion joint is used to provide translational and torsional rigidity at
the plastic hinge junction. Two bi-linear supports are used to model rigid resistance to bending until a breakaway
force (yield force) is exceeded at which point bending is essentially free.
Plastic Hinge in a Support Leg*
The Yield Force is determined from

Fy = SyZ(SF)
Where,
Sy is the yield stress
Z is the section modulus
SF is the safety factor
* The plastic hinge is modeled as a zero length expansion joint with rotational bi-linear
restraints.
3-44
Restraints
Sway Brace Assemblies

The sway brace is commonly used to allow unrestrained thermal movements while tuning the system
dynamically to eliminate vibration. In this respect sway brace resembles a spring: it may be pre-loaded in the
cold (installed) position, so that after pipe thermal growth it reaches the neutral position and the load on the
system in the operating condition is zero or negligible.
The sway brace is composed of a single compression spring enclosed between two moveable plates. The spring
is pre-compressed a full inch providing an initial force that instantaneously opposes vibration. Any movement
from the sway brace neutral position is opposed by a load equal to the pre-load plus travel from the neutral
position multiplied by the sway brace spring constant. Once maximum allowed travel (usually 3-in. in either
direction) is reached, the sway brace locks preventing additional movement.
Manufacturers typically recommend a specific size sway brace for a given pipe nominal diameter.
A more specific sway brace selection is possible when the exact restraining force required to control the piping
vibration is known. The energy necessary to control the piping is proportional to the mass, amplitude of
movement, and the force causing the vibration. From this relation the exact restraining force required to control
the piping vibration may be calculated and an appropriate sway brace size selected.
Once selected, the sway brace may be modeled in CAESAR II using a combination of a bi-linear restraint and a
translational restraint:
In the event that the sway brace is to be installed in the operating condition (or the neutral position is to be
adjusted in the operating position), the modeling is CAESAR II is a little more complex. In this case, before
modeling the sway brace, you must analyze the piping system without the sway brace to obtain displacements
from the cold to neutral operating position:
Run analysis on the system without the sway brace to obtain the displacements from cold to operating condition.
For the sake of this example, lets assume the CAESAR II calculated displacement from cold to operating position
is 0.5 in.
In the SUS case the displacement D2 (vector 2) represents the pre-load in cold position. Under shutdown
conditions, the pipe returns to its cold position and the brace exerts a force as previously described.
Sustained case restraint loads on sway brace = Pre-Load + Hot Deflection * Spring Rate
In OPE the displacement allows thermal expansion and the sway assumes neutral position exerting zero or
negligible load on the pipe.
3-45
Operating case restraint loads on sway brace =~ 0.0 (does not restrain thermal expansion)
Sway Brace Installed in Operating Condition
Sway brace opposing compression force (movement occurs after pre-load is overcome).
Spring Rate: 150 lb./in.
Initial Loading: 150 lb.
Allowed Movement: 3 in.
Calculated Displacement: .5 in
Note: Be sure to include D2 in the sustained and

operating cases.
CH AP TER
Chapter 4 Hangers
This chapter demonstrates methods for incorporating spring hanger design into CAESAR II models.
In This Chapter
General Information ...................................................................... 4-2
Simple Hanger Design ................................................................... 4-3
Single Can Design ......................................................................... 4-4
Constant Effort Support Design .................................................... 4-4
Constant Effort Supports - No Design ........................................... 4-4
Existing Springs - No Design ........................................................ 4-6
Multiple Can Design...................................................................... 4-7
Old Spring Redesign...................................................................... 4-7
Pipe and Hanger Supported From Vessel ...................................... 4-9
Hanger Design with Support Thermal Movement ........................ 4-9
Hanger Between Two Pipes .......................................................... 4-11
Hanger Design with Anchors in the Vicinity ................................ 4-12
Hanger Design with User-Specified Operating Load .................... 4-13
Simple Bottomed Out Spring ........................................................ 4-14
Lift Off Spring Can ....................................................................... 4-16
Modeling Spring Cans with Friction ............................................. 4-17
4-2
Hangers
General Information
Select MODELHANGER DESIGN CONTROL DATA from the menu on the Input Spreadsheet to enter parameters
affecting hanger design throughout the model. The hanger control spreadsheet items, with default values, are
shown below. Complete descriptions of each item can be found in the Technical Reference Manual. These items
can greatly affect the hangers designed and should be reviewed carefully so that the user is aware of the
capability available.
Whenever CAESAR II designs a zero load constant effort support, a proposed spring location is found to be
holding the pipe down at that point. In this case, that hanger location is removed from the analysis, and the
restrained weight case is rerun to redistribute the weight loads.
There are instances where the stiffness of the adjacent piping and the hanger location restraints in the restrained
weight case unfavorably interact, producing an undesirable distribution of loads. Often reducing the stiffness
used to compute the hanger loads in the restrained weight run can eliminate these load distribution problems.
The default for this stiffness is 1.0E12. Values on the order of 50,000 or 75,000 have been used successfully to
relax the system somewhat and redistribute these piping loads. This stiffness can be changed through the
Computation Control tab of the Configuration/Setup item of the Main Menu.
The operating case for hanger travel (free thermal case) can be analyzed either with no spring stiffness at the
hanger locations, or with the stiffness of the selected springs inserted at those locations (in the latter case, the
springs are selected through an iterative process). This is controlled via the Include Spring Stiffness in Hanger
OPE Travel Cases option of the Configuration/Setup item of the Main Menu. Inserting the actual hanger
stiffness into the Operating Case for Hanger Travel may give a technically more accurate result, but may
introduce convergence problems as well. Also, please note that in the latter case, it is very important that the
hanger load in the cold case (in the physical system) be adjusted to match the reported hanger Cold Load.
Chapter 4 Hangers
4-3
Simple Hanger Design

Double-click the Hanger check box on the pipe spreadsheet to enter the spring hanger data for a particular node.
For a simple hanger, no additional input is required; also, a number of the parameters from the Hanger Control
sheet also display on the individual hanger auxiliary data fields. These items may be set globally (in hanger
control) for all springs or overridden locally (on each hanger auxiliary data area).
Simple Hanger Design
4-4
Hangers
Single Can Design

Entering a negative number in the Available Space field on the Hanger spreadsheet indicates that the pipe is
supported from below. The magnitude of the number in the Available Space field represents the distance
between the pipe support and the concrete foundation, or baseplate. See the Technical Reference Manual for each
of the manufacturer's definitions of available space. If the available space is not really a criteria in the hanger
design, then input a large negative value (i.e. -1000).
CAESAR II input plots will use a different symbol for these base supports.
Design of Single Can at One Node
Constant Effort Support Design

Design a constant effort support by specifying a very small allowable travel. A typical value used is (0.001 in.).
Design of Constant Effort Support Design
Chapter 4 Hangers
Constant Effort Supports - No Design

Entering Constant Effort Support Data:
1
Enter the constant effort support load (per hanger) in the Predefined Hanger Data field.
Enter the number of constant support hangers at the location.
Tip: Do not enter the spring rate or theoretical cold load.
The hanger design algorithm will not design hangers that are completely predefined.
Multiple Predefined Constant Effort Supports

The two constant effort supports at node 377
should carry 10484 lbs. each.
Note: Any other data entered on this Hanger spreadsheet will be ignored.
4-5
4-6
Hangers
Existing Springs - No Design

Entering Existing Spring Data:
1
Enter the Spring Rate and the Theoretical Cold Load (installation load, on a per hanger basis) in the
Predefined Hanger Data fields.
Enter the number of Variable Support Hangers at the location.
The hanger design algorithm will not design hangers that are completely predefined. Any other data can exist
for the spring location, but this data is not used. Entered spring rates and theoretical cold loads will be multiplied
by the number of hangers at this location. CAESAR II requires the Theoretical Cold (Installation) Load to predefine the spring. Theoretical Cold Load = Hot Load + Travel * Spring Rate, where upward travel is positive.
Predefined Spring Hanger

Hot Load = 2000 lb.
Cold Load = 2000 lb. +
abs(1.375*590)
= 2811 lb.
Chapter 4 Hangers
4-7
Multiple Can Design

Enter the number of hangers or cans as a positive number in the No. of Hangers at Location field.
Tip: Placing a negative number in that field allows CAESAR II to design up to that number of hangers at the location.
All other hanger design parameters are still active.
Trapeze Hanger Assembly

Power Piping Springs
Allowable Load Variation:15%
Rigid Support Displacement Criteria: 0.05 in.
Note: The program designs up to 3 cans at the support if

the load is too high for a single or double can configuration.
4-8
Hangers
Old Spring Redesign

This option is used to determine if the old spring can still be used. If the old spring can be used, then the new
preset (initial cold load) is determined. If the old spring cannot be used, then a new spring design is
recommended. The old spring is always left in the problem for subsequent load case analysis. The old hanger
information needed for the re-design is
The hanger table
The number of springs at the location
The old spring rate
The old spring rate is entered in the Spring Rate field under Predefined Hanger Data. The Theoretical Cold
Load must not be specified.
Old Spring Design

3 springs at node 97 and each
have a spring rate of 1105
lb./in.
Chapter 4 Hangers
4-9
Pipe and Hanger Supported From Vessel

Connecting nodes associated with hangers and cans function in the same way as connecting nodes with
restraints. Connecting node displacements are incorporated in the hanger design algorithm.
Pipe Supported by Hanger From Vessel

Spring Hanger is supported from the vessel at node 135.
The hanger supports the pipe at node 550. BergenPaterson springs.
Note: You must first open CONFIGURE/SETUP, click the Geometry tab, and disable Connect Geometry Through
CNodes.
4-10
Hangers
Hanger Design with Support Thermal Movement

Unique connecting node numbers that do not exist on any pipe element are input on the hanger spreadsheet in
the Hanger Connecting Node field. The hanger is designed to act with one end at the Hanger Node and with
one end at the Hanger Connecting Node.
Thermal growth of the hanger-connecting node can be specified on any pipe element spreadsheet.
The hanger at node 9 is supported from a structural steel extension (node 1009) off of a large vertical vessel. The
vessel at the point where the hanger is attached grows thermally in the plus Y direction 3.5 in.
Hanger with Support Thermal Movement
The vessel and the structural support are not

modeled.
Chapter 4 Hangers
4-11
Hanger Between Two Pipes

A pipe crossing overhead supports part of the weight of the lower pipe. The node on the pipe passing overhead
is entered into the Hanger spreadsheet as the CNode.
When using hangers with connecting nodes to design springs, users should be particularly careful that
CAESAR IIs design hot load is accurate. To find the hot load, CAESAR II puts a rigid element between the pipe
node and the support node (which may be another pipe node as in the example below), and runs a weight case. If
in the weight run both nodes are expected to deflect, then the hanger weight loads will be distributed to other
parts of the piping system, and not to the hanger. In this case it might be necessary for the user to estimate the
loads on the hanger in an independent run, and then manually enter the operating load on the particular spring
hanger spreadsheet with the connecting node.
If zero load constant effort supports are designed for a spring location with a connecting node, the user is
recommended to switch the hanger node and the connecting node. In this situation, in the weight run the pipe
node tends to deflect downward less than the connecting node. To CAESAR II this looks like the connecting node
is pushing down on the hanger node, thus holding the pipe down. Switching the hanger node and the hangerconnecting node eliminates this problem.
Note The directive Connect Geometry through CNodes must be disabled in Configuration Setup to avoid
plot and geometry errors.
Hanger Between Two Pipes
The pipe at 65 is supported via a spring hanger by the pipe at 470.
4-12
Hangers
Hanger Design with Anchors in the Vicinity

Hangers are designed to support a given weight load through a specified travel with a minimum of load
variation. Most often the weight load is that of the pipe between an anchor and the hanger.
The travel is the displacement of the hanger node as it thermally expands away from the anchor; when weight
sensitive anchors (e.g. equipment nozzles) are relatively close to the hangers (less than 4 or 5 pipe diameters in
the horizontal plane), the anchors should probably be freed during the hanger restrained weight run. When the
anchors are freed, the weight of the pipe between the anchor and the hanger should fall almost in its entirety on
the hanger.
Anchor nodes to be released are entered on the specific hanger design spreadsheet. The anchor degrees of
freedom are released according to the specified Free Code. Anchor degrees of freedom are released for the
hanger design Restrained Weight run only. If the Free Code is not specified for an anchor or restraint to be
freed, all degrees of freedom associated with the anchor or restraint will be released for the restrained weight
solution.
Only linear restraints as well as anchors can be freed to cause additional weight to be carried by the hanger, see
the following example for more information.
Hanger Design in the Vicinity at Equipment or Vessel Nozzle
The anchor at 5 is freed in the Y- direction; the anchor at 105 is freed in all directions.
Chapter 4 Hangers
Hanger Design in the Vicinity at Equipment or Vessel Nozzle
4-13
4-14
Hangers
Hanger Design with User-Specified Operating Load

In certain situations around equipment nozzles, and usually where the piping leaving the nozzle is very complex
or very rigid, the hanger design algorithm will select operating loads that are too small. In these cases the user
can override CAESAR IIs calculated operating (hot) loads. The design algorithm will proceed normally, except
that the users entered hot load will be substituted for CAESAR IIs calculated value for both the hanger design
and all post hanger design analysis load cases.
Hanger Design with User-Specified Operating Load

In this configuration, freeing the anchors at 5
and 60 didn't help the thermal case nozzle
loads. It was postulated that, due to the
stiffness of the overhead branches, the
hanger calculated hot load was not sufficient.
The calculated hot load was 2376 lb. A new
hot load if 4500 lb. is tried here.
Chapter 4 Hangers
4-15
Simple Bottomed Out Spring

Spring supports that may bottom out have SPR following a translation direction in the restraint Type field (For
example, YSPR for a vertical bottomed-out spring.)
When a bottom out spring is entered, the restraint auxiliary screen changes as follows: The Gap field changes to
x, the permitted travel, and the Mu field changes to F, the initial spring load. The direction of permitted travel is
assumed opposite to the initial load on the pipe. These definitions were setup almost exclusively to handle
vertical springs, and as such x and F inputs are always entered as positive, as shown in the following example.
Input for Bottom Out Spring Can Model
Simple bottomed out spring restraints are used most often to conveniently enter predefined springs into the
piping system model. These spring restraints provide a bottoming out capability that occurs when the spring has
exceeded its maximum travel limit.
Users should always enter the stiffness Stif, the allowed travel x, and the initial load on the spring F, to properly
utilize the bottomed out spring model. If the travel x is not entered, it defaults to zero. If the initial load is not
entered it also defaults to zero, and its sign is taken as positive. Note that no hanger should be entered at the
same position as a bottomed out spring.
Known information:
Theoretical Installed Load = 1023 lb.
Spring Rate = 260 lb./in.
Largest Load in Hanger Table = 1690 lb.
4-16
Hangers
Lift Off Spring Can

Known information:
Theoretical Installed Load = 1023 lb.
Spring Rate = 260 lb./in.
Smallest Load in Hanger Table = 910 lb.
To get from the installed condition to the initiate lift-off condition the can must displace in the positive Y
direction.
Input for Lift Off Spring Can Model
K1 = Spring Rate
FY = 1023 lbs - 910 lbs = 113 lbs.
FY = Theoretical Installed Load
Chapter 4 Hangers
4-17
Modeling Spring Cans with Friction

In many systems, portions of the pipe are supported by spring cans. These spring cans perform the same function
as spring hangers, except they are below the pipe, pushing up. In some models, these spring cans are allowed to
slide on their foundation, subjecting the system to friction forces.
Basically, each support of this type needs the following:
A rigid element from the pipe center to the top of the can. Length equals pipe radius + insulation thickness +
cladding thickness + shoe height + any trunnion height.
A CNode to connect to the spring. Except for the vertical spring stiffness, all other Displays of Freedoms are
rigidly connected.
A rigid element representing the spring cans' height.
These points are illustrated in the model below.
Model of Spring Can with Friction
Alternatively, element 15-20 may be omitted, with the +Y restraint (with friction) placed directly on node 15.
Tip: This modeling technique can also be used in situations where the shoe or trunnion slides on top of a bolted spring can.
CH AP TER
Chapter 5 Expansion Joints

This chapter explains how CAESAR II models various expansion joints.
In This Chapter
Universal Expansion Joints - Simple Models ................................ 5-2
Tied Bellows Expansion Joint - Simple Model ............................. 5-7
Universal Joint With Lateral Control Stops - Comprehensive Tie Rod
Model............................................................................................. 5-9
Hinged Joint................................................................................... 5-10
Slotted Hinge Joint - Simple Model .............................................. 5-12
Slotted Hinge Joint - Comprehensive Model ................................ 5-13
Tied Bellows - Simple vs. Complex Model .................................. 5-14
Slip Joint ........................................................................................ 5-16
Gimbal Joints ................................................................................. 5-18
Tied Bellows Expansion Joint - Complex Model .......................... 5-19
Dual Gimbal .................................................................................. 5-21
Simple Bellows with Pressure Thrust............................................ 5-23
Pressure-Balanced Tees and Elbows ............................................. 5-26
Universal Joint - Comprehensive Tie Rod .................................... 5-27
5-2
Expansion Joints
Universal Expansion Joints - Simple Models

See the previous models of bellows expansion joints for specific notes relating to individual bellows designs, and
to some comparisons of simple and complex expansion joint input.
The tied universal bellows is designed to absorb movement by lateral deflection only. There is no axial
deflection or relative bending rotations at the joint ends, assuming three or more tie rods.
Lateral spring rates instead of bending spring rates from the manufacturers catalog should be entered. See the
simple bellows discussion for more information about bellows stiffnesses.
Manufacturers publish a wide variety of data for universal expansion joints. In most cases the published spring
rates are for the universal joint as a whole assembly. When the lateral stiffness is given for the whole assembly
the simple or complex models of single bellows can be used. In this case the manufacturer must also provide a
cumulative assembly displacement limit so that the piping designer can verify that neither of the bellows are
over-extended.
Many universal expansion joint assemblies have stops along the tie-bars that are connected to the center spoolpiece. These stops are designed to prevent over-extension of the bellows and can be modeled in the complex
universal joint model. For the simple universal joint models, you must check the results to verify that the stops
are not engaged. Stops should typically be considered a safety feature, and should not be included as a working
part of the design unless particular attention is paid to the design surrounding the stop components.
Check the displacement limits for each of the expansion joints once the protected equipment loads are within the
allowables. CAESAR II has a program called Expansion Joint Rating - EJMA, which calculates relative bellows
movements for evaluating the strength of the convolution. This only works on single bellows, however, and you
need to model and then check each bellows in the universal assembly.
Some manufacturers feel that friction at the tie bar ends, plus other effects serve to limit the overall lateral
flexibility of this joint. A 10% increase in overall lateral stiffness is sometimes used to compensate for these
frictional effects.
The complex models are built by running pipe elements, whose diameters are equal to the diameter of the tiebars, and whose wall thicknesses are equal to half of the tie-bar diameter, between rigid elements that extend
normal to the pipe axis and from the centerline and to their intersection with the tie-bar centerline.
The weights of the bellows and associated hardware should be added to the flange weights on either side of the
bellows. This is particularly true if the expansion joint is between a hanger to be sized and an anchor.
In-situ field effects like loose nuts on tie-bars, can be modeled using the complex expansion joint model.
Descriptions of various universal models are shown below. The two models also have example inputs. Simple
models should only be used when you know that both ends of the tie-bars will be fixed to the flanges, i.e. when
there are nuts on both sides of the flange.
Note: The top drawing shows nuts on only one side of the flange at the left end. Model this configuration with a
complex joint model unless you are sure that all tie-bars will remain in tension.
5-3
The top model is used when you are given global assembly data for the universal, such as the assembly lateral
stiffness.
The second model is used when you are given angular spring rates for each of the two bellows used in the model.
5-4
When provided equivalent single bellows lateral stiffness for the whole assembly:
Universal Expansion Joints - Simple Models
Note: This model does not show the addition of any extra hardware
or bellows weights which could affect load distribution and spring
hanger design in the area.
Expansion Joints
5-5
When provided individual bellows angular stiffness:
Universal Expansion Joints - Simple Models Individual Bellows
Note: Tie rods and center spool piece should

normally be modeled at ambient temperature.
Note: Pressure thrust is contained by double-nutted tie

rods. Effective ID and axial restraints can be eliminated.
5-6
Expansion Joints
Universal Expansion Joints - Simple Models Individual Bellows
Note: This model does not show the addition of any

extra hardware or bellows weights, which could affect
weight load distribution and spring hanger design in the
area.
5-7
Tied Bellows Expansion Joint - Simple Model

Calculate the lateral stiffness for the bellows. The flexible length or convolution length of the bellows is not
listed in most expansion joint catalogs. The listed lengths include the rigid end pieces such as flanges or pipe
ends. Because the transverse stiffness is based on the flexible length, the flexible length must be known. A very
simple way of pulling this value from the catalog is to examine the incremental increase in overall length of the
joint as additional convolutions are added. With all convolutions the same length, this incremental length can be
used to calculate the total flexible length. In this example, the total length of a four-convolution joint is 8 in. and
the total length of an 8-convolution joint is 12 in. This means that the extra four convolutions add 4 in., so the
length of all twelve convolutions is 12 in. (This also indicates that the rigid end pieces on this joint of four, eight,
or twelve convolutions is 4 in.)
D eff =
(4A eff /) 1/2 = 10.0 in.
K TR
L =
Flexible Convolution Length = 12 in.
K TR
(3/2) (K AX ) (D eff /L)2

(3/2) (850) (10.0/12.0)2
885.4 lb./in.
Tied Bellows - Simple Model
Zero-weight rigid element (tie rod)

Build the CAESAR II model of the flexible portion of the expansion joint. Note how the rotational restraints
between nodes 29 and 30 keep the two flanges parallel (which assumes three or more tie rods). In the field, the
tie bars at four points around the expansion joint keep the flanges parallel.
5-8
The flanges and the tie bars form a parallelogram upon lateral deflection.
Tied Bellows - Simple Model Continued ...
Expansion Joints
5-9
Universal Joint With Lateral Control Stops - Comprehensive Tie

Rod Model
Double-acting restraints with connecting nodes and gaps are used to model stop gaps along the tie bars. Stops
along the tie-bars are installed to restrict lateral motion at each end of the universal joint.
The following groups illustrate the method used in constructing the universal joint with lateral stops shown
above. Only the right side tie rod elements are shown below.
Standard pipe elements
34-36
/
36-38
Rigid flange elements
30-32
/
40-42
Bellows elements
32-34
/
38-40
Rigid elements from the pipe to the tie-bar centerline
(Normal to the pipe axis)
30-1030 / 36-1036 / 42-1042
Tie-bar elements
1003-1002
/
1002-1001
Restraints with connecting nodes
RESTR NODE=1001 CNODE = 1042 TYPE = +Y , X , Z
RESTR NODE=1002 CNODE = 1036 TYPE = Y w/gap=1.5 , X , Z
5-10
Expansion Joints
Hinged Joint
The hinged joint is defined using a zero length expansion joint with rigid axial, transverse, and torsional
stiffnesses. The bending stiffness is set equal to the bending stiffness of the hinge.
Hinge directions are defined using restraints and connecting nodes. The restraint line of action is always normal
to the hinge axis.
Hinged joints are designed to take pressure thrust. Verify that the joint manufacturer is aware of the design loads
in the hinges.
Some expansion joint manufacturers believe that the hinge friction can provide considerable additional
resistance to bending. As the axial load the hinge carries becomes large, this hinge friction effect increases.
Approximations to this increase in bending stiffness can be made by increasing the stiffness of the bellows in
proportion to the axial load on the hinge. The expansion joint manufacturer should provide assistance here.
Several typical geometries for hinged expansion joints are shown in the figures below:
In the example that below, the hinged joint is zero length and is defined between nodes 45 and 46. X is the
hinge axis that is all relative rotations are permitted between 45 and 46 about the X axis. 45 and 46 are fixed
rotationally relative to each other in the Y axis. For more information see the second paragraph above.
The coding for the hinged joint is:
Hinged Joint Model
5-11
5-12
Expansion Joints
Slotted Hinge Joint - Simple Model

The hinged joint is defined using a zero length expansion joint and rigid elements with zero weight to define the
interaction of the hinge geometry. Hinge directions are defined using restraints with connecting nodes. The
restraint line of action is always normal to the hinge axis.
Slotted Hinged Joint - Simple Model
Elements from 10 to 15 and from 16 to 20 are weightless 9 in. long rigids.
Note: In this model, the relative rotation at the hinge about the Y axis is assumed to be zero. The slots on
either side will provide some limit to this Y rotation. In most applications of this type, the relative Y rotation is
zero because the problem is kept planar using guides. A good first pass can be made using the model shown, If
the analysis shows that the RY restraint between nodes 15 and 16 is supporting load, a further refinement to the
model can be made.
5-13
Slotted Hinge Joint - Comprehensive Model

This model is somewhat different from the previous model because of the need to provide for the non-hinge axis
rotation due to the slots on either side of the joint. The schematic below illustrates the extra input required to
incorporate this effect.
Slotted Hinge Joint - Comprehensive
Zero weight rigid elements defining the hinge assembly are listed below:
10
10
55
55
15
35
50
30
15
35
30
50
20
40
45
25
Normal to pipe axis to centerline of hinge assy.

"
"
"
Parallel to pipe axis to centerline of hinge axis.
"
"
"
The finite length bellows must be defined accurately between nodes 10 and 55. This typically means entering the
correct flexible length and using the manufacturers axial and lateral spring rates.
Note: The manufacturers published angular spring rates may not be appropriate for use in finite length
expansion joint models.
5-14
Expansion Joints
Tied Bellows - Simple vs. Complex Model

Complex models of expansion joints are much more difficult to build than simple models. Unfortunately there
are no rules for when to use a simple model or when to use a complex model.
Complex Model Guidelines

Use complex models when:
Investigating a failure.
The pipe diameter and number of convolutions become large.
The nuts are only on the outside of the flange, allowing the tie bars to only carry tension.
You have good values for the load distribution in the tie bars. Simple models give no indication of the load
distribution. In some cases, where the tie bars combine to resist relative bending of the joint ends, one pair of
tie-bars can be in compression while the other pair is in tension. This effective redistribution of load in the tie
bars will never be observed in a simple model. When this does occur, and if the tie bars are very long,
buckling of the rods in the complex model should be investigated (evaluate whether the rods can withstand
the compressive forces reported in the output report).
The single tied bellows is designed to absorb movement by lateral deflection only. There is no axial deflection
or relative bending rotations at the joint ends.
Note: For bellows with only two tie rods, there can only be rotation in one direction.
Simple Model Guidelines

Use simple models where:
The tie bars are either guaranteed to be carrying tension, or have nuts on either side of the flange and will
carry compression if needed.
It is assumed there will be no relative rotation of the ends.
Because of the uncertainty of the application, enter the lateral instead of the bending spring rate from the
manufacturers catalog. See the previous discussion on simple bellows for more information about bellow
stiffnesses.
Add the weights of the bellow and associated hardware to the flange weights on either side of the bellow. This is
particularly true if the expansion joint is between a hanger to be sized and an anchor.
Expansion joint users should verify the displacement limits for the expansion joint once the protected equipment
loads are within the allowables. CAESAR II uses the EJMA Expansion Joint Rating processor, accessible by
clicking Analysis from the Main Menu, to help compute relative bellow movements for evaluating the bellow
distortion.
You can build simple models of single tied bellows by entering a large axial stiffness. This axial stiffness
simulates the tie bars, preventing relative axial movement of the bellows. You can model tie rods with a single
rigid element along the centerline of the bellow. With zero weight and rotational restraints, this prevents the
ends of the joint from rotating relative to one another. In reality, the tie bars being offset from the centerline
prevent this rotation.
5-15
You can build complex models of tied bellows by running pipe elements whose diameters are equal to the
diameter of the tie-bars, and whose wall thicknesses are equal to half of the tie-bar diameter, between rigid
elements that extend normal to the pipe axis and from the centerline and to their intersection with the tie-bar
centerline. For more information on building complex models see the Tied Bellows Expansion Joint Complex
Model section.
Some manufacturers feel that friction at the tie bar ends, plus other effects, serve to limit the overall lateral
flexibility of this joint. A 30% increase in lateral stiffness is sometimes used to compensate for these frictional
effects. Field situations such as loose nuts on tie-bars, can be modeled using the complex expansion joint model.
5-16
Expansion Joints
Slip Joint
Large slip joints are usually difficult to install and difficult to accurately model.
Smaller diameter slip joints are telescoping, axial displacement devices that permit considerable axial
displacement of the slip joint ends and moderately rigid resistance to pipe bending.
Smaller slip joints are usually categorized by having two annular packing glands separated axially along the joint
by a dead air space, or by a small bellows sleeve.
The following figure shows the cross-section of a typical large slip joint. The stiffnesses between nodes 15 and
25 are a function of the packing stiffness for transverse and rotational relative deformation and of packing
stiffness and tightening for axial relative deformation.
Slip Joint
5-17
Slip Joint Continued ...
Note 1: Typical delta dimensions are:

5 - 10 The distance from the closest guide or support to the end of the joint. (The same values would
also be used for 25 - 30.)
10 - 15 The effective length of the joint if known, or the travel expected plus 4", or a 12" estimate
if nothing else is known.
Note 2:
K1 is the spring stiffness for forces below the yield force, FY.
Note 3: K2 is the spring stiffness (for joint compression) for forces greater than FY. The best
estimate for this resistance is cumulative friction effects of guides and supports, given by the
vendor.
K2 =((100)N/(a)
(Approximation)
Where (N) is the nominal pipe diameter in inches,

temperature in inches per 100 ft.
and (a) is the thermal expansion at the operating
Note 4: Fy is the joint friction thrust from the vendor catalog. Typical values are given as 400 lbs
times the nominal pipe size.
5-18
Expansion Joints
Gimbal Joints
Gimballed joints are designed to resist pressure thrust. Verify that the joint manufacturer is aware of the design
loads on the gimbals. External loads are not always given. If axial loads are given the bellows designer must
know if it includes or excludes pressure thrust.
The angular-only gimbal can be input as a zero length expansion joint with rigid axial, transverse, and torsional
stiffnesses. The bending stiffness is set equal to the rotational stiffness specified in the manufacturer's catalog.
Angular and offset gimbals should probably be thoroughly modeled as shown in the following figures. Angular
and offset gimballed joints are usually installed in large diameter lines where lumped-property assumptions for
the bellows may not be within reasonable engineering accuracy.
Angular - Only Gimballed Joint
Rigid elements between nodes 105 and 110 and nodes 111 and 115 each contain half the
weight of the hinge mechanism.
5-19
Tied Bellows Expansion Joint - Complex Model

In the example shown below. the flexible joint is between the nodes 30 and 35. The flanged ends of the joint are
modeled as the rigid elements 20 to 30 and 35 to 45. Additional rigid elements, perpendicular to the pipe axis,
extend from each flange. The tie bars are 1inch in diameter. The following nodal layout and input is used to
build a comprehensive model of the tied bellows.
Tied Bellows Complex Model
5-20
Expansion Joints
Tied Bellows Complex Model-Continued
Weightless rigid elements extend from the

flange centerline to the outside edge of the
flanges where the tie rods are attached. Only
2 of eight element inputs shown.
Tie Rod will usually be at ambient

temperature, but it is important to specify this
correctly.
5-21
Dual Gimbal
Dual gimbal joints are two, usually angular-only, gimballed joints in series in the pipeline. Putting two (or three)
angular-only gimballed joints together provides the ability to absorb lateral and possibly axial deformation.
Pipe flexibility software is unable to model the axial-only component of the possible deformation because it
requires large rotation of the expansion joint componentssomething not considered in such software.
Use the single angular deformation only gimbals in series with at least one other gimballed joint. It is only in
series that the angular deformation only gimbal provides for any lateral movement.
Gimballed joints are designed to take pressure thrust. Verify that the joint manufacturer is aware of the design
loads on the gimbal.
Model each individual angular-only gimbal joint as a zero length expansion joint with rigid axial, transverse, and
torsional stiffnesses. The bending stiffness should be equal to the manufacturer's published rotational stiffness
term.
The minimum required distance L between adjacent single gimballed joints (shown as 8-7 in the following
example), is principally a function of the angular and rotational deformation to be absorbed, the diameter, and
the number of convolutions per joint. The following figure shows a dual gimbal comprised of two angular-only
gimbals. The bending stiffness for each gimballed joint is 490.0 in. lb./deg.
5-22
Expansion Joints
Dual Gimbal Angular - Only
Note: Both expansion joints use the

same stiffness values, so it is only shown
once here.
5-23
Simple Bellows with Pressure Thrust

Caution: The numbers used for the expansion joint examples in this chapter are for illustrative purposes only!
Please verify all values used from a qualified technical source.
Bellows expansion joints can be modeled with either a zero or a finite length. When finite length bellows are
used, either the bending or the transverse stiffness should be left blank. CAESAR II calculates the exact stiffness
coefficient for the term left blank. If all stiffnesses are defined, CAESAR II uses the entered data and skips the
stiffness calculations. For finite length expansion joints, leave the Bending Stiffness field blank and enter the
lateral stiffness given by the manufacturer into Transverse Stiffness on the expansion joint spreadsheet.
CAESAR II uses the Expansion Joint Manufacturer's Association (EJMA) equations to calculate the bending
(Angular) or transverse (Lateral) stiffness of metallic bellows. EJMA defines these stiffness values as:
K tr = (1.5K ax )(D eff /L)
2
K b = (K ax ) (D eff ) /8
(1)
(2)
Where:
K b = Bending Angular stiffness of the bellows
K tr = Transverse Lateral stiffness of the bellows
K ax = Axial stiffness of the bellows
D eff = Effective Diameter Mean Diameter of the bellows
L = Length of the bellows for all convolutions
Note: Equation (2) is based on modeling bellows as zero-length where the expansion joint acts as a hinge.
Because it is possible to leave the Effective Diameter field blank (zero), CAESAR II uses derived formulas for
the calculation of the bending or transverse stiffness in terms of the other stiffness, thereby eliminating the
effective diameter from the equations.
2
K b = (K tr L /3)(/180)
(3)
Note: Equation 3 has been increased by a factor of 4 from that derived from (1) and (2) above. The reason
follows at the end of this section.
or
2
K tr = (3K b /L )(180/)
(4)
Note: Equation 4 has been decreased by a factor of 4 from that derived from (1) and (2) above. The reason
follows at the end of this section.
5-24
Expansion Joints
Bellows were originally modeled as zero-length elements. Finite-length bellows in bending, cause a translation
while zero-length bellows do not. For zero-length bellows, hold the translation of a finite-length bellows to zero
while in bending. This requires a bending stiffness of four times that of the zero-length expansion joint,
regardless of the length of the finite-length bellows. This is similar to the guided cantilever methods.
Most expansion joint manufacturer's catalog values for bending stiffness are still based on zero-length bellows,
while the transverse stiffness is normally based on the finite-length of bellows. For more information refer to
equations (1) and (2). For this reason, you should enter the transverse stiffness and to leave the Bending
Stiffness field blank. CAESAR II then calculates the proper bending stiffness according to equation (3) and uses
this value for the flexibility analysis. If a value for K TR is entered that does not conform to equation (1), equation
(3) uses the entered value for calculation of K b .
Caution: If a catalog value of K b is used and that value is based on zero-length values, CAESAR II will use
equation (4) resulting in1/4 the value of K TR .
Note: For a zero length expansion joint, CAESAR II uses either the preceding or the following element to
determine the axial direction of the bellows stiffnesses. The preceding element is checked first.
Note: Bellows are very fragile under torsional loading. Accurate torsional stiffnesses and allowable torsional
rotations should be obtained from the vendor.
Note: Systems using untied bellows should either be of very low pressure or adequately anchored and guided to
withstand the possibly large thrust loads developed due to the unrestrained bellows.
Note: Bellows and any other miscellaneous weights should be added to flanges on either side of the bellows, or
can be added as concentrated forces. This is particularly true when the bellow is part of a hanger sizing weight
calculation.
A zero or blank effective ID results in a zero pressure thrust. The effective ID is the mean diameter of the
bellows and is used to find the area for pressure thrust calculations. The total thrust load is applied at the From
and To ends of the bellows, and is used to open the bellows if the pressure is positive. The magnitude of the
thrust load is P * A eff , where P is the pressure in the pipe above atmospheric, and A eff is the area, found from
A eff = /4 * (D Eff )
Many manufacturers specify the effective area of the bellows. The effective ID for CAESAR II input may be
calculated by using the following equation:
D eff = [4A eff /]
In the example below, the untied bellows runs between the nodes 8 and 9. The elbow at 11 is anchored to take
the thrust load developed in the bellows. The manufacturer's specification for the axial stiffness of the joint is
5131 lb./in. with a transverse stiffness of 27058 lb/in. The bending stiffness is left blank, and is calculated by
CAESAR II because the bellows has a finite length. The pump and the baseplate at 5 must be able to withstand the
large axial force that develops due to pressure thrust in the bellows.
Bellows with Pressure Thrust
A eff = 69 in
P = 175 psi
Thrust = 69(175)=12075 lb. (automatically

applied by CAESAR II)
* The Bending Stiffness calculated by CAESAR II:

K Bend = 1/3K tr L2(/180) = 984 inlb/degree
5-25
5-26
Expansion Joints
Pressure-Balanced Tees and Elbows

Pressure balanced tees and elbows are used primarily to absorb axial displacements at a change in direction,
without any associated pressure thrust. Pressure balanced tees can also be used in universal type configurations
to absorb axial and lateral movement.
The example below shows the coding of a pressure-balanced tee in a turbine exhaust line. The bottom side of the
tee is blanked off. The tee is a standard unreinforced fabricated tee. The tie bars will only act in tension.
5-27
Universal Joint - Comprehensive Tie Rod

The comprehensive universal joint model involves defining, as accurately as possible, all tie rods and
connections between tie rods and end plates.
The following groups illustrate the method used in constructing the universal expansion joint model shown
above.
Rigid Elements (Flanges)
15-17 / 31-33
Rigid Elements normal to the pipe axis and between the pipe and tie bar centerlines.
At the end where there are nuts on either side of the flange, fixing the tie-bar to the flange:
33-1033 / 33-2033 / 33-3033
Rigid Elements normal to the pipe axis, and between the pipe and tie-bar centerlines.
At the end where there are nuts only on the backside of the flange:
15-1015 / 15-2015 / 15-3015
Intermediate lateral tee supports (Rigid)
23-1023 / 23-2023 / 23-3023
25-1025 / 25-2025 / 25-3025
Tie-bars
1033-1034-1035-1036
2033-2034-2035-2036
3033-3034-3035-3036
Restraints with connecting nodes at the tension-only flange end.
RESTR NODE
=
1036
CNODE =
1015
TYPE
=
-X , Y , Z
RESTR NODE
=
2036
CNODE =
2015
TYPE
=
-X , Y , Z
RESTR NODE
=
3036
CNODE =
3015
TYPE
=
-X , Y , Z
Restraints with connecting nodes at the intermediate support points.
RESTR NODE
=
1035
CNODE =
1023
TYPE
=
Y , Z
RESTR NODE
=
2035
CNODE =
2023
TYPE
=
Y , Z
RESTR NODE
=
3035
CNODE =
3023
TYPE
=
Y , Z
RESTR NODE
=
1034
CNODE =
1025
TYPE
=
Y , Z
RESTR NODE
=
2034
CNODE =
2025
TYPE
=
Y , Z
RESTR NODE
=
3034
CNODE =
3025
TYPE
=
Y , Z
CH AP TER
Chapter 6 Miscellaneous Models

This chapter discusses modeling techniques for the components not explicitly covered in earlier chapters.
In This Chapter
Reducers ........................................................................................ 6-2
Ball Joints ...................................................................................... 6-3
Jacketed Pipe ................................................................................. 6-4
Cold Spring.................................................................................... 6-6
Connecting Equipment .................................................................. 6-7
6-2
Reducers
Reducer Example
To model reducers use the procedure listed below.

Modeling Reducers Using CAESAR II
1
Define the length of the reducer just like any other pipe element.
Tip: For eccentric reducers be sure to skew the element such that the TO node matches the position of the
centerline of the following pipe elements.
2
Double click the Reducer check box on the input spreadsheet.
Tip: If the element preceding and following the reducer are already defined (such as inserting this element) then
CAESAR II will automatically calculate all the reducer input data and the user can leave this field blank.
3
Enter the diameter and wall thickness of the pipe that will follow the reducer.
Tip: Nominal diameter and wall thickness can be entered here and CAESAR II will convert these to actual
diameter and wall thickness if this portion is activated in the units file (in the Diameter and Wt/Sch fields on the
spreadsheet convert nominal to actual then so will the Reducer dialog).
Tip: Alpha is the slope of the reducer transition in degrees. If left blank, the value will be set from an estimated
slope equal to the arc tangent times 1/2 the change in diameters times sixty percent of the entered reducer length.
Note: IGE /TD -12 requires entry of the reducer alpha a swell as R1 and R2, which are the reducer transition
radii of the large end and small end respectively. For more information see the diagrams above.
6-3
Ball Joints
Ball joints can be modeled with zero length expansion joints, or with restraints and connecting nodes. When
using expansion joints, each ball and socket is defined with one zero length expansion joint having rigid axial
and transverse stiffnesses, and essentially zero bending and torsional stiffnesses.
If torsional stiffness should be small, use a value of 1.0.
Tip: Results are invalid for large rotations.
Two Methods of Ball Joint Modeling
Modeling a ball joint between nodes 20 and

21 using a zero length expansion joint
Modeling a ball joint between nodes 20 and

21 using axial, translational and torsional
restraints with CNodes. The next element
starts at node 21 (From Node).
6-4
Jacketed Pipe
Jacketed piping systems are input by running the jacket elements directly on top of the core elements where the
two are concentric.
A very simple way to generate a jacketed pipe model is to run through the entire core and then duplicate the core
piping using a proper node increment (such as 1000). This will produce a second run of pipe, which will be
modified to build the jacket model. For the jacket, change the pipe size, temperature, bend radii, etc., to finish
the model. Then attach the jacket and core by changing the node numbers and adding restraints.
Typically, the end caps connecting the core to the jacket pipe are much stiffer than either the core or the jacket.
For this reason node pairs like (10 and 1010), (25 and 1025), (35 and 1035), and (40 and 1040) are often joined
by using the same node for each, i.e. the displacements and rotations at the end of the core pipe are assumed to
be the same as the displacements and rotations at the end of the jacket pipe.
Internal spiders offer negligible resistance to bending and axial relative deformation. Node 15 might be
connected to node 1015 via a restraint with connecting node. For an X run of pipe, rigid restraints would exist
between the two nodes for the Y and Z degrees of freedom.
The +Y support acting on the jacket at node 1020 does not cause any stiffnesses to be inserted between 20 and
1020. Node 20 is included in the model so that outside diameter interference can be checked at the 20-1020 cross
sections. Should there be any concern about interference, or interference-related stresses at the 20-1020 nodes,
then restraints with connecting nodes and gaps can be used to approximate the pipe-inside-a-pipe with clearance
geometry.
Since CAESAR II constructs the jacketed piping model by associating nodal degrees of freedom, the program
really does not know one pipe is inside of another. Therefore the following items should be considered.
If both the jacket and the core are fluid-filled, the fluid density of the jacket must be reduced, to avoid excess
(incorrect) weight.
If wind or wave loads are specified, the wind or wave loading must be deactivated for the core, or else the core
will pick up wind load.
The core pipe should probably have its insulation thickness set to zero.
6-5
6-6
Cold Spring
See the CAESAR II Technical Reference Manual for a detailed discussion of the method for analyzing Cold Spring.
Cut Short
Material 18 is used for Cut Short
6-7
Connecting Equipment
Vertical Vessels
Average diameter of the skirt = 102 + 78/ 2 = 90 inches

Average temperature of the skirt = 87. F
Temperature of the vessel = 325 . F
Nozzle N1:
OD = 10.750
Wall = 0.5
Length of Flange = 4.0 inches
Weight of single flange = 112
Notes:
1. Element 20 to 125 should be rigid, the associated diameter and wall thickness should be that of the
vessel. The element from 20 to 125 should be stiff relative to the vessel. The element from 15 to 215
should be stiff relative to the vessel.
2. The rigid element from 135 to 140 models the flange at the end of the nozzle and should be rigid
relative to the nozzle diameter.
3. The rigid element 225 to 230 models the flange at the end of the nozzle and should be rigid
4. Local shell flexibilities are defined between 130 and 135 and 220 and 215.
5. The above model considers the cantilever bending and shear in the vessel from the skirt, and also
the local flexibility of the vessel shell in the vicinity of the nozzle.
6-8
Vessel Skirt
The following partial spreadsheets illustrate the modeling techniques used to define the vertical vessel.
Vessel Skirt
Vessel
Vessel
Rigid Elements
Rigid Elements
These rigid elements are weightless, but do undergo thermal expansion.
6-9
6-10
N1 Nozzle
N1 Nozzle
Flange
N2 Nozzle
N2 Nozzle
6-11
6-12
Horizontal Vessels
Horizontal Vessel models are built using combinations of straight pipe and nozzle flexibility simulations (WRC
297). The following figure illustrates the most accurate way to define horizontal vessel flexibility.
NOZZLE
OD
Wall
Flange
Flange
N3:
= 12.750
= 0.687
length =5.0 inches
weight = 250 lb.
Notes:
1. Elements 5 to 6, 6 to 10, 15 to 16, 16 to 20, and 20 to 22 should be rigid and the associated
diameter and wall thickness should be that of the vessel. (These rigid elements should be stiff
relative to the vessel.)
2. The rigid element from 26 to 30 models the flange at the end of the nozzle and should be rigid
3. Local shell flexibilities are defined between the nodes 22 and 24.
4. The above model considers the flexibility of the horizontal vessel section, the free translation
horizontal restraint at 125, and the local flexibility of the vessel shell in the vicinity of the
nozzle.
6-13
The following partial spreadsheets illustrate the modeling techniques used to define the horizontal vessel.
Vessel Legs - portion not in contact with vessel T=100F, P=0.0psi
Vessel Legs Not in Contact with Vessel
Note: Element 15-16 is identical except for the restraints as shown above.
6-14
Vessel Legs - portion in contact with vessel T=375F, P=0.0psi
Vessel Legs in Contact with Vessel
DY = Vessel Radius
Note: Element 16-20 is identical.

Vessel Modeled As Pipe
Vessel modeled as pipe (not rigid) P0, Fluid Density 0
Vessel Modeled As Pipe
Zero-Weight Rigid To Nozzle Interface Location
Pipe element (not rigid) P0, Fluid Density 0
6-15
Nozzle Element With WRC 297 Connection Defined
Nozzle Flange
During error checking the vessel flexibilities are calculated and reported. These values will be used
automatically in the analysis. This WRC297 data is available to output in the Miscellaneous Data report
CH AP TER
Chapter 7 Tutorial A
This chapter provides a step-by step tutorial describing the piping system input and includes descriptions of
various output reports.
In This Chapter
System Overview........................................................................... 7-2
Reviewing the Static Results ......................................................... 7-26
Conclusions ................................................................................... 7-39
7-2
Tutorial A
System Overview
This tutorial presents the flexibility and stress analysis of a piping system using CAESAR II. This process includes
the creation and entry of the pipe stress model, the analysis and evaluation of the results, and a re-design of the
system. The system chosen for this purpose, though small, exercises common modeling situations, as illustrated
in the figure below. As noted on the drawing, this system moves crude tower bottoms from the bottoms pump to
a steam stripper unit, which is utilized in a refining process. The end suction, top discharge pump has a 10-in.
suction nozzle and an 8-in. discharge nozzle. The 8-in. line runs through a check valve with a 6-in. bypass, to a
spring hanger support. Then it runs over a hard support before entering the vertical vessel.
The Tutor Piping System Layout
7-3
The boundaries of this system are the pump discharge nozzle and the vessel nozzle. Other acceptable choices
could have been the pump support (or base) point and the vessel foundation. The pump nozzle is a satisfactory
boundary because the movement of that point (as the pump heats up in operation) is rather certain and easily
calculated from the thermal strain between the pump nozzle and the base point. The vessel nozzle is an adequate
boundary because of the known thermal growth of the vessel and the greater stiffness of the vessel, with respect
to the 8-in. pipe. An opposite approach may be taken by running the model all the way to an immovable point,
which is the vessel foundation.
The check valve sits on top of the welding tee for the 6-in. bypass piping. The 6-in. line runs through a gate
valve before re-entering the 8-in. line through a second welding tee above the check valve. The total weight and
length of this valving is unknown at this time. Therefore, the valve lengths and weights were pulled in from the
CAESAR II generic database. Note that the spring hanger above this valving will be quite sensitive to the
weights used here. The difference between the actual installed valve weights and modeled weights should be
used to adjust the spring pre-load. Verify that the hot load on the spring is toward the center of the
manufacturers-recommended spring working range to allow errors in load estimation. If there is any appreciable
change in these weights, the system should be re-analyzed.
The hanger is included at the top of the vertical run to carry the deadweight and absorb its thermal growth. The
hanger is attached to the elbow and in line with the vertical pipe at the near end of the elbow. (Near is a term
associated with the path used to define the elbow. By coding up the vertical leg and then the horizontal leg, the
weld point on the vertical run of the elbow is the near end and the horizontal run weld point is the far end.) The
other end of the hanger is attached to some available structure above this point. Because of the vertical thermal
growth of the hanger attachment point, a simple rod hanger is not acceptable here. The analysis will be set to
force CAESAR II to select a variable or constant support hanger at this point. The program will probably select a
variable spring support. For that reason, the Anvil table is specified for its selection.
The horizontal piping rests on an unspecified support at the far end of the next elbow. This support, modeled as a
rigid, nonlinear restraint acting on the pipe centerline, allows the piping to grow upward, but prevents downward
motion. In cases where a more accurate model for supporting structures is required, include structural steel in the
model and analysis.
7-4
Tutorial A
Preparing the Drawing

The following figure shows the drawing used to construct the model. Immediately apparent are the node
numbers. These labels are assigned where there is a change in geometry (a pipe diameter, wall thickness, or
change in direction), a change in materials, operating conditions (temperature or pressure), or the application of
boundary conditions (restraints, point loads, displacements, and so on). Additional node numbers should be
assigned at any other location for which output is desired. For this tutorial the progression is incremented by 5s
starting with node 5 at the pump nozzle. These nodes are the basis through which the piping stress isometric is
tabulated for the analysis. The bypass piping also has the 5s progression but they are incremented by 600. In
reviewing the results the 600 series will indicate 6-in. pipe.
Tutor Example with Node Number s and Other Technical Infor mation
7-5
Note how the elbows are shown squared with the node assigned to the intersection. The elbows will be defined
so that output is available for the near, mid, and far points of the bend (at 0, 45, and 90 degrees). The hanger will
be sized at the first elbows near point (node 28).
Other information required for the model is collected on this drawing before the program is started. Most of the
data should be readily available but some research may be required. Items such as pump nozzle deflections and
valve data details can slow down the input session if not noted on the drawing. The next figure shows the
dimensions for this system.
Tutor Example with Dimensions
7-6
Tutorial A
Generating CAESAR II Input

Before beginning the input session, it will be useful for this tutorial to set the numeric increment between nodes.
In the previous discussion, it was stated that node numbers would use an increment of 5 for this model. The
default nodal increment is 10, so this must be changed. From the Main Menu, select TOOLS-CONFIGURE SETUP and
the window shown below displays. Next, choose the Geometry Directives tab. Select the number 5 from the
drop list in the Auto Node Number Increment item as shown in the following figure. Click Exit w/ Save to
save this change and return to the Main Menu.
Changing the Auto Node Number Incr ement in Configur ation Setup
Click the CAESAR II icon to start the program. CAESAR II will confirm the External Software Lock (ESL)
connection. Next, click FILE-NEW and enter a new filename of Tutor in the resulting dialog. Be sure to note the
data directory path that you will create and store the file in. You may want to use the Browse button to choose
another directory for storage of your CAESAR II data files.
New J ob Name Specification Dialog Box
7-7
Start the input session by selecting INPUT-PIPING from the Main Menu. If the job is new, CAESAR II will present
the list of input units that will be used. Otherwise, if a job by the name Tutor already exists on the machine, the
first piping element spreadsheet will appear. If this is the case, exit out of this input by clicking the X in the topright of the window or by selecting FILE-EXIT from the menu. Return to the Main Menu to pick an unused
jobname. The following window will be displayed if the file is new.
Tip: The Review Current Units window displays only if the file is new and did not previously exist in the data directory.
If the Units File Label field (bottom left of the Review Current Units dialog box) does not show English Units
then click Cancel. Select TOOLS-CONFIGURE SETUP, click the Database Directives tab and select English in the
units drop list there. If the English units are shown, click OK to continue with the input. An empty piping
element input spreadsheet will appear as shown in the following figure.
7-8
Tutorial A
Blank Input Spr eadsheet
All the input spreadsheets for this tutorial are provided on the following pages. Individual spreadsheets may be
repeated if more than one auxiliary field or command is used. Text will appear with the spreadsheets where
explanations are required. Use the Tab key, the arrow keys, or the mouse to navigate the input spreadsheet.
Also, use the Plot command to review the work completed. To fix errors, navigate to the appropriate spreadsheet
[PgUp] and change the entry.
CAESAR II automatically generates the From and To Nodes when you start a new spreadsheet. The cursor is
initially positioned in the From field. The From Node/field should read 5 assuming the node increment is set to
5 in CONFIGURE/SETUP. If not, it can be reset using Edit-Insert. If it does not read 5, select the node number in
the white input box and type 5 over it. Now use the Tab, Enter or Down Arrow key to move to the next input
(the To Node in this case). Enter a 10 in the To field if one is not already there. All the remaining data entered on
this screen will now be associated with the first element from node 5 to node 10 or these two end points.
7-9
Move down to the DY cell and enter the element length of 2 ft. by entering 2-, the "-"
indicates feet. Node 10 marks the centerline intersection of the 8-in. main line with the 6in. by-pass. In the next block, enter the nominal pipe size of 8 in. Note that after leaving
this cell, the actual Outer Diameter (OD) replaces the nominal. Also with the standard
wall thickness, the entered S is replaced by the actual wall thickness. Enter the insulation
thickness and corrosion allowance next. Note that fractions are allowed in these cells as
well.
Next enter the operating conditions of Temperature (600F) and Pressure (30psi). We omit
the units in our entries because CAESAR II already has the units information. The
completed first column of data displays in the figure to the left.
At the top of the second column of this first spreadsheet, double -click the Displacements
check box to activate the Displacement Auxiliary Data area to the right, where you will
enter the displacement information. For node 5 enter the Y and Z anchor displacements of
0.077 in. and 0.046 in. respectively. These two numbers are calculated as the thermal
growth of the pump discharge nozzle from the base support point. Note that the other four
degrees of freedom must be entered as 0 without the entry of zero (or any other definition
of these boundaries), Node 5 would be free to move in these four directions. The figure
below shows the displacements entered correctly
Fir st Tutor Element Geometr y and

Oper ating Conditions
Node 5 Tutor Model Displacement Boundar y Condition
7-10
Tutorial A
Next we enter the pipe material by clicking the drop list to the right of the Material label and choose number 1
Low Carbon Steel. Material properties will now be read in automatically from CAESAR II's material database.
Ambient Elastic Modulus, Poissons Ratio, and Pipe Density will be filled in. The material number will also be
referenced to pick up the coefficient of expansion for the specified temperatures.
Now double-click the Allowable Stress check box to activate the Allowable Stress Auxiliary data area to the
right. The first 21 materials are Generic and do not have Allowable Stress values associated with them in the
database. However, the other materials in the list will also fill in the Allowable Stress values as found in the
database. The cold and hot allowable stresses (Sc and Sh) as defined by the piping code are entered for the type
of piping material to be analyzed. Here the cold allowable stress of 20,000 psi (dont use commas) and the hot
allowable stress of 17,300 psi are not extracted from the database so you must type these values. Exponential
format may be used in these fields to simplify data entry and reduce mistakes. Click the drop list and select
B31.3 if it is not already there by default (The default code is defined in the Configure/Setup). The material
property and allowable stress entries are shown in the following figure.
7-11
Node 10 is the intersection of the 8-in. and 6-in. lines. This

intersection is constructed using an 8x6 welding tee. Piping codes
recognize the reduced strength of this piping component by
increasing the calculated stress at this point in the system. For
CAESAR II to include this stress intensification factor in the stress
calculation, the node must be identified as a welding tee. First
double-click the SIFs and Tees check box to activate the SIFs and
Tees Auxiliary data area. Specify node 10 as our intersection node
and select Welding Tee from the Type drop list. CAESAR II will
calculate the SIFs at this intersection according to the piping code
selected (B31.3 in this case) so no more input is needed here.
With an insulation thickness specified, CAESAR II will assume a
density for calcium silicate. For the purposes of this illustration this
value is entered manually as 11.5 lbf/ft3. The input is accepted as
3
lbf/in (use the F1 function key to confirm) so the entered value is
divided by 1728 in3/ft3 to make this conversion. To clarify, type
11.5/1728 in the Insulation Density field and CAESAR II will
convert it. Another conversion capability is shown with the Fluid
Density cell. The commodity is specified as 80% the deadweight of
water so enter 0.8SG in the field and CAESAR II will convert it to
the proper units.
To define the next piece of pipe, press ALT-C, select EDIT-CONTINUE, or click the Continue button on the far
right-hand side of the toolbar.
7-12
Tutorial A
Note on this new spreadsheet that the To Node of the previous spreadsheet now appears as the From Node.
Also, all the distributed data values (the information that carries on from one pipe to the next) remain on this
new screen. The user only needs to add element length and any new boundary conditions or changes from the
previous element. The distributed data is re-entered only when they change value. Allowable Stress data carries
forward, even though the check box on subsequent spreadsheets is unchecked. Do not enable this box unless you
have a change in material, code, or temperature. Uniform Loads and Wind also carry forward without enabling
the check box. None of the other check boxes in the input carry forward.
This second element runs from the intersection point to the beginning of the check valve. This short run finishes
out the welding tee and is bounded by nodes 10 and 15 as entered by CAESAR II. The length of this element is 7
in. in the Y direction so 7 is entered in the DY field. This data finishes the description of the second element.
The entire spreadsheet for this second element follows.
Second Element Spr eadsheet for Tutor
7-13
The next element (15-20) is the flanged check valve. This CAESAR II element would include the flanged valve
and the mating flanges as these piping components are stiffer than the attached pipe. If the length and weight of
this rigid element were known, this data could be entered directly by entering the length in the DY field,
enabling the Rigid box and then entering the Rigid Weight in the Auxiliary Data area. Here, for lack of better
data and for convenience, the CAESAR II CADWorx Valve/Flange database will be accessed to generate this
input automatically. This data is made available through the Model-Valve menu option or by clicking the
Valve/Flange Database button on the toolbar. This command will display the window shown below. If the
following window does not appear, refer to Chapter 2 of the CAESAR II Technical Reference Manual
(Configuration and Environment).
Valve/Flange Database Selection Window
To select the valve type and class, use the mouse to highlight the Check Valve selection as shown above (instead
of the default of Gate). A 150 psi class flanged check valve will be entered between nodes 15 and 20 when the
OK button is clicked or the Enter key is pressed. CAESAR II will make three entries on the input spreadsheet:
The element length, the Rigid check box is activated, and the weight is input into the Rigid Auxiliary Data
area. Here the rigid element runs 2 ft. 3.75 in. in the +Y direction and weighs 470 pounds. When FLG End
Type is selected, this rigid element includes the added length and weight of the mating flanges.
The bypass piping rejoins the main line through a second welding tee, which sits on top the check valve. The run
of pipe to the intersection of the main line and bypass centerlines is 7 in. (half of the total length of the 8 in. x 6
in. welding tee). The next figure shows the definition of this element 20 - 25 and the specification of the welding
tee at 25.
Tee Specification on Four th Element of Tutor
7-14
Tutorial A
The next node entered is located at the intersection of the vertical pipe centerline and the horizontal pipe
centerline above it. This construction point at node 30 is not actually a node on the piping system. Any
additional input specified at 30 and all output for node 30 will be located at the far weld point of the elbow,
which connects the vertical and horizontal runs. The dimension of 10 ft. 2 in. runs from node 25 to node 30.
Enabling the Bend check box specifies the elbow. The Bend specification automatically generates additional
nodes around this elbow locating the near weld point and the bend midpoint (designated by the letter M). Node
28 is listed in the auxiliary data field at angle 0 and the elbow midpoint is listed as node 29. These added nodes
will appear as output points and they may also be used to locate restraints. By default a long radius elbow (1.5
nominal pipe size) will be added at the change in pipe direction. Users may also change the bend radius.
Bend Specification at End of Element Fr om 25 to 30 in Tutor
7-15
The hanger to be sized at this elbow is placed at node 28 in line with the vertical run of pipe. To enter the hanger
sizing information, double-click the Hanger check box. The Hanger Auxiliary Data area, like that shown in the
next figure, should be filled with node 28 entered as the Hanger Node. For this first pass through the analysis,
the default settings will be used with no additional hanger design data. Press F1 on any of these input cells for
more information. Here, the hanger will be chosen from Table 1 the Anvil hanger catalog. Additionally, a
short-range spring will not be permitted at this point as the mid range spring will probably be cheaper.
Hanger Auxiliar y Data Specification in Tutor
7-16
Tutorial A
The piping system continues on to the elbow at node 35. Again, the distance entered as CAESAR II input is the
distance between the intersections of the pipe centerlines; not the physical length of the straight piece of pipe
between the elbows. Here, -12 ft is in the X direction. This X run of pipe will finish off the elbow at 30 by
creating a 90-degree turn. Double click the Bend check box to generate the long radius elbow at 35 with the two
extra nodes. There is also a support at the far weld point of this bend. This far end of the bend is node 35 in the
model so the restraint is specified at node 35. This support will not allow the pipe to move downward, but it
cannot prevent the pipe from moving upward. This non-linear restraint (a restraint whose stiffness, rather than
remaining constant, is a function of load or displacement) is entered as a +Y type. The +Y indicated that the
restraint supplies a positive Y (upward) load to the pipe; most users interpret the +Y as indicating the pipe is free
to move in the +Y direction. With no stiffness entered with this restraint, CAESAR II will set this to a very stiff
(rigid) restraint; meaning that under any practical load, the pipe will not push the restraint down. Note that up
to four restraints may be specified in this auxiliary data field. Except for the anchor designation, a restraint is a
vector. If there was a guide restraining lateral motion of node 35, an X restraint would also be defined here as the
second restraint. Press F1 for more information about these restraint parameters.
Bend Specification and Restr aint Specification on Element fr om 30 to 35 in Tutor
From the second elbow, the pipe runs in the Z direction for 18 ft where it terminates at the intersection with the
vessel wall. As with the pump connection at node 5, node 40 is a satisfactory boundary for this model. The
thermal growth of the vessel at this point is calculated and entered as displacements of node 40.
Displacement Boundar y Conditions Simulating Vessel Ther mal Gr owth at Node 40 in Tutor .
7-17
The model now returns to the 6-in. by-pass piping around the 8-in. check valve above the pump. The welding tee
nodes of 10 and 25 will be completely defined as reducing tees when these 6-in. piping elements are modeled.
The figure below shows the changes required to start the 6-in. line, which is explained here.
The input processor automatically shifts the previous To Node to the current From Node. Since the model is no
longer continuing from node 40, the From Node must be changed here to 10 and the To Node is set to 605 as
the 600 series of node numbers will indicate 6-in. pipe. The X length of -2 ft is measured from the 8-in.
centerline to the centerline of the vertical 6-in. line. Diameter is entered as 6 and Wt/Sch is entered as S. An
elbow is specified at node 605 by double-clicking the Bend check box. Note that CAESAR II automatically
generates a long radius elbow for this 6-in. line. This elbow is flanged on one end. This flange acts like a
stiffening ring, which reduces the bending flexibility of the elbow. This characteristic of flanged elbows is
addressed by the piping codes through a modification of the flexibility factor and stress intensification for the
elbow. To include this effect, select Single Flange from the Type drop list in the Bend Auxiliary data area. A
simple by-pass piping, the inclusion of flange stiffening, is probably insignificant and can be ignored.
Bypass Inputs in Tutor
7-18
Tutorial A
The 6-in. piping continues up to node 610, which marks the beginning
of the gate valve. The distance between the horizontal centerline
(nodes 30 to 605) and the bottom of the valve is 9 in. in the Y
direction. This 9-in. specification puts node 610 at the far end of the
bend defined on the previous screen. The input locations of nodes 605
and 610 are coincident, which would produce a zero length element.
CAESAR II inserts a length for this element 605-610 equal to 5% of the
bend radius In this case, the value is 0.45 in. This 5% default value,
which can be changed in the CAESAR II configuration, prevents the
generation of a zero length element.
The next element is the 6-in. 150-psi class,
flanged gate valve running from 610 to 615.
Use the Valve/Flange database (with the
command Valve) for this rigid element. Select
the 150 psi flanged gate valve (default) and
click OK. CAESAR II will return from the
database with rigid Y run, 17.625 in. long,
weighing 225 pounds. As with the 8-in. check
valve, the deadweight and length of the
attached flanges should be included in this
analysis. (Use the NOFLG End Type if you
do not want these included.)
150 Flanged Gate Valve Selected fr om the CADWor x Valve/Flange Database
Resulting CAESAR II Element Definition for the 150# Flanged Gate Valve
7-19
The element from 615 to 620 is the length required to bring the pipe up level with the intersection at node 25.
This distance is easy to find by choosing the Distance command from the toolbar or from the menu with EDIT DISTANCE. The Y-distance in this case between 615 and 25 is 15 in., so this distance is input as DY on the
spreadsheet for 615 to 620. Also a bend must be specified here since the next element will connect the current
element to the intersection at node 25.
The Y value of the distance between nodes 615 and 25 gives us the dimension for the element from 615 to 620.
For the element running from 620 to 25 we know from the previous Distance command that it is 2 ft in the xdirection. But imagine for a moment that we did not have this information. In this case we can use the Close
Loop command EDIT - CLOSE LOOP and CAESAR II will calculate this dimension and enter it into the appropriate
DX, DY, and DZ fields. First create the spreadsheet and enter 25 for the To Node. Then perform the Close Loop
command. DX will now have a value of 2 ft.
7-20
Tutorial A
The close loop on element 620 to 25 will fill in the distances for DX, DY, and DZ fields.
Input Review
Two commands are available on any input screen to review the data: Plot and List. While the input can be
checked by paging through each input screen, these commands are useful in confirming and/or editing the entire
model. The use of these commands will be demonstrated in this section. By default a plot of the model is
displayed to the right of the piping input spreadsheet. The plot area can be increased if the piping input pane is
closed. To close the piping input, click the
button in the upper right corner of the spreadsheet. To display
the Classic Piping Input spreadsheet and the model side by side, click the Classic Piping Input tab that
displays in the upper left corner of the spreadsheet and then click the
button twice. The volume plot of the
current piping system is shown; available toolbar buttons and menu commands can be used to perform various
functions. To display the node numbers press the letter N on the keyboard or click the
The following figure shows the tutor model with the node numbers displayed.
button on the toolbar.
7-21
A few notes about the commands may be useful here; Use the arrow keys to rotate the plot. Users may also use
the arrow keys or mouse to pan the plot after clicking the Pan button. Scrolling the mouse will zoom the model
and pressing the center mouse button will pan the plot. Clicking the right mouse button on the display and
clicking OPERATORS-PAN from the pop-up menu provides an alternative method of panning the plot. The model
will then follow the mouse cursor within the display. The plus sign (+) zooms in and the minus sign (-) zooms
out. There are toolbar buttons and menu items to alter the pan view and to display element and restraint
information on the plot. Users are encouraged to use these different items to become familiar with them. To
reset the plot to the default use the
or click the Print button.
button or VIEW/RESET. To print a copy of the display choose FILE-PRINT
Note: Because the graphics are included in the Input Processor the graphic must be clicked to set the focus prior
to printing.
Node Number s Displayed on the Plot in Tutor
7-22
Tutorial A
The V key toggles different views. The Volume Plot shown below is especially useful for larger models as it
uses less of the computer's resources.
Volume Plot Showing Spr ing Hanger and Suppor t Locations in Tutor
The illustration below shows a view down the Z axis with a zoom and pan to show the pipe valves. This volume
plot shows the nodes and identifies the tees.
Volume Plot View Along Z-Axis Showing Nodes, Tees, and Displacements in Tutor
7-23
The
button or EDIT-LIST is used to quickly review and edit different categories of data in the job.
Clicking on the row number to the left of a line of data will highlight the entire row. Holding the Shift key down
while clicking on a second row of data will highlight all rows in between these two. Different types of data sets
are available by choosing the appropriate tab along the bottom of the spreadsheet. Use the scroll bar along the
bottom of the list to view more element data such as temperatures and pressures. The Element list displayed as
default is shown in the following figure.
Element Data in the List Editor
Ending the Input Session

If the input session is interrupted before all the data is collected, save the model input before exiting the input
processor. To save the current input, use the FILE-SAVE from any element input spreadsheet. CAESAR II will
interrupt the input session and prompt for this update 30 minutes after the last save. Input data can also be saved
through the input exit processor, which is accessed through the FILE- EXIT command. The input processor can be
re-entered later to continue the model creation.
After exiting and saving the input or running the Error Checker
CAESAR II will first save binary data for
this model under the filename Tutor._a. (All input files are composed of the jobname with the added suffix
_a.) CAESAR II then checks the job for errors and lists a variety of notes and warnings. This tutorial should
generate two notes during the error checking. Both notices from the error check tell the user to regard the hanger
in the model. The program must size one hanger and certain analyses are required to perform this hanger sizing.
All the error, warning, and notes are presented to users in a grid format. The analysis may proceed with notes
and warnings, but fatal errors must be corrected before continuing. If no fatal errors are found, CAESAR II will
build the intermediate (scratch) files for the static analysis. With the scratch files created, the input process is
complete and control is returned to the CAESAR II Piping Input.
7-24
Tutorial A
Performing the Static Analysis

After error checking the model, review the load cases. From the Edit menu highlight Edit Static Load Cases or
click
to enter the Load Case Editor. CAESAR II will begin with a standard set of load cases based upon the
piping code selected and the loads defined in input. For the job Tutor, size the hanger before the standard
structural and stress analyses are performed. This hanger sizing algorithm requires two analyses before the
standard three cases are analyzed. The five recommended load cases are shown below. From the menu that
appears in the following figure, select the option that recommends the load cases.
Load Case Editor with Two Hanger Design Cases and the Standar d Thr ee Load Cases for Tutor
CAESAR II creates load sets to analyze the operating conditions of the piping system and the installed conditions
of the piping system. The operating condition for this analysis consists of the deadweight of the pipe, its contents
and insulation, the design temperature and pressure, and the pre-load on the just-selected hanger at node 28. The
installed condition includes the deadweight and hanger pre-load. In addition to these structural analyses, certain
stress conditions must be addressed. For the piping code used here, the sustained and expansion stresses must be
calculated. Sustained stresses include deadweight, pre-loads and pressure. Sustained stresses can be taken from
the installed condition analysis if the pressure loads are included. CAESAR II will include the pressure term in the
installed case since pressure, in most cases, has no impact on the structural loads on the piping. With the
installed case structural analysis also serving as the sustained case stress analysis, no additional load case must
be added to calculate the sustained stresses. Expansion stresses reflect the change in system position from its
installed position to its operating position. Because of system non-linearity this change in position cannot be
determined by analyzing thermal loads alone. By default CAESAR II will construct a third load case to calculate
the expansion stress (range). This case is not, strictly speaking, a third, complete analysis of the system but
instead a product of the operating and installed structural analyses already performed. The difference in system
displacements between these two cases is the displacements stress range from which the expansion stresses are
7-25
calculated. The third class of stress in piping occasional stresses (as opposed to expansion and sustained) is
not included in the recommended analyses and must be specified by the user. Likewise, FATigue stress cases are
provided only when specifically required by the active piping code (TD/12, for example).
For most systems, the recommended load cases are exactly what the user wishes to analyze. Case #1 calculates
the deadweight carried by the proposed spring at node 28. Case #2 also calculates only one number, the vertical
travel of the proposed spring. All the load categories, which compose the operating load case, are used for this
analysis. These are deadweight, displacements, thermal set 1, and pressure set 1. With these two numbers - the
load carried by the hanger and the amount of travel it must accommodate CAESAR II will enter the Anvil catalog
and select the appropriate spring. This spring and its proper pre-load are installed in the model for the remaining
analyses.
Case #3 is the operating Hanger Load case. It is identical to case #2 but has the sized hanger pre-load included in
the category (H). This analysis will produce the operating forces and moments on the supports, and the
deflections of all points in the system. Case #3 is a structural analysis case and not a B31.3 stress analysis case.
The refining piping code does not recognize pipe stress in the operating condition as a test for system failure and
does not establish a limit for this state of stress. Case #4 is both a structural and stress case. By eliminating the
(assumed) thermal effects (D1+T1), the analysis is of the cold system. By including pressure (P1), this case also
has the necessary components to be used to report the systems sustained stresses. Case #5 (L3-L4) is an
algebraic combination of two basic load cases. The displacements of case #4 are subtracted from the
displacements of case #3 to produce these results. This case develops the displacement range of the system in its
growth from the installed position to the operating position. This displacement range is used for the calculation
of the systems expansion stresses.
To proceed with the analysis, click File-Analyze or click the
button. The program continues with the data
processing by building, sorting, and storing the equation (matrix) data for the system and the basic load cases.
This process may be terminated at any time by clicking Cancel. When this is done, the CAESAR II Solution
Module is entered.
CAESAR II will analyze the four basic loads (hanger design, operating, and installed) before leaving this screen.
At this point the solution screen is replaced with messages concerning the post processing of this data. The
displacement results of cases 3 and 4 are used with the element stiffness matrices to calculate the forces,
moments, and stresses throughout the system. The difference between these two sets of displacements is used to
establish the displacement range of the piping system as defined in load case #5. This new displacement set is
similarly used to calculate forces, moments, and stresses. At the completion of this step, all the results are loaded
into the binary data file Tutor._p and the CAESAR II output processor window is displayed so that output for this
job may be reviewed. The ._p file can only be examined through the output processor. The analysis need not
be rerun to review these results at a later time, instead, the option OUTPUT-STATICS from the Main Menu may be
used to bring up the output from the TUTOR._P file.
7-26
Tutorial A
Reviewing the Static Results

Whether entering the output processor directly from the static analysis or through the Main Menu, the Output
Window displays.
Static Output Pr ocessor
Usually the first look at output is to verify that the piping model is responding as expected. Checking deflections
and restraint loads in the operating and installed cases should quickly uncover any major problems with the
system layout or input. If there are unusual results, the input should be re-examined for correctness. If the output
verifies the model, the results can be used to collect pipe stresses, support and equipment loads, and any other
useful data found in the output. This information is useful in documenting a good piping design or
troubleshooting an inadequate one.
7-27
A good view of the operating displacements of this piping system is available by selecting the (OPE) load case
then clicking the
Tutor Output Plot
button. The image shown in the following figure will appear on the screen.
7-28
Tutorial A
As in other CAESAR II windows both the toolbar buttons and menu items may be used to select display options.
From the menu, select SHOW-DISPLACEMENT-DEFLECTED SHAPE. The plot will show the centerline plot along with a
normalized deflected shape of the system in the operating condition. This screen is shown in the next figure.
Displaced Shape Plot
When finished viewing the plotted output for the operating case, change the case to Sustained in the drop list on
the left of the second toolbar. Select SHOW-STRESS-OVERSTRESS and note that there is no over-stressed points exist
in the system. Reset the plot and select SHOW-STRESS-SYMBOL-CODE to display the code defined stresses
throughout the system. The stress symbols will appear on the screen and locate the highest stress points in the
system. Now select SHOW-STRESS-MAXIMUM to list the stress values on the plot; use the Enter key to list the
stresses one at a time starting with the highest. The node number is shown in parenthesis following the stress
value placed on the screen and the element containing this node is highlighted. Here, the highest (first) sustained
stress listed is at node 40 (nozzle to vessel connection) with a value of 160859 psi.
7-29
For a quick review of the stresses as well as the displacements and restraint loads the Element Viewer can be
enabled by clicking the
button on the toolbar. This information displays in the next figure. Return to the
output processor menu by clicking Exit or FILE-EXIT.
Output Plot with Maximum Str ess Point Revealed
For a quick look at the selected hanger data, select Hanger Table with Text from the General Computed
Results Column in the main Output Processor. The program reports the Anvil Fig. B-268 Size 10 spring
selected at node 28. This selection is based on the values found in the first two analyses (both provide no load
case reports in the output processor) the expected hot load for the proposed support at node 28 and the thermal
growth of node 28 (1220 lb. and 0.750 in., respectively). Return to the Output Menu and select only the
operating load case and Displacements and Restraint Summary. The restraint loads at nodes 5 and 60 will be
compared to the pump and vessel load limits. Return to the Output Menu and now select the installed case (turn
off 3 and turn on 4) to examine the installed condition of the piping system. (Both the operating and installed
cases could be reviewed together by having both 3 and 4 highlighted at the same time.) Now highlight the
sustained and expansion cases (4 and 5) and Stresses. Each stress report will begin with a summary stating that
the code stresses are below their allowable stress. In the table that follows the summary, the stresses will be
displayed for each node in the system. These nodes will be listed in pairs with their associated element. Note the
last column lists the ratio of actual stress to allowable stress in terms of percentage.
7-30
Tutorial A
These results can be sent to the printer or to a file rather then sent to the screen. Before creating the report, a title
line for the hardcopy may be generated through OPTIONS-TITLE LINES on the Output Menu. Enter the following
two lines for the report header:
CAESAR II TUTORIAL
BOTTOMS PUMP TO STEAM STRIPPER
To send the output to the printer, select FILE-PRINT or click Print. It is recommended to use the output wizard to
create a book of reports in a specific order and then send them to an output device. Click the [ More>>] button
in the lower right corner of the Static Output processor to access the wizard. Start the report with the hanger
table by selecting it and clicking [Add]. For the next selection turn off the hanger request (click on it while
holding the control key down) and select the operating and sustained load cases and Displacements and
Restraint Summary reports, then click [Add] again.
Finally add the sustained and expansion stress reports by having only load cases 4, 5, and Stresses highlighted;
again clicking [Add] to service this request. This completes a typical output report after reviewing the reports
order. Select the output device, and then click Generate TOC, if needed. Click [Finish]. Segments of the output
reports are included at the end of this section.
Note that an input echo is available through the output processor. A complete input listing can start the printed
report or output file created by this processor.
To archive the static analysis electronically, the report may be sent to a data file rather than to the printer. Use
the above instructions substituting the Save button for the Print button or use the appropriate output choice on
the wizard screen. The first time you click Save it will prompt you for a filename. The resulting data file,
Tutor.out, may be copied with the CAESAR II input and output files Tutor._a and Tutor._p to a CD. These files
along with the configuration file, Caesar.cfg, and the Time Sequencing File, Tutor.otl present a complete record
of the analysis and should be stored with the drawing and any listings.
7-31
Static Analysis Output Listing

The following is a CAESAR II tutorial output report:
Hanger Repor t
Note
- The output listed in the example includes significant output only.

- Notes, which discuss the results are included with each report.
- The reports included in this output are Complete Hanger Report, Operating Case Displacement Report,
Installed (Sustained) Case Displacement Report, Operating & Installed Restraint Summary, Sustained Stress
Summary and Stress Report, and the Expansion Stress Summary and Stress Report. (Stresses in the operating
condition are not used in B31.3 analyses)
The hot load of 1222 lbf. was calculated in the initial weight run (load case #1) with a rigid Y restraint installed
at node 28. The load on the restraint was 1222 lbf.
A 1222 lbf. +Y load replaced the rigid Y restraint at 28 and then an operating case was analyzed (load case #2).
Node 28 moved 0.750 in. in the +Y direction in this analysis.
7-32
Tutorial A
CAESAR II entered the Anvil hanger table with these two values and selected an appropriate mid-range spring.
The size 10 spring has the hot load of 1222 lbf. in its working range. This mid-range spring (short range springs
were excluded) has a spring rate of 260 lbf./in. Assuming that node 28 moves 0.750 in. between the cold to hot
position this increases the spring load by (.750)(260) or 195 lbf. The cold load on the size 10 spring is 1222+195
or 1417 lbf. This cold load is also within the working range of the size 10 spring so CAESAR II selects it.
Oper ating Case Displacement Repor t
Note: The deflections of nodes 5 and 40 were entered as input.

Note: Node 28 again moves up 0.750 in. in the Y direction with the spring installed.
7-33
Sustained Displacements
Note: Look at the zero position of nodes 5 and 40. When the imposed displacements are not included in the
analysis, the node is fixed with zero movement in each of the defined directions.
7-34
Tutorial A
Restr aint Summar y for the Oper ating and Sustained Cases
This restraint report lists the piping forces and moments on the restraint; not the restraint loads on the piping.
The loads at node 5 are the nozzle loads and can be used without sign change to check the API 610 allowable
loads. Loads for node 40 may be used to check the vessel stresses due to the nozzle loads.
The loads at 28 show the operating load and the actual installation load (with contents) for the selected spring.
Note how the spring carries the designed load of 1222 pounds in the operation condition.
The +Y restraint at node 35 shows it is nonlinear nature. In the cold condition, the restraint is active. As the
piping moves to the hot position, it disengages from the support. Refer back to the displacement reports to
confirm that the Y displacement is 0.0 in the installed (sustained) condition and +Y in the operating condition.
7-35
Sustained Case Str ess Repor t - Summar y Infor mation
The summary shows that the sustained stresses throughout the system are below their allowable values. The
sustained stress closest to its allowable limit is at the vessel node, 40.
7-36
Tutorial A
For the previous stress detail report note the application of the tee and bend stress intensification factors. The tee
at 25 has SIFs other than 1.00 for all three listings: 25 to 28, 20 to 25, and 25 to 620. Bend SIFs are applied only
on the bend side of the node compare node 28 on 25-28 and 28-29. No stresses are listed for rigid elements as
no valid moment of inertia is provided for these elements.
7-37
Expansion Case Str ess Summar y
The summary shows that the expansion stresses throughout the system are below their allowable values. The
expansion stress closest to its allowable limit occurs along the header at the node 10 tee.
7-38
Tutorial A
For the stress detail report previous: Compare the bend side of 30 with the straight side of 30; the SIF doubles
the calculated stress. Also note the changing allowable stress. This is the result of applying an allowable stress,
which takes credit for unused stress in the sustained case.
7-39
Conclusions
The review of piping stresses shows that the piping has adequate wall thickness and support to keep within the
sustained allowable stress, and also enough flexibility to remain below the expansion allowable stress limit. A
quick review of the system displacements does not reveal any interference problems from pipe expansion.
Equipment loads must still be checked to ensure a safe and effective design. The pump loads at node 5 may be
compared to the API (American Petroleum Institute) Standard 610 (Seventh Edition, February 1989) Centrifugal Pumps for General Refinery Service. The nozzle loads, too, can be compared to the allowed
maximum limits. The nozzle loads can be translated into local stresses using Welding Research Council
Bulletins 107 or 297 - Local Stresses in Cylindrical Shells Due to External Loadings on Nozzles (WRC 107) or
it's Supplement (WRC 297). These local stresses can then be compared to allowable stress values established in
"ASME Section VIII Division 2 Appendix 4 - Mandatory Design Based on Stress Analysis". Since the loads on
these boundary conditions are related to the piping system layout, the piping system cannot be properly approved
until these load limits are also verified. These verifications will be done in the following chapter.
CH AP TER
Chapter 8 Examples
This chapter provides examples for a variety of design challenges faced by piping engineers.
In This Chapter
Example 1 - Harmonic Analysis - TABLE ................................... 8-2
Example 2 - Relief Valve Loads - RELIEF ................................... 8-7
Example 3 - Dynamic Analysis of Water Hammer Loads (HAMMER)
20
Example 4 - Dynamic Analysis of Independent Support Earthquake
Excitation (CRYISM) .................................................................... 8-33
Example 5 - Structural Analysis - FRAME ................................... 8-47
Example 6 - Dynamic Analysis - NUREG9 .................................. 8-58
Example 7 - Omega Loop Modeling - OMEGA ........................... 8-65
Example 8 - Jacketed Piping - JACKET ....................................... 8-70
Example 9 - WRC 107 .................................................................. 8-80
Converting Forces/Moments in the CAESAR II Global Coordinates to
WRC 107 Local Axes .................................................................... 8-81
Example 10 - NEMA SM23 .......................................................... 8-91
8-
8-2
Example 1 - Harmonic Analysis - TABLE

This problem is taken from the following source:
I. S. Tuba and W. B. Wright, Pressure Vessel and Piping 1972 Computer Programs Verification An Aid To
Developers and Users. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. New York, 1972. Problems 6 and 2.
It is assumed that the user reviewing this example is familiar with the basic CAESAR II input. Only the input
germane to the dynamic analysis is discussed.
The following model is to be analyzed first for natural frequencies and second for harmonic loads imposed on
the top of the structure at nodes 8 and 13.
Enter the model as shown and set the material density on the pipe spreadsheet to be zero. (All weights are input
as concentrated masses.) Do not enter bends, but rather only straight elements.
Member Properties
Pipe Outside Diameter
2.375 in.
Pipe Wall Thickness
0.154 in.
Elastic Modulus
27.9E+06 psi
Poisson's Ratio
0.3
Chapter 8 Examples
8-3
Run the static case and then access the Dynamic Input.
First, additional masses may be added or degrees of freedom deleted. In the Eigensolution of larger systems, the
deletion of un-needed degrees of freedom may be a very important factor in keeping the run times reasonable. In
most normal cases, however, masses must neither be added nor deleted. The mass of the piping, fluid, and
insulation is automatically calculated and included by CAESAR II. For the current example, the weight of the pipe
is zero, and all masses are concentrated and pre-specified as lumped masses.
Next, modify the Control Parameters as shown below:
8-4
Turning off the Frequency Cutoff and setting the value of the maximum number of Eigenvalues guarantee that
the first five natural frequencies are included in the results.
When the Eigensolution is completed, the calculated natural frequencies are printed as shown on the screen
below:
Choose OUTPUT-VIEW ANIMATION from the Main Menu to view the animations of the five modes of vibration. The
first mode is back and forth along the x-axis, the second mode is transverse along the z-axis and the third mode
is a twisting about the y-axis. The next two modes are combinations of the previous three.
Chapter 8 Examples
8-5
Harmonic Analysis of This System

Assume a 120 Hz electric motor sits on the piping structure and acts:
FX @ 8 = ( -95 cos t ) lb.
FX @ 13 = ( 95 cos t ) lb.
What is the largest stress in the small piping structure subject to these dynamic loads?
Note The 120 Hz vibration falls between the structural resonant frequencies 115 Hz and 137 Hz. The torsional
mode will most likely be excited because the sign difference on the forces promotes a twisting of the structure.
The model has already been built and so dynamic input is simply modified. There is only a single harmonic
frequency of excitation to be investigated.
Harmonic loads are input next. The software prompts for harmonic forces first, and then, harmonic
displacements. Harmonic forces act at nodes 8 and 13 on the example piping system. The forces act in the X
direction, with an opposite sign and with a magnitude of 95 lb. The force acting at node 8 can be plotted as a
function of time as shown in the following figure:
For the example pr oblem ther e ar e 120 cycles per second.
8-6
Harmonic force data input is shown as follows. Harmonic displacements may exist in the same problem with
harmonic forces if necessary. The example problem has harmonic forces only.
Note: The same force effect could have been achieved by entering +95.0 lb at each node, and entering a phase
angle of 180.0 degrees at node 13.
Calculations for the example problem take less than 30 seconds to complete. You may view the structure in
animated motion or view standard displaced shape plots from the Dynamic Output using the Display Graphical
Results option (shown below). Additionally, for harmonic results, restraint loads, forces, and stresses can be
calculated for the maximum displacements due to the harmonic loads.
Chapter 8 Examples
8-7
Example 2 - Relief Valve Loads - RELIEF

PROBLEM: Analyze the two relief valve systems, shown as follows, subject to the simultaneous firing of both
valves.
Process steam conditions:450 psi, @ 650F
Relief Valve Orifice:
JOHNSON #34A-06
Valve Opening Time: 8.0 milliseconds
Valve Closing Time: 8.0 milliseconds
Relief Duration:
1.0 sec.
2.141 in. ID.
8-8
Chapter 8 Examples
8-9
Relief Valve Example Problem Setup

REQUIRED:
Compute the support loads, forces, and stresses in the vent piping system when the relief valves fire
simultaneously.
GIVEN:
Venting steam stagnation properties are given. The CAESAR II Relief Load Synthesis option is run to compute
the maximum thrust load magnitude at the vent pipe exit. This dynamic load will act downward at the vent
elbow nodes 65 and 100. Venting will last for approximately one second, and the opening and closing time for
the relief valve (as provided by the manufacturer) is 8.0 milliseconds. A static load case is run first to perform
spring hanger sizing at nodes 20 and 22. The static load case #3 is the operating case and will be used to set the
nonlinear restraints for the dynamic analysis.
SOLUTION:
The spectrum table name is arbitrarily selected as Relief and is defined as having a Frequency range and a
Force ordinate. A # sign precedes the name in the spectrum definition because the shock table is to be read from
an ASCII file on the hard disk. The spectrum definition follows:
8-10
The DLF Spectrum Generator builds the ASCII file Relief that contains the relief valve spectrum table. Input
to the DLF Spectrum Generator is the filename, maximum table frequency, number of points, and the timehistory waveform. For this example, a maximum frequency of 33 Hz and 20 data points are used to generate the
table. The points in the time history waveform are entered as shown below. These points represent the valves
opening, its one-second vent time, and its closing.
Chapter 8 Examples
8-11
The resulting DLF Spectrum is shown below. The Frequency vs. Dynamic Load Factors is written to the file
"Relief."
8-12
CAESAR II Gas Thrust Load Calculations
Chapter 8 Examples
8-13
The thrust loads act at points 65 and 100. These loads are defined as Force Sets and are entered as shown:
There is only a single Spectrum Load Case defined as follows:
There is one static/dynamic combination case of interest and that is the combination of the sustained static load
case with our one dynamic load case. This is defined as follows:
8-14
Only one item needs to be set on the Control Parameter spreadsheet. It defines the static load case to be used for
setting the nonlinear restraints In the following example, the setting is 3 (line 1). Alternatively, you could set the
modal combination method (line 11) to ABS instead of SRSS to produce unquestionably conservative results.
Chapter 8 Examples
8-15
Relief Valve Loading - Output Discussion

There are four key reports for a relief valve analysis:
The Mass Participation Report illustrates how sensitive each of the piping systems modes is to the relief valve
firing. High modal participation factors indicate that the mode is easily excited by the applied dynamic forces. If
subsequent displacement, restraint, or stress reports indicate excessive dynamic responses, then the modes
having high participation must be dampened or eliminated. Once a particular mode is targeted as being a
problem, it may be viewed in tabular form via the mode shape report, or graphically via the animated mode
shape plots.
8-16
The Displacement Report gives the maximum possible positive or negative displacement that may occur at
some time during the relief valves firing. Values in this report are always positive.
Chapter 8 Examples
8-17
The Restraint Report gives the maximum dynamic load the support should be designed for. The top value is the
maximum support reaction. The second value is the largest support reaction due to any one mode. The last
number on the left indicates which mode.
8-18
The Stress Report gives the maximum dynamic stress due to the relief valve firing. Stresses from a dynamic
shock load case should be combined with the sustained stresses from a static analysis and the result compared
with the code defined occasional stress for the material.
The Participation Factor Report shows which modes tend to be excited by the applied dynamic load.
The Displacement Report shows the maximum displacements that occur due to the relief loads. These
displacements may actually be positive or negative. Their true sign is indeterminate and always shown positive
in the Displacement report.
The following Stress Report shows element stresses due to the dynamic relief loads. The top value is the
maximum stress due to the interaction of all the system modes. The second value is the largest stress due to any
one mode. The bottom number on the left indicates which mode.
Consider the following examples: The maximum stress at node 5 is 1481 psi. The stress at node 5 due only to
mode #1 was 1280 psi.
The maximum stress at node 40 on elements 40-50 is 6430 psi. The stress at node 40 due to mode #4 was 3982
psi. Mode #4 was the largest contributor to the stress at node 40.
Chapter 8 Examples
8-19
Support reactions due to the combination of the static sustained and the dynamic solutions.
Stresses due to the combination of the static sustained and the dynamic solutions. This stress combination can be
compared to the B31 code allowables for occasional stresses.
8-20
Example 3 - Dynamic Analysis of Water Hammer Loads

(HAMMER)
PROBLEM:
The cooling water supply line shown as follows suffers a pressure surge when the turbine driven pump drops
offline due to a bearing temperature problem. The elbow at node 45 is observed to jump 6 to 8 inches in the
X direction when the turbine trip occurs. Design an alternative support scheme to eliminate the large field
displacements associated with the turbine trip.
Fluid Properties:
250 psi @ 140F
Flow Velocity:
6 fps
Water Bulk Modulus:
313000 psi
SOLUTION:
The magnitude of the pump supply side pressure wave, which emanates from the pump discharge at node 5, can
be estimated from
dp = c dv
Where:
dp - the pressure rise due to the pumps instantaneous stopping
- the fluid density

c - the speed of sound in the fluid
dv - the change in velocity of the fluid
Chapter 8 Examples
8-21
The speed of sound in the fluid can be estimated from

c = [E f / ( + (E f / E) (d/t) )]
0.5
Where:
Ef
is the bulk modulus of the fluid (313000 psi)
is the modulus of elasticity of the pipe (30E6 psi)
is the pipe mean diameter
is the pipe wall thickness
is the fluid density (62.4 lbm/ft )
+ (E f / E)(d/t) = 62.4 lbm/ft

2
[1 + (313000/30E6) (8.625 -0.322)/0.322 ] = 79.1875 lbm/ft
2 1/2
c = (313000 lbf/ in ) (ft /79.1875 lbm) (32.2 lbm ft/lbf sec ) (144in /ft )
= 4281 ft/sec
Note See the PIPING HANDBOOK, Crocker & King, Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill pages 3-189 through 3-191
for a more detailed discussion and evaluation of the speed of sound.
Apply the previously mentioned equation for the magnitude of the water hammer pressure wave.
3
dp = c dv = (62.4 lbm/ft ) (4281 ft/sec) (6.0 ft/sec)

3
= (62.4 lbm/ ft ) (4281 ft/sec) (6.0 ft/sec) (lbf sec /32.2 lbm ft) ( ft /144 in )
= 345.6 psi
There are two distinct pressure pulses generated when a flowing fluid is brought to a stop. One pulse originates
at the supply side of the pump, and the other pulse originates at the discharge side of the pump. This example
only deals with the supply side water hammer effect, but the magnitude and impact of the discharge side water
hammer load should likewise be investigated when in a design mode.
8-22
The time history waveform for both types of water hammer pulses is shown as follows:
P od
Discharge pressure
Ps
Source (tank or static) pressure
P os
Suction pressure (while running)
dp
Pressure fluctuation due to the instantaneous stoppage of flow through the pump
Pv
Liquid vapor pressure at flow temperature
There will be an unbalanced load on the piping system due to the time it takes the pressure wave to pass
successive elbow-elbow pairs. The magnitude of this unbalanced load can be computed from:
F unbalanced = dp * Area
The duration of the load is found from t = L/c, where L is the length of pipe between adjacent elbow-elbow
pairs. For this problem, the elbow-elbow pairs most likely to cause the large deflections at node 45 are 45-75 and
90-110.
The rise time for the unbalanced dynamic loading should be obtained from the pump manufacturer or from
testing and can be determined from graphs such as those shown above. For this problem a rise time of 5
milliseconds is assumed.
CALCULATIONS:
L 45-75 = 7 + 4(20) + 4 = 90 ft.
L 90-110 = 3(20) + 15 = 75 ft.
2
Area = /4 di ; di = 8.625 - (2) (0.322) = 7.981 in.
Area = /4 (7.981)2 = 50.0 in2

F unbalanced = dp * Area = (345.6) (50.0) = 17289 lbf
t duration = L/c
=
(90) / (4281)
21 milliseconds, on leg from 45 to 75
(75) / (4281)
17.5 milliseconds, on leg from 90 to 110
t rise
5.0 milliseconds
Because the piping in this example is ductile low carbon steel, the major design variable will be the large
displacement; that is. the problem will be assumed to be solved when the restraint system is redesigned to limit
Chapter 8 Examples
8-23
the large displacements due to water hammer without causing any subsequent thermal problem due to overrestraint.
First we generate the DLF Spectrum Files as follows.
8-24
Chapter 8 Examples
8-25
Next we define the Spectrum:
Then we define the force sets as follows:
Three Spectrum load cases are of interest here: Each spectrum separately and the two of them in combination as
follows:
8-26
The sustained static load case is now combined with each dynamic load case for code stress checks. For
operating restraint loads, the static operating case would be combined with each dynamic load case as well. That
is left for the user to investigate.
Chapter 8 Examples
The Control Parameters should be set as follows:
8-27
8-28
Notes for Analyzing Water Hammer Loads

On the pump or valve supply side, the magnitude of the pressure wave is calculated as shown in this example
using: dp = c dv.
On the pump or valve discharge side, the maximum magnitude of the pressure wave is the difference between
the fluid vapor pressure and the line pressure.
On the supply side, a positive pressure wave moves away from the pump at the speed of sound in the fluid. The
magnitude of the pressure wave is equal to the sum of the suction side pressure and dp.
On the discharge side, a negative pressure wave moves away from the pump at the speed of sound in the fluid.
The maximum magnitude of this negative pressure wave is the difference between the pump discharge pressure
and the fluid vapor pressure. After the pump shuts down, the pressure at the discharge begins to drop. The
momentum of the fluid in the downstream piping draws the discharge pressure down. If the fluid reaches its
vapor pressure, the fluid adjacent to the pump flashes. As the negative pressure wave moves away from the
pump these vapor bubbles collapse instantly. This local vapor implosion can cause extremely high pressure
pulses. In addition, there may be a fluid backflow created due to the rapid drop in pressure. In this case the
backflow slap at the idle pump can be accentuated by the collapse of created vapor bubbles, resulting in an
extremely large downstream water hammer loading.
Water hammer loadings will cycle to some extent. The pressure wave passes through the system once at full
strength. Reflections of the wave may then cause secondary pressure transients. Without a transient fluid
simulation or field data, the usual procedure is to assume one or two significant passes of the pressure wave.
Where critical piping is concerned or where the maximum loads on snubbers and restraints is to be computed,
the independent effect of a single pass of the pressure wave should be analyzed for each elbow-elbow pair in the
model. A separate force spectrum load set is defined for the elbow with the highest pressure as the wave passes
between the elbow-elbow pair. The direction of the applied force is away from the elbow-elbow pair. An
individual dynamic load case is run for each separate force set; combinations of different force sets are
usually not run. This approach has proved satisfactory when applied to large, hot steam piping systems that
have very few fixed restraints, and a high number of low modes of vibration. Extrapolation to other types of
piping systems should be made at the designer's discretion.
CAESAR II does not check the integrity of the piping system due to the local increase in hoop stress that occurs as
the fluid pressure wave passes each pipe cross-section. Slowing the mechanism that tends to reduce the flowrate
can reduce the magnitude of the water hammer loads. In the case of valve closing, this means slowly closing the
valve. In the case of a pump going off line, this means slowly removing power from the pump. Slowly in each of
these instances can be estimated from:
T = 2L/c
Where
T = Time of one wave cycle sec.
L = Characteristic length of piping system. Usually the length between the pump or valve and the source
or sink
c = Speed of sound in the fluid.
If the pump or valve stops in a time shorter than T, then the water hammer should be analyzed as shown in this
example for instantaneous closure. Calculations for this problem are given as follows:
Chapter 8 Examples
8-29
Of primary interest is the largest time that must be used to close a valve or bring a pump flowrate to a halt such
that water hammer type pressure pulses are not generated. Calculations using the lengths of several reflecting
systems will be made to get a feel for the variation of the computed Ts. The longest time will be for the wave
to leave the supply side at node 5 and move to the tank connection at node 125. This represents a total L of about
270 ft.
T = (2) (270) ft./(4281)ft/sec = 126 milliseconds
The length through which the wave passes that causes the most trouble is the length between nodes 45 and 75:
T = (2) (90)/(4281) = 42 milliseconds
So, if the pump or valve can slow down in greater than 126 milliseconds, the tendency for water hammer in the
piping system will probably be abated. If the pump or valve can slow down in greater than 42 milliseconds then
the tendency for water hammer in the 45-75 length will be abated.
Water hammer excitation initially produces axial acoustic waves in the steel pipe wall that can induce locally
very high, very short duration forces and stresses. These short duration loads are usually not a design problem in
ductile steel piping systems. Where crack propagation in welds and material due to water hammer loads is a
concern, the following rules should be followed:
A very high number of natural frequencies must usually be included in the analysis. Cutoff frequencies of
300 Hz are not unusual. These are the axial natural modes of the pipe between the excited elbow-elbow
pairs. Higher modes must be computed until the inclusion of extra modes does not produce an appreciable
change in the force/stress response. The maximum frequency cutoff can be estimated from SQRT (E/)/L
where: E = Pipe material modulus of elasticity, = Pipe material density, L = Length of a single pipe
element in the primary run that is to have accurate stresses computed due to the passing of the water hammer
originated acoustic stress wave. Calculation of the maximum cutoff frequency for the 45-75 elbow-elbow
pair for the 20 ft pipe lengths is given as follows:
f cutoff
SQRT (E/)/L
SQRT ((30E6)(32.2)(12)/(0.283))/20
(202388 in./sec) / (20 ft. 12 in/ft)
(843.3 rad./sec) / (2 p rad./cycles)
134.2 Hz.
Alternatively, including the Missing Mass Correction will approximate the contribution from the omitted modes.
The length of any element in the primary axial runs should not be greater than about ct/4, where c equals the
speed of sound in the pipe and t equals the duration of the water hammer load. Calculation of the greatest
element length for the 45-75 elbow-elbow pair is given as follows:
L max
ct/4
(4281) ft/sec (0.021) sec/(4)
22.5 ft.
and so, to get an accurate estimate of the stresses due to the passing of the stress wave in the pipe, individual
element lengths should be smaller than about 20 feet. Shorter duration loads require shorter elements to monitor
the passing of the stress wave.
The inclusion of the response due to the higher modes will not affect the displacement results (only the force
and stress results). Displacement results, such as the 6 to 8 inches in the example, can usually be computed
accurately after the inclusion of the low frequency modes with participation factors greater than about 0.01.
8-30
Water Hammer Loading - Output Discussion

Mass Participation Report
This report illustrates how sensitive each of the piping systems modes is to the water hammer dynamic loading.
High modal participation factors indicate that the mode is easily excited by the applied dynamic forces. If
subsequent displacement reports indicate high dynamic responses, then the modes having high participation must
be dampened or eliminated. After a particular mode is targeted as being a problem, it may be viewed tabularly
via the mode shape report or graphically via the animated mode shape plots.
Chapter 8 Examples
8-31
Displacement Report
This report gives the maximum possible positive or negative displacement that may occur at some time during
the event. Values in this report are always positive.
8-32
Restraint/Force/Stress Reports
If high modes are included, as discussed in the notes in this section, then these reports give the maximum values
of the forces and stresses in the system due to gross deformation and the propagation of an acoustic stress wave
in the pipe. If the high modes are not included, then these reports give the maximum values of forces and stresses
in the system due to gross deformation alone.
Combination Cases
The force spectrum approach to the water hammer problem does not include consideration of the time
relationship between modal or directional maximums. Completely conservative results can be guaranteed by
taking the absolute summation of both the modal and directional response properties. Running one load case for
each main piping run, and a final load case including all of the individual load cases typically gives the analyst a
good feel for where problems exist.
In this example, the main piping run between nodes 45 and 75 added the major contribution to the system
dynamic responses. The combination load case , which included the 45-75 and 90-110 contributions together,
yielded little extra information.
Problem Solution
A guide and axial limit stop at nodes 45 and 105 produces little increase in thermal stresses (which were low to
begin with), and serves to attenuate the large axial displacements in the line due to the water hammer load.
Loads on this support due to the low mode displacements are seen to be small. Local, very short duration loads
may not be so small. The restraint should be designed with this in mind. A few simple design rules are usually
sufficient:
Flexible is better. The restraint should only be stiff enough to sufficiently attenuate the low frequency gross
deformation.
Areas of local discontinuities, such as the weld of the support to the pipe, should have extra weld or support
plate area (Discontinuities at other restraints in a problem area should probably also be beefed up to withstand the local passing of the impact stress wave.)
Chapter 8 Examples
8-33
Example 4 - Dynamic Analysis of Independent Support

Earthquake Excitation (CRYISM)
PROBLEM:
The cryogenic piping system shown on the following page is to be designed in accordance with B31.3 using the
ground, building, and envelope spectra shown. Two analyses are to be run assume the pipe (structural steel)
supports are rigid and include the flexibility of the structural steel supports by including the steel frames in the
analysis. Finally, compare the results from the two analyses. The design parameters are:
Ambient Temperature:
100F
Operating Temperature:
-59F
Pipe:
8-in. Sch 10S
Insulation:
4-in. 22.3 lb/cu ft
Fluid:
0.232 SG
Columns:
W14x82
Beams:
W10x12
8-34
Cryogenic Piping Dynamics Example

The isometric of the complete model is shown in the following figure. This drawing shows the piping, pipe
supports, and the structural steel frames.
Chapter 8 Examples
8-35
The excitation spectra to be applied to this model are:

Ground Response Spectra Ground
Response
T sec
Building Response Spectra Building Envelope Response Spectra Envelope

Response
Response
V in/sec
T sec
V in/sec
T sec
V in/sec
0.05
0.787
0.05
0.787
0.05
0.787
0.2
7.874
0.2
1.3
0.2
7.874
0.5
21.653
0.5
3.4
0.5
21.653
39.37
27.3
39.37
18.89
30.4
30.4
3.5
43.7
3.5
21.12
3.5
43.7
11.8
21.3
21.3
10
5.9
10
5.359
10
5.9
The necessity for the various spectra can be best understood by investigating the difference between independent
support excitation and uniform support excitation. These excitation methods are shown in the following figures.
8-36
For the analysis with steel supports, the structural steel must be included as part of the piping model. This can be
accomplished by using the INCLUDE STRUCTURAL INPUT FILES option from the KAUX feature of the CAESAR II
spreadsheets. The structural steel model for this problem can be generated by invoking the structural input from
the Main Menu. The input listing from the structural input session is shown as follows:
SECID=1, W14 X 82; COLUMN CROSS SECTION
SECID=2, W10 X 12; BEAM CROSS SECTION
MATID=1, YM=29E6 POIS=0.3 G=11E6 DENS=0.283
DEFAULT SECID=1
ANGLE=90
EDIM 1038 1039 DY=15-0; DEFINE ALL COLUMNS
EDIM 1043 1044 DY=15-0
EDIM 1048 1049 DY=15-0
EDIM 1053 1054 DY=15-0
DEFAULT SECID=2
ANGLE=0
EDIM 1039 1040 DZ=-2-0;DEFINE ALL BEAMS
EDIM 1044 1045 DZ=-2-0
EDIM 1054 1055 DZ=-2-0
FIX 1038 ALL
FIX 1043 ALL
FIX 1048 ALL
FIX 1053 ALL
The dynamics input for this problem is summarized in the following figure. Details of the dynamics input are
contained on the following pages.
Chapter 8 Examples
Gr ound Response
Building Response
8-37
8-38
Envelope Response
Chapter 8 Examples
8-39
To keep the documentation for this example brief, the only results presented are those for the uniform support
excitation case. Using this load case, the model with and without structural steel supports will be compared.
The results from these two models are shown in the tables that follow:
With Str uctur e
8-40
Without Str uctur e
Chapter 8 Examples
With Str uctur e
8-41
8-42
Without Str uctur e
Chapter 8 Examples
With Str uctur e
8-43
8-44
Without Str uctur e
Chapter 8 Examples
8-45
Discussion of Results
These comparison tables illustrate the differences that can exist when the structural steel models are not included
in the analysis. In some cases, the results with the structural steel included are many times higher than the results
computed without the structural steel. The steel models add flexibility to the piping system. More flexibility
means lower natural frequencies and more modes to be excited by the shock. A comparison of the natural
frequencies of the two models is given as follows:
With Str uctur e
8-46
Without Str uctur e
In the above table, there are only five extra mode shapes for the system, which includes the structure.
The restraint moment at node 55 in the Z direction is much larger without the steel model than it is with the steel
model. Even though the piping is tied to the steel, the steel frame will not support much moment in the Z
direction. The steel frame bends slightly about the Z-axis, and the moment is carried through from the pipe. In
the "piping only" model, the rigid anchor at node 55 will not rotate about the Z-axis (or any other axis), and ends
up carrying the entire moment load.
Chapter 8 Examples
8-47
Example 5 - Structural Analysis - FRAME

PROBLEM
Analyze the braced frame shown below subject to the given uniform load and self weight.
2
Column section data area
= 15 in inertias
Beam section data area
= 10 in inertias
Brace section data area
= 5 in inertias
Material Density:
490 pcf
Beam Loading:
200 lb/in.
= 250 in.
= 500 in.
= 1 in.
This example shows how to model a structure using the CAESAR II Structural Preprocessor. The figure below
displays a single bay, braced space frame. All beam and column lengths are 50 inches as shown. This frame is
subject to its own weight load as well as a uniform load of 200 pounds per inch on all of the top-level beams. We
need to determine the displacements, reactions, and element forces for three load cases: self weight, uniform
load, and self weight plus uniform load.
8-48
This example will illustrate how to use most of the keyword directives in the structural preprocessor. A standard
finite element modeling approach will be followed, where the system nodes are defined, then materials and
section properties, then elements, and finally the loading.
To process the input file Frame.str, start the structural preprocessor by selecting option File-Open from the
Main Menu. Next select the type of file as Structure and then select the examples directory to find the file.
Chapter 8 Examples
8-49
Next, select INPUT-STRUCTURAL STEEL from the Main Menu to enter the input window shown (only the input
portion of the window shown here). Click Save or choose FILE-SAVE from the structural processor to error check
and save the model.
8-50
After the input has been saved and error checked, exit the structural steel input processor to go back to the Main
Menu. The analysis can be started immediately by selecting option ANALYSIS-STATICS. At this point CAESAR II will
read the binary files created by the structural preprocessor and recommend load cases. Note, in all probability
you will not want to analyze the structure with the recommended load cases. CAESAR II recommends load cases
to satisfy piping code compliance. Therefore, occasional loads (like the current uniform load) will not be used.
Edit the load cases as shown below. Note that load case 2 consists of only U1 and that it is designated as an
operating case. It is purely a construction case and is segregated here only because it may be interesting to see
the loads produced by the Uniform Load solely.
Chapter 8 Examples
The results for this analysis are shown in the following nine figures:
8-51
8-52
Chapter 8 Examples
8-53
8-54
Chapter 8 Examples
8-55
8-56
Chapter 8 Examples
8-57
8-58
Example 6 - Dynamic Analysis - NUREG9

PROBLEM:
Analyze the piping system shown on the following page subjected to a series of shock spectra.
This problem is one of the NRC benchmark problems run to verify the dynamic capabilities of CAESAR II. The
detailed input will not be shown or discussed in this example. Users will find the necessary input files in the
Examples folder in the C2 executable directory. For those users interested, this problem was taken from:
NUREG/CR -1677, BNL-NUREG-51267, VOL II, August 1985.
NRC Example NUREG 9

This problem is a three-branch system, composed of 20 pipe elements and 14 support elements. The support
elements are divided into four groups corresponding to four distinct input excitation spectra sets. This problem
demonstrates the independent support motion feature of CAESAR II. In modeling this problem, the 14 support
elements were input as restraints with stiffnesses. All bend elements include a node at the near point to insure
mass and stiffness computations consistent with the NRC example. Users should note that in addition to the pipe
density, there is a single lumped mass applied at node 18. For this example, the contributions from the pseudostatic anchor point displacements are not included. The three solutions presented represent the following:
Envelope spectrum; spatial then modal combinations
ISM (independent support motion); directional, spatial, then modal combinations using SRSS
ISM directional, spatial, then modal combinations using ABS
Chapter 8 Examples
8-59
NRC Example Problem 2A

NATURAL FREQUENCY REPORT (Hz)
MODE
NRC
CAESAR II
9.360
9.362
12.71
12.708
15.38
15.379
17.80
17.800
21.60
21.606
25.10
25.102
32.03
32.039
38.07
38.075
40.29
40.299
10
48.90
48.905
11
57.51
57.524
12
61.50
61.510
13
62.54
62.550
14
69.35
69.359
15
77.44
77.456
16
78.88
78.893
17
101.7
101.731
18
103.6
103.598
19
108.0
107.983
20
115.1
115.116
21
135.2
135.265
22
155.2
155.244
23
160.6
160.626
24
203.8
203.820
25
209.9
209.957
NRC BULLETIN NUREG-51267 VOL.II 1980.
8-60
TRANSLATIONS (in)
DX
DY
DZ
NODE
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
.0105
.0105
.0
.0
.0250
.0250
.0431
.0431
.0049
.0049
.0907
.0907
.0475
.0475
.0253
.0252
.0327
.0327
.0280
.0280
.0379
.0379
.0491
.0491
10
.0108
.0107
.0249
.0249
.0631
.0631
12
.0285
.0285
.0186
.0186
.0633
.0633
14
16
0849
.0476
0849
.0476
0085
.0001
0085
.0001
0635
.0402
0635
.0401
18
.0286
.0286
.0318
.0318
.0421
.0421
20
.0131
.0131
.0095
.0095
.0001
.0001
Problem 2A NRC BULLETIN NUREG-51267 VOL.II 1980.
ROTATIONS (deg)
RX
RY
RZ
NODE
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
.0457
.0457
.0260
.0260
.0190
.0190
.0515
.0515
.0688
.0688
.0269
.0268
.0389
.0389
.1012
.1012
.0268
.0267
.0309
.0309
.0950
.0949
.0217
.0217
10
.0201
.0201
.0289
.0289
.0203
.0203
12
.0105
.0105
.0328
.0328
.0224
.0224
14
.0102
.0102
.0514
.0511
.0299
.0299
16
.0359
.0359
.0496
.0496
.0476
.0476
18
.0105
.0105
.0343
.0343
.0128
.0127
20
.0215
.0214
.0273
.0273
.0090
.0090
Chapter 8 Examples
8-61
SUPPORT FORCES (lb)

FX
FY
FZ
NODE
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
90
90
65
64
177
177
708
707
446
445
11
206
206
13
164
164
15
188
187
188
187
263
262
17
58
58
198
197
103
103
21
378
377
192
191
245
245
NRC Example Problem 2B

TRANSLATIONS (in)
DX
DY
DZ
NODE
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
.0064
.0064
.0002
.0
0158
0158
.0267
.0267
.0031
.0031
.0574
.0574
.0295
.0295
.0162
.0162
.0207
.0207
.0170
.0170
.0242
.0242
.0311
.0311
10
.0029
.0029
.0152
.0152
.0399
.0399
12
.0103
.0103
.0110
.0110
.0400
.0400
14
.0530
.0530
.0053
.0053
.0401
.0401
16
.0301
.0301
.0001
.0001
.0255
.0255
18
.0103
.0103
.0187
.0187
.0267
.0267
20
.0033
.0033
.0057
.0057
.0
.0
Problem 2B NRC BULLETIN NUREG-51267 VOL.II 1980.
8-62
ROTATIONS (deg)
RX
RY
RZ
NODE
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
.0289
.0289
.0165
.0165
.0116
.0116
.0326
.0326
.0435
.0435
.0172
.0171
.0247
.0247
.0641
.0640
.0171
.0171
.0199
.0199
.0599
.0598
.0132
.0132
10
.0134
.0134
.0075
.0075
.0120
.0120
12
.0071
.0071
.0204
.0204
.0134
.0134
14
.0062
.0062
.0307
.0307
.0184
.0184
16
.0228
.0228
.0276
.0276
.0301
.0301
18
.0070
.0070
.0208
.0208
.0079
.0079
20
.0128
.0128
.0074
.0074
.0053
.0053
SUPPORT FORCES (lb)

FX
FY
FZ
NODE
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
53
53
46
46
113
112
441
440
257
256
11
123
123
13
98
98
15
111
111
111
111
156
155
17
32
32
124
123
66
66
21
103
103
114
113
116
115
Chapter 8 Examples
8-63
NRC Example Problem 2C

NRC BENCHMARK SERIES
NRC BULLETIN NUREG-51267 VOL.II 1980.
NRC PROBLEM 2C
CAESAR II JOB NUREG9
TRANSLATIONS (in)
DX
DY
DZ
NODE
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
.0090
.0090
.0
.0
.0220
.0220
.0373
.0372
.0044
.0044
.0800
.0800
.0411
.0411
.0235
.0235
.0289
.0288
.0237
.0237
.0355
.0355
.0434
.0434
10
.0043
.0043
.0227
.0227
.0556
.0556
12
.0148
.0148
.0164
.0164
.0558
.0558
14
.0741
.0740
.0074
.0074
.0560
.0560
16
.0420
.0420
.0001
.0001
.0355
.0355
18
.0148
.0148
.0281
.0372
.0372
.0372
20
.0049
.0049
.0085
.0085
.0001
.0001
Problem 2C NRC BULLETIN NUREG-51267 VOL.II 1980.
ROTATIONS (deg)
RX
RY
RZ
NODE
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
.0402
.0402
.0229
.0229
.0163
.0163
.0456
.0455
.0606
.0605
.0244
.0244
.0347
.0346
.0894
.0893
.0252
.0252
.0282
.0282
.0835
.0835
.0196
.0196
10
.0197
.0197
.0112
.0112
.0179
.0179
12
.0104
.0104
.0285
.0285
.0199
.0199
14
.0092
.0092
.0429
.0429
.0260
.0260
16
.0318
.0317
.0387
.0387
.0421
.0420
18
.0104
.0104
.0291
.0291
.0116
.0116
20
.0191
.0191
.0110
.0110
.0079
.0079
8-64
SUPPORT FORCES (lb)
FX
FY
FZ
NODE
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
76
76
70
69
156
155
607
607
350
350
11
184
184
13
146
146
15
151
151
151
151
212
211
17
45
45
169
168
91
90
21
152
151
170
169
158
157
Chapter 8 Examples
8-65
Example 7 - Omega Loop Modeling - OMEGA

PROBLEM:
The Omega expansion loop consists of a series of back to back 135 degree bends. Generate a piping model of an
Omega loop according to the following sketches.
Pipe:
3-in., standard wall
Bend Radius:
24 in.
Material:
Low carbon steel
Temperature:
200F, 300F, 400F
The objective of this example is to illustrate the techniques necessary to code a series of back-to-back bends. For
this example, we will use an Omega loop as shown below.
The given dimensions are the 6-ft 10-in. height, the 2-ft bend radius, and the bend angles of 135 degrees and 270
degrees. From this information, the other dimensions shown in the figure can be derived.
Figur e 1
When coding a series of back-to-back bends it is important to remember that the delta dimensions should be
measured from the tangent intersection point (TIP) to the tangent intersection point. (See Chapter 2 of the
Applications Guide for additional information on the proper coding of bends.)
8-66
Figure 2 shows the node points, which will be coded on the spreadsheets to model the Omega loop. (The model
will be anchored at nodes 1 and 35.) The first bend (lower left bend) will span between nodes 5 and 10. Note that
the TIP 10 is to the far right of the bend. For analysis and output, the actual location of node 10 is at the far weld
line, as shown in Figure 3.
Figur e 2
The second bend (upper left bend) will span between nodes 10 and 15. Recall that we code TIP to TIP.
Therefore, the delta coordinates entered on the spreadsheet are the X and Y distances between nodes 10 and 15
on Figure 2. The actual location of node 15 is at the far weld line, shown on Figure 3. Node 15 is the TIP for this
bend, and lies to the left of the pipe.
Chapter 8 Examples
8-67
The third bend (upper right bend) spans between nodes 15 and 20, where node 20 is the TIP. In coding from TIP
to TIP, only a delta x is required. Figure 3 shows the actual location of node 20 on the pipe.
The fourth and final bend (lower right bend) spans between nodes 20 and 25. In this case, a delta X and a delta
Y are required. The actual location of node 25 is shown on Figure 3. The element from 25 to 30 is a straight
element necessary to finish off the bend. (Recall that a bend in CAESAR II requires an element beyond the far
weld line to determine its orientation.)
Figur e 3
8-68
Below is an input listing for the model. The delta dimensions shown were obtained from Figure 1. Note that 3
additional, equally spaced points are located on each bend.
Note This example requires a change in Configuration/Setup to allow the error checker to accept large angle (>
95 deg.) bends.
Chapter 8 Examples
8-69
8-70
Example 8 - Jacketed Piping - JACKET

This example is intended to serve as a guide for modeling techniques used in the analysis of jacketed piping
systems. Where applicable, various alternatives are discussed that may be benefit specific systems or problems.
The piping system to be analyzed is shown in the following figure. The piping system consists of an 8-in.,
schedule-40 crude oil line and a 12-in., schedule-40 steam jacket. The section of piping from the pump to the
valve is completely jacketed, while the section from the valve to the vessel has only the straight sections
jacketed. (This variation in the jacket is used to illustrate the two common types of jacketed systems.) The core
pipe is supported in the jacket through the use of spiders. These spiders provide translational restraints in two
directions, normal to the axis of the pipe. For this system, the spiders are located at each elbow weld line, and in
the straight runs such that the spider spacing does not exceed 6 ft. For this system, both the jacket and the core
are low carbon steel.
Note: In some systems, the jacket and the core consist of different materials. This condition must be modeled
very carefully, since the thermal growth in the core will be different from the thermal growth of the jacket.
Improper axial restraints in such a system can cause extremely large loads in the pipe.
Chapter 8 Examples
8-71
Step 1 - Create Modeling Plan

The first step in modeling any system is to consider the most efficient way to create the input and, more
importantly, how to best review the results. By deciding how to best review the results, the input node
numbering scheme can be setup. From the node numbering scheme, users can decide how to generate the model
to take advantage of the various Rotate, Duplicate, and Include options.
For this example system, the core piping will be modeled using node numbers from 1000 to 1999, and the jacket
will be modeled using node numbers starting at 2000. Additionally, similar locations on the two systems will
have the same base node number, i.e. 1110 and 2110 describe the same point on both the core and the jacket.
Setting-up the node numbers in this manner enables one of the systems to be generated from the other, using
either the Duplicate or the Include options of the input preprocessor. The system can also be viewed
individually in the plot by using the Range command and breaking the model at 1999. The other advantage to
this numbering scheme is that when reviewing the output users can immediately tell from the node number
whether the point in question belongs to the core or the jacket.
Although not necessary for a small system such as this, additional node number ranges can be employed to
differentiate parts of the model. To illustrate this concept, the following additional constraints will be placed on
the node numbers. The ground level piping will have nodes in the 100-400 series, while the second level piping
will have nodes in the 500-900 series. For example, node 1110 will be a core node at ground, level and node
2250 will be a jacket node on the second level. To indicate locations where external supports are applied to the
system, node numbers will end in 5; all other points will be multiples of 10. Similar node numbering schemes
can be used to differentiate branches from headers, pipe from structural steel, and various line sizes. A little
thought and planning at the start of a model can ease both input verification and output review. For example,
consider reviewing the input for this system and finding a spring hanger at node 1530. This should quickly be
recognized as an error since the 1000 series nodes make up the core piping, and can't utilize spring hangers.
Additionally, support node numbering should end with a 5.
8-72
Step 2 - Node Layout

The system as defined in the preceding figure consists of nine segments of piping. Each segment is shown in the
following figure with the node numbers assigned to the various points for the core piping. Each segment is
discussed in the following paragraphs. Please note the term segment is used solely to assist in discussing this
example.
CAESAR II does not require the segregation of a piping system into segments. There are no such input
requirements or restrictions in CAESAR II.
Cor e Pipe Layout
Segment A
This segment runs from the pump to the first elbow. Since this section is at ground level, the 100 series nodes
will be used. Since the pump acts as an anchor, the start node of this segment will end in 5, thus the pump is
assigned node 1105. The length of the segment requires an intermediate node point for a spider, thus node 1110
is assigned 5 ft from the pump. Nodes 1120 and 1115 are assigned to the elbow. Note that the +Y support is not
at node 1115, since 1115 is part of the core piping. The +Y will be applied at node 2115 (the jacket), and
therefore we assign the 5 to this node point.
Chapter 8 Examples
8-73
Segment B
This segment is the six-foot vertical section, beginning with the elbow at 1120. This section can be simply
modeled by coding to the top elbow and assigning nodes 1500 and 1510. Note that we are using the 500 series
nodes here, because we are now modeling the 2nd level piping.
Segment C
The first horizontal run in the 2nd level requires a node at mid-span to accommodate a spring hanger (on the
jacket). This mid-span node will divide the segment into two 9 ft lengths, which exceed the maximum spider
spacing of 6 ft. Therefore, the eighteen-foot span will be divided into four elements, each 4 ft 6 in. The nodes
assigned are 1520, 1525 (for the hanger location), and 1530. The segment is finished off with the elbow
modeled by nodes 1540 and 1550.
Segment D
This horizontal segment in the 2nd level is modeled using nodes 1560, 1570, and nodes 1575 and 1580 at the
elbow. The nodes 1560 and 1570 are for spiders while 1575 is a hanger location
Segment E
This horizontal segment contains the valve. Nodes for this segment are 1590, 1600, 1610, and 1615. Note that
node 1615 terminates the elbow and is also a hanger location. The element from 1590 to 1600 should be declared
rigid with a weight of 452 lb. Note also that starting with the elbow 1610-1615, all of the elbows will be
modeled as individual elements. This will ease the coding of the jacket later on. The elbows in this part of the
model will consist of two straight pieces of pipe, equal in length to the radius of the elbow.
Segment F
The third horizontal leg of the expansion loop, modeled using nodes 1620, 1630, 1640, and 1650.
Segment G
The last horizontal run of the 2nd level is modeled using nodes 1655, 1660, and 1670. Note that 1655 is a hanger
location.
Segment H
The second vertical section of piping returns the system to ground level. The only additional nodes required for
this section are for the elbow, at 1130 and 1135. The node 1135 is a +Y location on the jacket.
Segment I
This is the last segment that terminates at the vessel nozzle. The nodes used to model this segment are 1140,
1150, and 1155.
8-74
Step 3 - Core Piping Input

During the input of the above sections, frequent use of the CAESAR II plot facility should be made. This will
ensure that the system is being modeled correctly and that any input errors are detected as soon as possible. The
following figure shows a volume plot of the completed core piping, with node numbers and anchors.
Completed Cor e Piping
At this phase of the input, it would be prudent to save the input file and invoke the CAESAR II error checker.
Running the error checker at this time is a wise idea because we intend to use the core piping model to generate
the jacket piping model. Any errors that exist in the core will be duplicated in the jacket, thus doubling our
correction efforts.
The additional data required to finish the model (allowable stresses, temperatures, pressures, and so forth, are
contained in the CAESAR II input file, which accompanies the software. This data is found in the file Jacket._a in
the Examples subdirectory of the CAESAR II installation directory.
Chapter 8 Examples
8-75
Step 4 - Jacket Input - 1st Half

At this point there are several ways to obtain the jacket model. The first and obvious method is to continue with
the spreadsheet input and simply build the jacket. The second method is to duplicate the core pipe input file, and
then use the include feature to combine the two models. The third method is to use the List processor and
duplicate the necessary elements from within the preprocessor. The latter method is the one we will use for this
example.
Modeling of the jacket will begin by launching the List processor from the CAESAR II spreadsheet by choosing
the Edit-List-Elements menu option. The resulting list of elements contains their associated delta coordinates.
This screen is shown as follows:
Cor e Pipe Input Listing
For the first half of the jacket, we will duplicate the core piping. The duplicated region will start at the pump and
terminate at the valve. The duplication can be accomplished by performing the following steps:
1
Click the mouse cursor to the row number for the element from 1105 to 1110.
Click the mouse cursor, while pressing the Shift key down, to the row number for the element from 1580 to
1590, which is the element just before the valve. All rows between our two selections should now be
highlighted.
8-76
Next, right click in the list to generate the Block Duplicate dialog. Click the Identical radio button. Click
the At End of Input radio button to place the duplicate block.
Specify 1000 for the node increment. Click OK to close this dialog and again to close the Duplication
Status window. CAESAR II will duplicate the block and increment all of the node numbers by 1000. This will
result in a section of pipe identical to the pipe from 1105 to 1590 with node numbers from 2105 to 2590.
Three changes must be made to the new section of pipe to obtain the jacket piping. First the diameter and wall
thickness must be changed to 12 in., schedule 40. This is easily accomplished in the List Editor by finding the
element from 2105 to 2110, and typing over the current values. The following values should also be specified:
jacket temperature, jacket pressure, jacket insulation, and jacket fluid weight. The final modification requires
changing all the jacket bend radii from long to short. The best way to accomplish this change is to enter the Bend
list by clicking on the Bend tab on the bottom of the list window. Then, starting at the bend at node 2120, change
the radius from Long to 12.0 in. This change must be made to all of the following bends.
After the above changes have been made, the 1st half of the jacket is finished. A volume plot of the system will
now show the core piping overlaid by the jacket piping.
Note: Even though the two models are correctly positioned with respect to each other, they are not connected.
All we have done so far is duplicate several pipes. The fact that the graphics shows them positioned properly is
merely coincidence. As far as CAESAR II is concerned, we have two discontinuous systems in the same input file.
The graphics module plots discontiguous systems such that they all start from the same point, which is why the
jacket and core line up properly in this case.
Chapter 8 Examples
8-77
The next step is to correctly connect the jacket to the core, and apply any external restraints. The connection
between the jacket and the core piping will model the spiders that align the two in the real system. These
connections can be modeled in CAESAR II by using restraints with connecting nodes (CNodes).
Note: A CNode associates degrees of freedom. Simply stated, if a CNode connects two nodes in the Ydirection, they will experience identical displacements in the Y-direction. Use CNodes to restrain two nodes to
each other without restraining them to the "outside world."
The modeling of the connection between the jacket and the core will start at the pump. On the very first
spreadsheet of the model, the restraint field should be entered. Then add a restraint at node 1105 with a CNode at
2105 of type "anchor." This will associate all six degrees of freedom between nodes 1105 and 2105.
On the same spreadsheet, add two restraints at node 1110. Both of these restraints have a CNode at 2110, one in
the Y-direction, and one in the Z-direction. These two restraints model the spider between the core and the
jacket.
Note: The spider was not modeled using gaps. The actual clearance between the spider and the pipes is very
small, and attempting to numerically model this clearance using restraints with gaps causes the job to be highly
non-linear. Models with gaps at each spider will have convergence problems and in all probability never reach a
solution.
The next spreadsheet from 1110 to 1120 defines the first elbow. A total of four restraints should be added to this
spreadsheet: at 1115, put a CNode of 2115 with Y and Z-direction restraints, at 1120, put a CNode of 2120 with
X and Z-direction restraints. Note that these restraints are perpendicular to the axis of the pipe. Also recall that at
2115 we have an external restraint, a +Y. This support should be added to the system on the spreadsheet
containing the node 2115.
In similar fashion, the remaining spiders should be added to the model (see the example job JACKET found in
the Examples directory to review these restraints). When node 1590 is reached, the CNode at 2590 is connected
with an Anchor. The spring hangers at nodes 2525 and 2575 should also be added.
Aside from the two anchors at the pump and the valve, all of the spider connections between the jacket and the
core are modeled using two perpendicular restraints, with connecting nodes. How are the other four degrees of
freedom restrained? What keeps this model from undergoing rigid body motion? These questions can be
resolved by considering two points. First, the jacket is continuous over the core from the pump to the valve. At
both of these points we have connected all six degrees of freedom. Second, the translational restraints obviously
prevent motion in the three translational directions. Additionally, these restraints also prevent rotation, because
the jacket is continuous.
Note: Whenever a model is constructed, you must insure that the model, or parts of the model, cannot undergo
rigid body motion. Such a model produces a singular stiffness matrix, and the solution cannot be attained. An
example of such a poor model is a cantilever beam with a hinge at mid span.
At this point in the input session, the user should invoke the error checker (click the single running man button).
The input will be saved and any errors reported should be corrected at this time.
8-78
Step 5 - Jacket Input - 2nd Half

The input of the 2nd half of the jacket is more complex than the 1st half, since the jacket only covers the straight
runs of piping. For this reason, the jacket elements will be coded manually, as opposed to any form of
duplication. Duplicating portions of the model would work, however the extra time involved in deleting the
jacket from the elbows is greater than the time required to input only the straight sections. By modeling the
jacket directly, the restraints for the spiders can be input as we encounter them.
To start the input session, enter Piping-Input and press [Control-End] to go to the last spreadsheet in the
model. At this point, press the continue button and change the node numbers to 2600 and 2610, with a DX of 5
ft. Where is the element from 2600 to 2610? Return to the spreadsheet and temporarily change the diameter of
2600-2610 to 24 in., and try the volume plot. The element 2600-2610 has been positioned at the plot origin,
because at this time the element is not connected to anything. Return to the spreadsheet and correct the diameter,
back to 12-in. nominal.
To properly connect the jacket to the core, restraints must be added at 2600 and at 2610. At 2610 a CNode of
1610 will be added with restraints in the Y and Z-directions. At 2600, we need a CNode of 1600. Avoid the
temptation to associate these two nodes (2600 and 1600) in the Y and Z-directions as this is incorrect and will
produce an unstable model. The reason is that doing so allows the jacket to move freely in the X-direction and to
spin about the X-axis, hence we have a mechanism. Note that we did not have this problem in the first half of the
model since the jacket was continuous over the elbows and the model was three dimensional in nature. We must
ensure that in this half of the model the appropriate axial and torsional restraints are applied to the jacket. At
node 2600, we will model an Anchor to 1600. (This is simpler than modeling separate X, Y, Z, and RX
restraints.) This causes the 8-in.line to be physically connected to the 12-in.line in all 6 degrees of freedom.
The next jacket element covers the core from 1616, the end of the elbow, to 1640. The node 2615 is anchored to
1616 via a CNode.
The next two elements 2620-2630 and 2630-2640 are standard pipe element with a DZ of -4.333 ft. Each Tonode is connected to the corresponding core node with a CNode associating the X and Y-directions.
The remaining three sections of jacket are modeled in exactly the same manner. The final step in the modeling is
to add the spring hangers at nodes 2615 and 2655, and the +Y restraint at 2135. The completed model is shown
below in the following figure.
Chapter 8 Examples
8-79
Completed J acketed Piping System
The completed input file can be found as part of the examples set, under the job name JACKET. Once the
input task has been completed, the job must be error checked and then analyzed for the specified loading
conditions. The resulting output should be checked to ensure that the system was modeled correctly. These
checks should include the following:
Verification of the weight of the core system, the jacket system, and the combined system. The SustainedRestraint report can be used for this check. Be sure that the jacket pipe fluid density accounts for the
volume lost due to the core. CAESAR II does not do this automatically; users must reduce the density of the
jacket fluid accordingly.
Verify that the piping system does not develop large axial loads in the core, the jacket, or the equipment
anchors. This can be caused by improperly over restraining the pipe in the axial direction, or the effects of
thermal growth on dissimilar metals.
Check the displacements at the elbows in the operating case and make sure that the core pipe does not tend
to move through the jacket. It is important to note that CAESAR II does not perform interference checking.
Check the displacements at the spiders, where the jacket and the core are connected. In the direction of the
spiders, the displacements should be the same for both the jacket and the core.
If wind or wave loads are specified, they should be disabled on the core piping.
The core pipe should probably have its insulation thickness set to zero.
8-80
Example 9 - WRC 107

The example problem, which follows, discusses a comprehensive local stress analysis of a vessel/nozzle using
WRC 107 and ASME Section VIII, Division 2 criteria.
Chapter 8 Examples
8-81
To determine whether the WRC 107 Bulletin is appropriate for the computation of the local stress state in the
vessel due to external loading, geometry guidelines should first be reviewed:
D = 120.0 in., T = 0.625 in., d = 12.75 in., t = 0.375 in.
d / D = 0.10625 < 0.33
D m / T = (D-T) /T = 191 > 50
In the present case, both conditions are satisfied. The actual preparation of the WRC 107 calculation input can
now begin. One of the most important steps in the WRC 107 procedure is to identify the correlation between the
CAESAR II global coordinates and the WRC 107 local axes. CAESAR II performs this conversion automatically.
The user will, however, have to identify the vectors defining the vessel as well as the nozzle centerline. The
following figure is provided to illustrate the definition of the direction vectors of the vessel and the nozzle.
8-82
Converting Forces/Moments in the CAESAR II Global

Coordinates to WRC 107 Local Axes
Notice that in order to define a vessel direction vector, the user first needs to designate the output data points (AD) as defined by the WRC 107 Bulletin. Note that the line between data points B and A defines the vessel
centerline (except for nozzles on heads, where the vessel centerline will have to be defined along a direction
which is perpendicular to that of the nozzle). Since, in the vessel/nozzle configuration shown, point A is assigned
to the bottom of the nozzle, the vessel direction vector can be written as (0.0, -1.0, 0.0), while the nozzle
direction vector is (1.0, 0.0, 0.0).
Note: The nozzle direction vector is always defined as the vector pointing from the vessel nozzle connection to
the centerline of vessel.
In the figure, the user may also notice that there are two nodes occupying the same space at the nozzle/vessel
surface junction: nodes 55 and 56. An anchor at 55 with a connecting node at 56 could be used to model the
local vessel flexibility as rigid. Users not familiar with this modeling approach, refer to Chapter 3 of the
Technical Reference Manual for more details. The anchor could then be replaced with a WRC 297 local vessel
flexibility model, and the job rerun to get a good idea of the range of loads and displacements that exist in the
system around the vessel nozzle. In either case, the restraint loads forces and moments can be obtained from the
CAESAR II Restraint report. These loads reflect the action of the piping on the vessel. The restraint report of
the rigid anchor model displays below.
Chapter 8 Examples
8-83
CAESAR II RESTRAINT REPORT: EX107 WRC 107 EXAMPLE PROBLEM
The total sustained axial load on the nozzle may not be reflected in the restraint report. A pressure thrust load
will contribute an additional axial load to the nozzle. The pressure thrust force always tends to push the nozzle
away from the vessel. For example, with a pressure of 275 psi over the inside area of the 12-in. pipe, the total P
load becomes:
P
-26 - P(A)
-26 - 275p (12 ) / 4
-31,128
The P load may be adjusted automatically for the input by CAESAR IIs WRC 107 module, if the user requests.
8-84
Start the WRC 107 module by clicking ANALYSIS-WRC-107/297 from the CAESAR II Main Menu. The program
first prompts the user for the analysis type then for the entries of geometric data describing both the vessel and
nozzle, followed by a spreadsheet for loadings. The values of the geometric entries in this example are shown in
the following printouts from the program.
Chapter 8 Examples
8-85
8-86
You may enter up to three sets of loadings representing Sustained (SUS), Expansion (EXP), and Occasional
(OCC) load cases. The program automatically performs the stress calculation of each of the load cases
consecutively and then performs the WRC 107 stress summation routine to compare the computed stress
intensities against the stress allowables as required in Appendix 4 of ASME Section VIII, Division 2. In the
present case, we only have to be concerned about the sustained and thermal expansion cases. The loads are
shown in the following screen. You can elect to leave any input cells blank if they are found not applicable. If a
static analysis has been performed on the system to be analyzed with WRC-107, then CAESAR II can import the
loads directly from the output file. This is accomplished using the Get From Output button on the bottom of the
dialog for each load case. CAESAR II will then read in the loads for the nozzle node number that was specified
under the Nozzle Data tab.
To run the analysis, you must click ANALYSIS-WRC-107/297 from the menu or click the Local Stress Analysis
button. An Output screen will be generated. The output may also be generated to MS Word by clicking the W
button on the toolbar. After the input echo, the parameters extracted from the WRC 107 figures are printed to
this report. This step is similar to collecting the data by hand. These non-dimensional values are combined with
the nozzle loads to calculate the two normal and one shear stress. The stresses will be reported on the outer and
inner vessel surfaces of the four points A, B, C & D located around the nozzle. The program provides the normal
and shear stresses and translates them into stress intensities, which can be used for comparisons against material
allowables. The outputs of the stress computations are shown on the following pages. As the output shows, the
largest expansion stress intensity (117485 psi) occurs at the outer surface of point B (Bu).
Chapter 8 Examples
8-87
Licensed To: COADE, INC.

Job: C:\work_450\wrc107\AG-EX9.W07
ID: 10001
CAESAR II ANALYSIS REPORT: WRC 107

INPUT ECHO
---------Description:
This is input title page for CAESAR II
Application Guide, Example No.9
Vessel
Vessel
Vessel
Vessel
Vessel
Type:
Node Number:
Diameter:
Wall Thickness:
Corrosion Allowance:
Vessel
Vessel
Vessel
Vessel
Material Name:
Working Temperature:
Cold Allowable Stress:
Hot Allowable Stress:
OD
Attachment Type:
Attachment Node Number:
Nozzle Diameter:
Attachment Wall Thickness:
Attachment Corrosion Allowance:
Vessel
Vessel
Vessel
Nozzle
Nozzle
Nozzle
Z-axis
Centerline
Centerline
Centerline
Centerline
Centerline
Centerline
UP?
Cosine
Cosine
Cosine
Cosine
Cosine
Cosine
OD
SA-516 70
500.000 F
20000.000 lb./sq.in.
20000.000 lb./sq.in.
Round Hollow
55
12.750 in.
0.375 in.
0.000 in.
VX
VY
VZ
NX
NY
NZ
0.000
-1.000
0.000
1.000
0.000
0.000
No
Global Force (SUS):

Global Force (SUS):
Global Force (SUS):
Global Moment (SUS):
Internal Pressure (SUS):
Include Pressure Thrust:
FX
FY
FZ
MX
MY
MZ
P
-26.000
-1389.000
32.000
-65.000
127.000
4235.000
275.000
Yes
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
FX
FY
FZ
MX
MY
MZ
8573.000
23715.000
-5866.000
31659.000
-5414.000
-52583.000
Force
Force
Force
Moment
Moment
Moment
Direction
Direction
Direction
Direction
Direction
Direction
Smc
Smh
Cylindrical
60
120.000 in.
0.625 in.
0.000 in.
(EXP):
(EXP):
(EXP):
(EXP):
(EXP):
(EXP):
WRC107 Version/Year
Use Interactive Control
Include Pressure Stress Indices per Div.2
lb.
lb.
lb.
ft.lb.
ft.lb.
ft.lb.
lb./sq.in.
lb.
lb.
lb.
ft.lb.
ft.lb.
ft.lb.
March 1979 Use B1&B2

No
No
Calculate Hoop Stress based on (from config):

ID Diameter
Calculate Longitudinal Stress based on (from config): Lame Equation
*********************************************************************
8-88
WRC 107 Stress Calculation for SUStained Loads:

Radial Load
Circumferential Shear
Longitudinal Shear
Circumferential Moment
Longitudinal Moment
Torsional Moment
P
VC
VL
MC
ML
MT
Dimensionless Parameters used :

Gamma =
Dimensionless Loads for Cylindrical Shells
-31127.77
32.00
1389.00
127.00
4235.00
65.00
lb
lb
lb
ft.lb
ft.lb
ft.lb
95.50
------------------------------------------------------------------Curves read for 1979 B1/B2

Beta Figure
Value
Location
------------------------------------------------------------------N(PHI) / ( P/Rm )
0.093
4C
14.994
(A,B)
N(PHI) / ( P/Rm )
0.093
3C
12.082
(C,D)
M(PHI) / ( P )
0.093
2C1
0.059
(A,B)
M(PHI) / ( P )
0.093
1C
0.094
(C,D)
N(PHI) / ( MC/(Rm**2 * Beta) )
0.093
3A
3.449
(A,B,C,D)
M(PHI) / ( MC/(Rm
* Beta) )
0.093
1A
0.085
(A,B,C,D)
N(PHI) / ( ML/(Rm**2 * Beta) )
0.093
3B
10.793
(A,B,C,D)
M(PHI) / ( ML/(Rm
* Beta) )
0.093
1B1
0.035
(A,B,C,D)
N(x)
N(x)
M(x)
M(x)
N(x)
M(x)
N(x)
M(x)
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
P/Rm )
P/Rm )
P )
P )
MC/(Rm**2
MC/(Rm
ML/(Rm**2
ML/(Rm
*
*
*
*
Beta)
Beta)
Beta)
Beta)
)
)
)
)
0.093
0.093
0.093
0.093
0.093
0.093
0.093
0.093
3C
4C
1C1
2C
4A
2A
4B
2B1
12.082
14.994
0.097
0.060
5.631
0.045
3.511
0.052
(A,B)
(C,D)
(A,B)
(C,D)
(A,B,C,D)
(A,B,C,D)
(A,B,C,D)
(A,B,C,D)
Stress Concentration Factors Kn = 1.00,

Kb = 1.00
Stresses in the Vessel at the Attachment Junction
-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
Stress Values at
Type of
|
(lb./sq.in )
---------------|-------------------------------------------------------Stress
Load|
Au
Al
Bu
Bl
Cu
Cl
Du
Dl
---------------|-------------------------------------------------------Circ. Memb. P | 12510 12510 12510 12510 10081 10081 10081 10081
Circ. Bend. P | 28242 -28242 28242 -28242 44865 -44865 44865 -44865
Circ. Memb. MC |
0
0
0
0
-25
-25
25
25
Circ. Bend. MC |
0
0
0
0
-358
358
358
-358
Circ. Memb. ML | -2635 -2635
2635
2635
0
0
0
0
Circ. Bend. ML | -4964
4964
4964 -4964
0
0
0
0|
Tot. Circ. Str.| 33153 -13403 48353 -18060 54563 -34450 55330 -35116
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Long. Memb. P | 10081 10081 10081 10081 12510 12510 12510 12510
Long. Bend. P | 46473 -46473 46473 -46473 28748 -28748 28748 -28748
Long. Memb. MC |
0
0
0
0
-41
-41
41
41
Long. Bend. MC |
0
0
0
0
-190
190
190
-190
Long. Memb. ML |
-857
-857
857
857
0
0
0
0
Long. Bend. ML | -7325
7325
7325 -7325
0
0
0
0|
Tot. Long. Str.| 48372 -29923 64738 -42859 41027 -16088 41491 -16386
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Shear VC |
2
2
-2
-2
0
0
0
0
Shear VL |
0
0
0
0
-110
-110
110
110
Shear MT |
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Tot. Shear|
7
7
2
2
-106
-106
115
115
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Str. Int. | 48372 29923 64738 42859 54564 34451 55331 35117
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chapter 8 Examples
WRC 107 Stress Calculation for EXPansion Loads:

Radial Load
P
8573.00
lb
Circumferential Shear
VC
-5866.00
lb
Longitudinal Shear
VL
-23715.00
lb
Circumferential Moment
MC
-5414.00
ft.lb
Longitudinal Moment
ML
-52583.00
ft.lb
Torsional Moment
MT
-31659.00
ft.lb
Dimensionless Parameters used :
Gamma =
95.50
Dimensionless Loads for Cylindrical Shells
------------------------------------------------------------------Curves read for 1979 B1/B2
Beta Figure
Value
Location
------------------------------------------------------------------N(PHI) / ( P/Rm )
0.093
4C
14.994
(A,B)
N(PHI) / ( P/Rm )
0.093
3C
12.082
(C,D)
M(PHI) / ( P )
0.093
2C1
0.059
(A,B)
M(PHI) / ( P )
0.093
1C
0.094
(C,D)
N(PHI) / ( MC/(Rm**2 * Beta) )
0.093
3A
3.449
(A,B,C,D)
M(PHI) / ( MC/(Rm
* Beta) )
0.093
1A
0.085
(A,B,C,D)
N(PHI) / ( ML/(Rm**2 * Beta) )
0.093
3B
10.793
(A,B,C,D)
M(PHI) / ( ML/(Rm
* Beta) )
0.093
1B1
0.035
(A,B,C,D)
N(x)
/ ( P/Rm )
0.093
3C
12.082
(A,B)
N(x)
/ ( P/Rm )
0.093
4C
14.994
(C,D)
M(x)
/ ( P )
0.093
1C1
0.097
(A,B)
M(x)
/ ( P )
0.093
2C
0.060
(C,D)
N(x)
/ ( MC/(Rm**2 * Beta) )
0.093
4A
5.631
(A,B,C,D)
M(x)
/ ( MC/(Rm
* Beta) )
0.093
2A
0.045
(A,B,C,D)
N(x)
/ ( ML/(Rm**2 * Beta) )
0.093
4B
3.511
(A,B,C,D)
M(x)
/ ( ML/(Rm
* Beta) )
0.093
2B1
0.052
(A,B,C,D)
Stress Concentration Factors Kn = 1.00,
Kb = 1.00
Stresses in the Vessel at the Attachment Junction
-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
Stress Values at
Type of
|
(lb./sq.in )
---------------|-------------------------------------------------------Stress
Load|
Au
Al
Bu
Bl
Cu
Cl
Du
Dl
---------------|-------------------------------------------------------Circ. Memb. P | -3445 -3445 -3445 -3445 -2776 -2776 -2776 -2776
Circ. Bend. P | -7778
7778 -7778
7778 -12356 12356 -12356 12356
Circ. Memb. MC |
0
0
0
0
1076
1076 -1076 -1076
Circ. Bend. MC |
0
0
0
0 15282 -15282 -15282 15282
Circ. Memb. ML | 32728 32728 -32728 -32728
0
0
0
0
Circ. Bend. ML | 61638 -61638 -61638 61638
0
0
0
0
|
Tot. Circ. Str.| 83143 -24576-105591 33242
1225 -4625 -31492 23785
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Long. Memb. P | -2776 -2776 -2776 -2776 -3445 -3445 -3445 -3445
Long. Bend. P | -12799 12799 -12799 12799 -7917
7917 -7917
7917
Long. Memb. MC |
0
0
0
0
1758
1758 -1758 -1758
Long. Bend. MC |
0
0
0
0
8120 -8120 -8120
8120
Long. Memb. ML | 10647 10647 -10647 -10647
0
0
0
0
Long. Bend. ML | 90954 -90954 -90954 90954
0
0
0
0
|
Tot. Long. Str.| 86026 -70284-117178 90329 -1484 -1890 -21242 10834
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Shear VC |
-468
-468
468
468
0
0
0
0
Shear VL |
0
0
0
0
1894
1894 -1894 -1894
Shear MT | -2380 -2380 -2380 -2380 -2380 -2380 -2380 -2380
|
Tot. Shear| -2849 -2849 -1911 -1911
-485
-485 -4275 -4275
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Str. Int. | 87777 70461 117485 90393
2879
4709 33041 25069
8-89
8-90
------------------------------------------------------------------------
WRC 107 Stress Summations: Vessel Stress Summation at Nozzle Junction

-----------------------------------------------------------------------Type of
|
Stress Values at
Stress Int. |
(lb./sq.in )
---------------|-------------------------------------------------------Location
|
Au
Al
Bu
Bl
Cu
Cl
Du
Dl
---------------|-------------------------------------------------------Circ. Pm (SUS) | 26125 26125 26125 26125 26125 26125 26125 26125
Circ. Pl (SUS) |
9875
9875 15146 15146 10056 10056 10106 10106
Circ. Q (SUS) | 23278 -23278 33207 -33207 44506 -44506 45223 -45223
Circ. Q (EXP) | 83143 -24576-105591 33242
1225 -4625 -31492 23785
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Long. Pm (SUS) | 12994 12994 12994 12994 12994 12994 12994 12994
Long. Pl (SUS) |
9224
9224 10939 10939 12469 12469 12552 12552
Long. Q (SUS) | 39148 -39148 53799 -53799 28558 -28558 28939 -28939
Long. Q (EXP) | 86026 -70284-117178 90329 -1484 -1890 -21242 10834
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Shear Pm (SUS) |
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Shear Pl (SUS) |
2
2
-2
-2
-110
-110
110
110
Shear Q (SUS) |
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Shear Q (EXP) | -2849 -2849 -1911 -1911
-485
-485 -4275 -4275
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Pm (SUS)
| 26125 26125 26125 26125 26125 26125 26125 26125
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Pm+Pl (SUS)
| 36000 36000 41271 41271 36182 36182 36233 36233
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Pm+Pl+Q (Total)| 148682 87321 39862 60652 81926 12994 50941 16668
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Type of
|
Max. S.I.
S.I. Allowable
|
Result
Stress Int. |
(lb./sq.in )
|
---------------|-------------------------------------------------------Pm (SUS)
|
26125
20000
|
Failed
Pm+Pl (SUS)
|
41271
30000
|
Failed
Pm+Pl+Q (TOTAL)|
148682
60000
|
Failed
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Failed items display in red.

Since the present nozzle loading will cause stress intensities that are not acceptable to the ASME Section VIII,
Division 2 criteria, it will have to be corrected. One way of dealing with this type of situation is to adjust the
nozzle loading form its source, while the other option might be to reinforce the nozzle connection on the vessel
side either by increasing the vessel thickness or by adding a reinforcing pad. The same analysis procedure can be
repeated until the final results become acceptable.
Note: Once a reinforcing pad is selected, the program will automatically compute the stress at the edge of the
pad as well.
Chapter 8 Examples
8-91
Example 10 - NEMA SM23

This section illustrates the use of the NEMA SM-23 computations of the CAESAR II Equipment module. Two
examples are presented. The first example can be found in the NEMA SM-23 Standard, 7th edition Example 8A,
beginning on page 47. The second example illustrates the use of metric units and the correct implementation of
paragraph 8.4.6.2.
Enter a NEMA SM23 problem by choosing the Analysis - NEMA SM23 option from the CAESAR II Main Menu.
NEMA Example PT69M

Illustrates the computations for D c and D e , the use of metric units, and the correct computation of the total
moment loads resolved about the discharge nozzle. The input is shown in the following figures.
8-92
Chapter 8 Examples
The results for this analysis and discussion follow.
8-93
8-94
Nozzle Results for PT69M

The first item of interest in this output report is the variation in the units systems used. The input values are
reflected in the User set of units, in this case millimeters, newtons, and newton-meters. The computed values are
reported in inches, pounds, and foot-pounds. This is necessary due to the equations used to determine code
compliance. These equations combine, directly, forces and moments, and then compare the sum to a dimension.
In essence, pounds plus foot-pounds must be less than inches. The results can be interpreted correctly only if
presented in English units.
For the exhaust nozzle, the input value of 254 millimeters converts to a 10-in. nominal pipe. Since this is larger
than 8 in., De is equal to (16 + 10) divided by 3, or 8.667 in. This yields an allowable of 500 times 8.667 or
4333.
Then, the square root of the sum of the squares of the forces acting on the exhaust nozzle yields 7922 newtons,
which converts to 1781 pounds. Similarly, the square root of the sum of the squares of the moments acting on the
exhaust nozzle yields 3000 newton-meters, which converts to 2213 foot-pounds. Applying the 3F + M equation
yields 7556. Since 7566 is larger than 4333, this nozzle fails the requirements of the SM-23 Standard.
The same computations must also be performed on the inlet nozzle. The output displayed above shows that this
nozzle also fails the SM-23 Standard requirements. Also shown for the inlet nozzle are the moments about the
discharge nozzle caused by the inlet nozzle forces. Applying the standard right hand rule sign convention, a
positive Y force offset a positive Z distance, causes a negative X moment. Similarly, a positive Z force
offset a positive Y distance, causes a positive X moment. Therefore, the inlet nozzle forces cause an M X
moment about the exhaust nozzle of: -(3296*.6) + (3999*0) which yields -1978 newton-meters. The M Y and
M Z moments caused by the suction nozzle forces about the exhaust nozzle can be computed in a similar
fashion. These moments are needed to correctly comply with Section 8.4.6.2.
The above report is repeated for each extraction nozzle specified. This particular example did not contain
extraction nozzles, so these reports are not produced. Following the individual nozzle reports is the summation
of forces and moments about the exhaust nozzle. This report is shown in the figure below.
Chapter 8 Examples
8-95
Nozzle Load Summation Report

This report shows the force summations in the three global directions as well as the resultant force, computed by
the SRSS method discussed above. These forces are shown in the users set of units on the left, followed by the
forces in pounds. The next column shows the allowable for each force, as a function of D c , which is defined
above.
Following the force summation is the moment summation. This summary reports the total moment about the
three global directions and the resultant moment, computed by the SRSS method. It is important to note that the
total moment is the sum of the individual moments plus the contribution from the forces multiplied by their
distances from the discharge nozzle. Consider for example the M X moment of 721 newton-meters. This value
was obtained from: 1200 + 1499 + -1978.
The final line of this report combines the resultant force and resultant moment and compares the result to its
allowable.
CH AP TER
Chapter 9 Tutorial B
This chapter continues the tutorial by guiding users through equipment checks and a system redesign that was
analyzed previously.
In This Chapter
Evaluating Pump Discharge Loads................................................ 9-2
Creating Accurate Models ............................................................. 9-11
WRC 297 Calculations Completed at End of Error Checking ...... 9-15
Checking Nozzle Loads ................................................................. 9-21
System Redesign ........................................................................... 9-25
Conclusion ..................................................................................... 9-35
9-2
Tutorial B
Evaluating Pump Discharge Loads

Collecting pump and load information is the first step in reviewing the pump loads. API 610 (10th Edition)
examines pump loads at two levelsfirst the individual nozzle loads, and then combined nozzle loads on the
pump housing. The suction and discharge nozzles have a set of allowable load limits based on nozzle orientation
and nozzle size; both the individual X, Y, and Z components and the resultant forces and moments are checked.
Additionally, to assure maintenance of proper pump / motor alignment, all loads on the pump are resolved about
a base point and also compared to their allowable values. The CAESAR II API 610 processor requires the suction
and discharge size, position, and orientation and the loads on these nozzles. The processor provides the load
limits. For this evaluation only the discharge nozzle loads have been calculated; therefore, only the discharge
nozzle will be checked and neither the suction limits nor the resolution to the base point will be evaluated.
Even though all the loads are not known, the entire description of the pump will be collected for the API 610
processor in CAESAR II. The dimensioned isometric shown in the next figure defines the orientation of this pump
with its end suction nozzle and top discharge nozzle. Both nozzles are dimensioned back to the base pointthe
intersection of the shaft axis and the support line for the pump. This pumps drive shaft is along the X-axis.
The discharge nozzle loads are found in the static analysis output that has just been run. Since the discharge
nozzle served as a boundary condition for this analysis, the nozzle loads are conveniently listed in the restraint
reports. These forces and moments on the restraint at node 5 are the piping loads acting on the discharge nozzle.
No sign change is required. The operating loads and installation loads must both fall below the defined limits.
Examination of the restraint summary for the operating and sustained (installed) cases reveals the operating
loads as the controlling case. The terminal output showing these numbers is found in the following figure. The
operating case loads will be used for the discharge nozzle analysis.
9-3
9-4
Tutorial B
Evaluating Pump Discharge Loads

1
Enter the API 610 processor by using the CAESAR II Main Menu to select Analysis-API 610.
Click Open.
Click Yes and the new file named Tutopump will be created. The API 610 window displays as shown in the
next figure.
Enter the comments and notes related to the analysis here.
Select the Input Data tab and enter the information as described below. Arbitrary node numbers are
assigned for the pump base point and for the pump suction nozzle (1 & 105 respectively).
Use the data shown in the figure on the following page to add the remaining values. It is best to enter as
much data as is currently available so that when the remaining (suction) data is determined, recollection of
data will be minimal.
9-5
The factors for the Table 4 load multipliers are left blank. CAESAR II will use the default values established in
API 610. If the pump manufacturer defines pump load limits that are different from those defined in API 650,
enter the modified limit here (This value must be between 1.0 and 2.0).
Define the pump shaft centerline direction, the nozzle types, node numbers, and nominal diameters under the
Input Data tab.
9-6
Tutorial B
Next select the Suction Nozzle tab and enter the known data. The distance for the base point to the suction
nozzle (not from the nozzle to the base point) and the nozzle loads.
Note: Since the nozzle loads are unknown at this time, no forces and moments are entered.
9-7
The next figure shows the Discharge Nozzle tab with the Nozzle orientation. The nozzle orientation is taken
from the piping isometric.
Next, click Get Loads From Output File.
9-8
Tutorial B
10 From the pop up dialog navigate to and choose the name of the output file that contains the restraint loads
for this pump (in this case we select Tutor.C2 from the list).
The next dialog allows you to choose the appropriate load case for inclusion in the API-610 analysis.
11 For this tutorial select the operating case and click OK. Now the loads from the restraint report at node 5 are
read in automatically. This is the end of the input for the API Standard 610 pump load evaluation.
9-9
12 Select the Analyze menu item or the EQP toolbar to perform the API-610 equipment check. The results will
become available under the Equipment Report tab.
With no suction nozzle data entered, the suction nozzle cannot be evaluated. This report has some value in that
the individual load component limits for the suction nozzle are listed. The discharge nozzle report is complete in
its comparison of the operating loads on the nozzle and the defined limits. If the nozzle load components are less
than the Table 4 limits, no additional checks must be made. If the nozzle load components are greater than the
Table 4 values but less than two times the Table 4 values, the pump may still pass if other checks are within their
allowable values. The CAESAR II report first compares these loads to the Table 4 limits. If the ratios in the report
(see the following figure) are all less than 1.0 the pump is Ok; if all the ratios are less than 2.0, the pump must
pass additional checks. The moments about the X and Z-axes are greater than two times the API 610 standards
and additional checks are not valid. The moment about the X-axis is 10,175 ft-lbf and the (conditional) limit is
5200 ft-lbf. The moment about the Z-axis is 5866 ft-lbf and the limit is 2600 ft-lbf. The discharge nozzle loads
must be reduced.
9-10
Tutorial B
If the discharge nozzle loads were less than two times the Table 4 values, checks shown in the next part of the
report would be used to qualify the pump loads. Here, the resultant of the applied nozzle forces and moments on
each nozzle are compared to their related Table 4 limits (Condition F.1.2.2). Both the suction and discharge
loads are also resolved to the pump base point and again compared to a Table 4 limit (Condition F.1.2.3). For
this analysis, these data have no significance as the components of the discharge loads are greater than two times
the Table 4 values.
Once the output has been reviewed, the user may review the reports again or send the report to a file or to the
system printer (FILE-PRINT). For this tutorial, the limits on the discharge nozzle will be noted for quick checks on
future, re-design analysis. Once this piping system is redesigned so that the discharge nozzle is not overloaded,
the existing data in the equipment file TUTOR can be updated for the final pump verification report. This ends
the rotating equipment tutorial.
9-11
Creating Accurate Models

The operating moments (X and Z) on the pump nozzle are too large. The system appears to be modeled correctly
so it must be modified to reduce these loads. To make the most effective change to the system, the cause(s) of
these large loads must first be determined. Returning to the static output for the operating load case, there are
two major clues as to the cause of these excessive loads:
1
Compare the operating loads on the pump to the installed loads on the pump if they are vastly different,
the thermal effects are the cause of the overload; if they are similar, the sustained effects cause the high
loads. In this case, only the operating loads are high, therefore this system has a thermal expansion problem.
For a given amount of thermal growth, thermal forces and moments will be reduced by adding flexibility to
the system (F = KX; for a given X - thermal growth between the end points - F or M can be reduced by
reducing K). If the system was overloading the pump due to sustained effects, the system pressure or
deadweight is causing the problem. Systems with pressure problems usually include untied expansion joints;
deadweight problems can be traced back to improper system support either spring pre-loads or support
locations.
Go back to the displaced shapes plot of the operating load case to examine the source of the high moments.
Most engineers / analysts find it easier to understand system response to loads in terms of system
displacements rather than internal forces and moments. The displacement plot is useful in identifying which
runs of pipe are generating the thermal strain and which runs of pipe are turning that thermal strain into the
large forces and/or moments on the pump.
The next figure makes it clear that the large moment about the Z-axis at the pump is caused by the thermal
growth of B working against the stiffness of legs A and C. The large moment about the X-axis is due to
the thermal growth of A working against the stiffness of legs B and C. (The thermal growth of the vessel
connection also may contribute to these high loads.)
9-12
Tutorial B
How can these excessive loads be reduced? Or, more to the point, how can additional flexibility be added to the
system so that these loads drop? Two possible solutions are the addition of an expansion loop to the piping and
the installation of an expansion joint. Before either of these choices is made a much simpler and cheaper solution
will be examinedimproving the model to incorporate the inherent flexibilities found in the vessel/nozzle
intersection. Certainly the pump loads due to expansion would drop if the thermal growth of the three legs A, B
& C could deflect the vessel nozzle. Such nozzle flexibilities are defined in Welding Research Council (WRC)
Bulletin 297 - Local Stresses in Cylindrical Shells Due to External Loadings on NozzlesA Supplement to
WRC Bulletin No. 107. WRC 297 supplies curves by which the ODs and thicknesses of the vessel and nozzle
are used to define local nozzle flexibilities. These curves are limited to certain ratios of nozzle and vessel terms,
such as the following:
d/D < 0.5
d/t > 20
20 < D/T > 2500
d/T > 5
Where:
d = nozzle OD (= 8.625 in.)
t = nozzle thickness (= 0.322 in.)
D = vessel OD (= 60 in.)
T = vessel thickness (= 7/16 in.)
9-13
In this system where the vessel is vertical and the nozzle is in the Z direction, flexibilities are defined at node 40
for translation in the Z direction and rotation about the X and Y-axis. The other three degrees of freedom (the
three local shear terms) remain rigid as in the original model where this nozzle was modeled as a rigid
connection with its thermal deflections. Note that the vessel wall thickness is 3/16 in. but the nozzle has a 1/4 in.
pad reinforcing the connection; this produces an effective vessel wall of 7/16 in.
So before any costly system modification is made, the model will be refined to incorporate these WRC 297
nozzle flexibilities. It is possible that a more thorough and accurate model of the system will show that re-design
is not needed. To assist in this model update, CAESAR II provides a processor, which will calculate and insert
these flexibilities into the system. This change will constitute the second analysis of this layout.
Return to the input processor for the job Tutor. Go to the spreadsheet that contains the nozzle node (40) and
double click the Nozzle check box. Enter the correct data in the Auxiliary Data Area as illustrated in the figure
below.
9-14
Tutorial B
The nozzle pipe size is imported from the spreadsheet. If this nozzle connection had no associated thermal
growth, the vessel node number need not be entered. Since this vessel has thermal growth, the vessel node
number must be identified and the thermal displacements previously assigned to node 40 must be re-assigned to
this new node number. Enter the vessel node number as node 6000. The calculated nozzle flexibilities will be
applied between nodes 40 and 6000. The vessel dimensions are entered here in terms of OD, wall thickness, and
reinforcing pad thickness. WRC 297 flexibilities are also sensitive to the proximity of stiffeners to the nozzle.
Here, a tray in the vessel is closest to the nozzle and is 4 ft above the nozzle. On the other side of the nozzle, the
bottom head tangent and skirt connection is 6 ft below. The vessel orientation, based on a direction vector, is
entered next. Enter 1 in the Y direction to indicate a vertical vessel. This Z nozzle and Y vessel will define the
orientation of the local stiffnesses assigned through WRC 297. This completes the definition of the nozzle. There
will be no piping element defined between nodes 40 and 6000. Now the displacements provided at node 40 must
be moved to node 6000. Simply click on displacements and change node 40 to 6000.
Displacement on Vessel Node
WRC 297 Input
9-15
WRC 297 Calculations Completed at End of Error Checking

With the nozzle specification and the node number change for the vessel deflections, the job is ready for
analysis. Click start run to launch the error checker. The error checker again produces the two notes regarding
the hanger sizing. Additionally there is a warning generated regarding the specification of a vessel node number
in the WRC 297 input when this node number is not included on any piping element. This warning message (75)
is shown in the following figure. There is no trouble with this job since the displacements of the vessel node
(node 6000) are defined.
The following report reviews the nozzle flexibility calculations performed by the CAESAR II error processor.
9-16
Tutorial B
The previous report lists the flexibilities extracted from WRC 297 an axial stiffness of 318,640 lb./ in., a
longitudinal bending stiffness of 290,366 in.lb./deg, and a circumferential bending stiffness of 58,498 in.lb./deg.
These three numbers are certainly much less than the magnitude of the default rigid stiffness, which is 10E12.
The local coordinate system is defined by the nozzle/vessel orientation. With the nozzle in the Z direction and
the vessel in the Y direction, this new axial stiffness is in the global Z direction (the nozzle centerline),
longitudinal bending is about the global X axis (bending into the vessel centerline or long axis), and
circumferential bending is about the global Y axis (about the vessel centerline).
After the display of the WRC 297 calculations CAESAR II shows the error processor is completed by
summarizing the type and number of messages. With no fatal errors encountered, click OK to build the new set
of execution files and return to the programs Main Menu. The model is now ready for a second static analysis;
select ANALYSIS-STATICS to proceed. There will again be five analyses - two for the hanger sizing followed by the
operating case, the installed or sustained case, and the expansion case.
Once the analyses are completed, the Output Processor is presented for output review.
With only a minor change to the input, a rigorous, error-checking review of the results should not be necessary.
Instead, check the sustained and expansion stresses to confirm they are still below their allowable limits, check
the hanger selection, and then the operating and sustained (installed) restraint summary will be displayed to
check the loads on the pump nozzle node 5.
9-17
9-18
Tutorial B
The highest sustained and expansion stresses are 986 psi and 14,096 psi, respectively, which is well below the
allowable limits. The program selected a lighter spring for installation at node 28. Previously a size 10 spring
was selected, now a size 9 is recommended. In the first analysis the spring carried 1222 lb. in the hot position,
now it carries only 914 lb. The system should still weigh the same so why is the spring load smaller? The
reduced longitudinal bending stiffness at the nozzle may explain this change. Finally, to further investigate the
effect of the nozzle flexibilities, show the displaced position of the piping system in its operating condition.
9-19
Something can be said about each of these restraints. The pump discharge nozzle loads at node 5 reveal the
impact of the change in flexibility at node 40. The operating moment about the Z-axis shows the greatest change
dropping to 748 ft.lb. from 5866 ft.lb. The shear force in the X direction has also been reduced by 50%. The
axial force in the Y direction, however, has risen from 1562 lb. to 1815 lb. This higher pump load is tied directly
to the hanger selection, which was also affected by the WRC 297 nozzle flexibilities. The spring support at node
28 is shown next. While the previous analysis had the spring carrying 1222 lb. in the operating position, now it
carries only 914 lb. This 300 lb. reduction in the spring load returns as an additional 300 lb. load on the pump
nozzle. With the spring installed directly above the pump nozzle, simply increasing the load carried by the spring
will reduce the load on the nozzle. If another analysis is required, the hanger sizing procedure will be adjusted so
that the hanger carries more load so that the pump load drops. Looking at the +Y support at node 35 reveals why
the hanger load has changed so much. In the first analysis, the support at node 35 was not active in the operating
case; the pipe rested on the support in its installed position but lifted off the support as it went into operation.
The hanger sizing algorithm readjusted the spring load so that it would carry its portion of the system no longer
resting at 35. In this second analysis, the restraint at 35 remains active in the operating position, therefore the
hanger at 28 does not carry any additional load from 35. The added longitudinal bending flexibility at node 40 is
what allows the pipe to rest at node 35. The support definition at node 40 shows the changes inherent in the
WRC 297 nozzle flexibility calculations. Flexibilities are added in the axial and bending directions (Z, RX, and
RY) while the shear terms remain rigid (X, Y and RZ). This added flexibility greatly reduces the bending
moments about the X and Y-axes at node 40. Again, these reduced loads are not a result of design modifications
but modeling refinements. If the vessel nozzle connection meets the requirements of Welding Research Council
Bulletin 297, there is much to gain in nozzle flexibility.
9-20
Tutorial B
The final report from this analysis shows the displacements of node 40. The imposed thermal growth of the
nozzle were removed from node 40 and redefined at node 6000. This output would show the operating position
of node 6000 as (0, 0.28, -0.10; 0, 0, 0) [defined as (X, Y, Z; RX, RY, RZ)]. Comparing these numbers with
node 40 above, one can again see the impact of the nozzle flexibilities. The biggest difference is due to the
circumferential bending flexibility (RY) but the longitudinal bending flexibility (RX) plays a large role in the
weight distribution of the system.
Do the new pump loads meet the allowable limits defined in API 610?
9-21
Checking Nozzle Loads

The operating moments (X and Z) on the pump nozzle were too large in the initial model. A quick run through
the API 610 processor will quickly evaluate the refined model. Now in the TUTOR input only the discharge
loads need be changed so click on the Discharge Nozzle tab and then click Get Loads From Output File as
before to obtain the new loads.
API 610 Dischar ge Nozzle Input
9-22
Accept the processors warnings and continue with the analysis. The API 610 report follows.
Tutorial B
Continued...
9-23
9-24
Tutorial B
The situation is better but not good enough. The Z moment on the discharge nozzle is well below the limit. The
X moment, however, remains more than twice the allowable load. Exceeding twice the allowable load would be
fine if Condition F.1.2.2 is satisfied but it is not. Condition F.1.2.2 states that even though the individual load
components may be more than twice their individual limit, the loads are satisfactory if the resolved forces
divided by their resolved limits plus the resolved moments divided by their resolved limits is less than 2. The
sum of the ratios for the discharge nozzle is 2.822 so the pump loads are still too high. There is a quick what if
check that may prove the pump loads may be brought within their allowable values. The discussion of the
restraint loads mentioned that the set load directly controls the vertical load on the discharge nozzle on the spring
at node 28. This spring pre-load could be ideally set so that when the pump is in operation, there is no pump
load in the Y direction. At this point the hanger carries 914 lb. in the operating position while the pump carries
1815 lb. If the spring load carried 2729 lb. it stands to reason that the load on the pump would be zero in Y.
Would that satisfy Condition F.1.2.2? Rerunning the API 610 processor with the Y load set to zero will show the
Condition F.1.2.2 reduced to 2.313, which still remains above the limit. Spring load adjustment is useful but
system redesign is indicated.
9-25
System Redesign
The probable causes of the large X moment at node 5 were developed earlier. This excessive load is caused by
the thermal expansion of the leg from node 35 to 40 (the A leg) working against the stiffness of the remainder
of the system (legs B and C). Assuming the thermal strain of leg A is fixed, only the system stiffness may
be changed to reduce the operating load at 5. This reduced stiffness may be realized by the addition of an
expansion loop or the addition of an expansion joint. For this system an expansion loop is chosen.
Where should the expansion loop be added? As a rule of thumb, the best location for an expansion loop is
determined by the orientation of the leg, which produces the thermal strain causing the problem. Here leg A
sets the orientation of the loop. The added piping to generate the expansion loop will lay perpendicular to leg
A that runs in the Z direction. This means that for this system pipe may be added in either the X or Y
direction. This added pipe effectively increases the cantilever length, which is displaced by leg A. By
increasing cantilever length, stiffness is reduced and load(s) will drop. It will be sensible, therefore, to add a loop
on the A run of pipe (35 - 40) by adding pipe in the X direction.
How long should the loop legs be? There are several conditions, which would set the loop size: available support
location, maximum distance between supports, cost of pipe, and space available to name a few. For this system
an eight-foot by 8-ft loop will be used. For systems that are not analyzed, the recommended maximum spacing
between supports for 8-in. water-filled pipe is 19-ft (see ASME B31.1 121.5 or MSS SP-69). The 8-ft loop run
will lengthen the 30 - 35 pipe from 12-ft to 20-ft, which is close to this recommended spacing.
9-26
Tutorial B
Return now to the CAESAR II Main Menu and re-enter the input processor with TUTOR as the current jobname.
When testing layout modifications, which may not prove successful, it is wise to create a new input set with the
proposed changes and leave the original model intact. If the proposed changes do not produce the desired results,
the original model is still available for the next attempt; the proposed changes need not be de-constructed from
the model. The easiest way to do this is to choose FILE-SAVE AS from the menu and give the model a new name.
The current model will now be the new one. Changes can be made to this new model and the original is intact
with the original name. Let's call this new model Tutor2.
There are several ways to add the loop to Tutor2. For this tutorial try following these steps:
Change the length of 30 - 35 from 12 ft to 20 ft
[PgDn] through the element input screens to display the element From 30 To 35. Move the cursor over the DX
field and re-specify the twenty-foot length by highlighting the current value and then entering -20
Move the +Y support from 35 to 33
The recommended maximum spacing between supports for this size pipe is 19 ft *. Leaving the support at 35
would place the support 21-feet from the hanger at 28 so the support is moved closer - to node 33. Move the
cursor to the Restraints field. Once the cursor is in the restraints field the Auxiliary Data Area will display the
current +Y restraint at node 35. Move the cursor over the 35 and enter 33.
9-27
Break 30 - 35 by adding 32 at the midpoint
Node 32 is added as an output point to check mid-span sag. Still on element 30 35 select MODEL-BREAK to call up
the Break command. Answer the questions so that node 32 is added to this line 10 ft from node 30 with no
restraints at node 32. The dialog box for this line break is shown in the next figure.
The maximum distance between supports as specified in ASME B31.1 and MSS SP-69 ensures a very low
sustained stress in the line. Since CAESAR II calculates these sustained stresses, the output would confirm that
much greater distances between supports are safe. The recommended spacing also limits the pipe sag
between supports to 0.1 inch. The recommended spacing is conservative but it serves as a useful guideline
here.
Break 35 - 40 8 ft down the line by adding 135.
[PgDn] to the element 35 - 40. Break this element and add the new node 135, 8 ft (8-) from node 35. Doubleclick the Bend check box to add the bend specification at node 135.
9-28
Tutorial B
Insert an 8-ft element after 35 - 135.
While still on the (new) element 35 - 135 press I to invoke the Insert command. Select the After button to place
this new element after the element 35 - 135. CAESAR II then displays a new input screen for the new element.
Enter the To Node as 235, specify the length in the DX field as 8 ft (8-) and double click the Bend check box to
add the bend at node 235. [PgDn] to the next element (135 - 40) and change the From Node (135) to the new
node 235. This change will button up the system to finish the entry of the new element. One final step is
required for this element - the specification of the bend at node 135. [PgUp] two elements to display element 35
- 135 and double click the Bend check box.
Add a support to the new run 135 - 235.
As mentioned earlier both ASME B31.1 and MSS SP-69 provide limits to spacing between supports. These
guidelines were used to set the size of this expansion loop (maximum support spacing for 8-in. carbon steel
water line is 19 ft). These guidelines also state that the maximum run of pipe where bends are included is 3/4 of
the straight run limit. Here, that limit is about 15 ft. There are over 26 ft of pipe between 35 and 40 so a new
support should be added. The support will be added about halfway between 35 and 40 - 13 ft from the nozzle at
40 or 3 ft back from 235. [PgDn] to the element 135 - 235 and issue the Break command. Define a single node
140, 5 ft (5-) from node 135. Enter 33 in the Get Support Condition From? field. This will cause CAESAR II to
duplicate the +Y support entered at node 33 at this new node 140.
9-29
One final modification is suggested for this analysis. A large vertical load remained on the pump nozzle after the
hanger at node 28 was sized and installed by CAESAR II. The spring selected from the Anvil Hanger Table should
carry more of the deadweight of the pipe and valving. The sizing algorithm may be adjusted so that the pump
nozzle carries no load when the program calculates the load to be carried by the spring. This change will greatly
reduce the final nozzle load by sizing a larger spring at 28. To make this change, enter the Hanger Input auxiliary
data area. Type in a 5 in the Free Anchor at Node field; Then move down to Free Code field and select Y from
the drop list. With this change, CAESAR II will disconnect the Y restraint at node 5 while it calculates the
deadweight load carried by the proposed spring at 28.
To launch the error checker select either FILE-START RUN or select the Start Run toolbar. This data should now
process without error. If any errors do occur, carefully read the error messages and return to the input processor
to correct them. If everything looks correct, allow CAESAR II to create the execution files and return to the Main
Menu.
The job is again ready for static analysis. Enter ANALYSIS-STATICS from the Main Menu and run Tutor2 with the
same load cases that were created for Tutor. Do this by accepting the default setting on the Load Case Editor.
The Output Processor will be presented once the analysis is complete.
9-30
Tutorial B
As previously recommended, the sustained and expansion stresses are first checked to confirm that they remain
below their allowable limits. The hanger selection and the operating and sustained (installed) restraint summary
will be displayed to examine the impact of this model modification on the pump nozzle loads at node 5. The
highest sustained and expansion stresses are 1708 psi and 5415 psi, respectively; well below the allowable limits.
The sustained stresses increased a small amount due to the longer spans between supports while the expansion
stresses show a significant reduction. The added system flexibility caused this reduction in expansion stress; a
good indication that the nozzle loads has dropped as well. Now select the Hanger Table with Text from under
the General Computed Results column. The program selected a heavier spring for installation at node 28. In
the last analysis a size 9 spring was selected, now a size 12 is recommended. The spring now carries 2221 lb. in
its hot position. This greater load is the result of the modification to the spring hanger selection criteria where the
pump is disconnected when the springs hot load is calculated. Hopefully, the added load-carrying capability
of the spring will reduce the vertical load on the pump nozzle. Be aware that the spring loads can be further
manipulated if the nozzle load needs additional adjustment. Select Operating and Sustained load cases and
Restraint Summary to display the restraint summary report. Finally, to quickly check the effect of the loop on the
overall displacement, show the displaced shape of the piping system in its operating condition. The following
figures show the various reports referred to above.
9-31
9-32
Tutorial B
9-33
9-34
Tutorial B
The pump discharge nozzle loads at node 5 look much better; revealing the impact of the change in flexibility at
node 40. The loop adds flexibility in the Z direction. The Z force on the pump fell from 750 lb. to 235 lb. The
large operating moment about the X-axis and the target of this re-design dropped from almost 10,000 lb. to 2753
lb. Another interesting effect of this added flexibility is the increase in the Z moment from -300 ft.lb. to +1541
ft.lb. The pump load in the Y direction exhibits the adjustment to the hanger selection. The hot load on the pump
is -204 lb. and the cold load on the pump is +332 lb. The absolute magnitude of the pump load could not be
much smaller. If necessary, the hanger load could be adjusted to bring the pump installation load to zero or the
pump operating load to zero. The spring support at node 28 now shows a hot and cold load of 2221 lb. and 2558
lb., respectively. By releasing the anchor in the initial weight analysis the spring carries the riser load. This load
was only 913 lb. in the previous analysis. The extra flexibility has also changed the support load at node 33.
Previously the support load dropped as the pipe became hot; now the load increases as the pipe heats up. The
vessel nozzle loads at node 40 shows a similar pattern of change as the pump nozzle. Most loads drop but there
is one moment (here its X) that increases.
Are the nozzle loads OK?
The API 610 processor need not be used to confirm that the discharge nozzle loads are below their maximum
allowed values. Refer back to either of the previous analyses to quickly locate the individual limits and compare
them to the new operating loads on node 5:
Direction
API Limit
Model Results
X (lb.)
1700
136.
Y (lb.)
2200
-204.
Z (lb.)
1400
-236.
RX (ft.lb.)
5200
-2709.
RY (ft.lb.)
3800
-1547.
RZ (ft.lb.)
2600
1543.
Since all six components of the discharge nozzle loads are below their limits, no additional checks (conditions
F.1.2.2. & F.1.2.3.) need be made. The discharge nozzle is no longer overloaded. The final pump evaluation
cannot be made until the suction nozzle loads are compared with their API 610 limits.
9-35
Conclusion
The pump discharge loads are now within their allowable limits. The vessel loads from the nozzle at node 40
should also be checked to ensure they are not too high. These loads cannot be compared to a fixed load limit as
with the pump. Instead, these loads must be converted to local stresses on the vessel and these stresses compared
to their limits as defined by ASME Section VIII, Division 2. As a very rough guide for evaluating local vessel
stresses, one can check the code defined stress on the pipe connected to the vessel. If those stresses are below
about 6000 psi, the vessel stresses should be ok. Looking at the operating, sustained, and expansion stresses at
node 40, the maximum stress is less than 2500 psi. The vessel loads seem fine. If the stresses are to be checked,
the Welding Research Council Bulletin 107 (WRC 107) can be used to convert the applied forces and moments
to the appropriate local stresses. CAESAR II provides a processor to convert these loads into WRC 107 stresses
and a second processor to combine the different stress categories (general or local primary membrane stress
intensity, primary membrane plus primary bending stress intensity, and primary plus secondary stress intensity)
for comparison with their design limits.
Final reports should now be made to document this design change. As shown earlier in this tutorial, the input
listing could be generated from the Input Processor or from the Output Processor. It would be wise to include the
current status of the programs default settings in this input echo. A hard copy of a few input plots would also
help in defining this model and analysis. Structural and stress results from the Output Processor will substantiate
the current design. Structural output includes the system displacements and restraint loads for both the operating
and installed cases. The code-defined pipe stresses are generated for the sustained and expansion cases. The
hanger report should also be generated from the Output Menu. The data files for and from this analysis may also
be archived with the hard copy reports. Copy the files Tutor2.C2 and Caesar.cfg to a CD to archive a copy of the
CAESAR II input, load case definition, CAESAR II output, and program default settings. Note that often upon
release of a new version of CAESAR II that archived files will have to be converted to the new version and
subsequently re-analyzed. This is primarily due to frequent format changes within CAESAR II as new features are
added. To avoid this, limited-run users are encouraged to keep the old version of the software available to them
and use newest version for new jobs.
Any questions or comments about this tutorial may be directed to the Intergraph CAS support staff. We may be
reached in Houston, Texas at (281)890-4566. Our fax number is (281)890-3301. We can also be reached via Email at caesarii@intergraph.com.
Index
1
180 Degree Return Fitting-To-Fitting 90 Degree Bends
2-4
A
Acoustic waves 8-28
Analysis-statics 8-47, 9-25
Analyzing Water Hammer Loads 8-28
Anchors 3-2
Anchors with Displacements 3-3
Anchors, flexible 3-4
Angle field 2-2
Angle to adjacent bend 2-2
Angular gimbal 5-18
Archive 7-26
Axial deflection 5-14
B
Ball Joints 6-3
Bellows angular stiffness 5-2
Bellows ID 5-23
Bellows, Simple 5-23
Bellows, Tied 5-14, 5-19
Bend 2-2, 2-6, 2-8, 2-11, 2-12
Angle 2-2
Auxiliary input 2-3
Definition 2-2
Radius 2-2
Bend Definition 2-2
Bend Flexibility Factor 2-12
Bends 2-1
Bends, double 2-3
Bends, single-flanged 2-3
Bends, stiffened 2-3
Bi-Linear Restraints 3-40
Bottom-out spring 4-15
Break command 9-25
Button
Get loads from output file 8-82
C
Can design, Multiple 4-7
Can design, Single 4-4
Checking Nozzle Loads 9-21
Closely Spaced Mitered Bend 2-6
CNodes 3-5, 3-28
Cold Spring 6-6
Combination Cases 8-32
Computation Control tab 4-2
Conclusion 9-35
Conclusions 7-39
Configuration/setup 8-65
Configure-setup-geometry 2-2
Connect geometry through CNodes 4-11
Connecting Equipment 6-7
Connecting node displacements 4-9
Connecting nodes 4-9, 8-75
Constant Effort Support Design 4-4
Constant Effort Supports - No Design 4-5
Control stops, Lateral 5-9
Converting Forces/Moments in the CAESAR II Global
Coordinates to WRC 107 Local Axes 8-82
Core piping 6-4, 8-74
Core piping, Input 8-74
Creating Accurate Models 9-11
Cryogenic Piping Dynamics Example 8-34
D
Deformation 6-4
Discharge nozzle 9-2, 9-21
Discontiguous systems 8-75
Discussion of Results 8-45
Displacement
Report 8-15, 8-31
Stress range 7-24
Vector 3-3
Displacement Report 8-31
Displacements, Non-zero 3-3
DLF spectrum 8-9
DLF spectrum files 8-20
Double-acting restraint (rotational) 3-14
Double-Acting Restraints 3-13
Double-Acting Restraints - Rotational 3-14
Double-Acting Restraints - Translational 3-13
Dual Gimbal 5-21
Dummy leg on bends, Horizontal 3-36
Dummy leg, Vertical 3-32
Dynamic analysis 8-58
Dynamic analysis of independent support earthquake
excitation 8-33
Dynamic analysis of water hammer loads 8-20
E
Earthquake excitation, Independent support 8-33
Eigensolution 8-2
Elbows - Different Wall Thickness 2-11
Elbows, pressure-balanced 5-26
Ending the Input Session 7-23
EQP toolbar 9-2
Equipment report 9-2
Evaluating Pump Discharge Loads 9-2
Example
2
Dynamic analysis (nureg9) 8-58
Dynamic analysis of independent support
earthquake exc 8-33
Dynamic analysis of water hammer loads (hammer)
8-20
Harmonic analysis (table) 8-2
Jacketed piping 8-70
Jacketed piping (jacket) 8-70
Natural frequency analysis 8-2
NEMA SM23 8-91
Omega loop modeling (omega) 8-65
Relief valve loads (relief) 8-7
Structural analysis (frame) 8-47
WRC 107 8-80
Example 1 - Harmonic Analysis - TABLE 8-2
Example 10 - NEMA SM23 8-91
Example 2 - Relief Valve Loads - RELIEF 8-7
Example 3 - Dynamic Analysis of Water Hammer
Loads (HAMMER) 8-20
Example 4 - Dynamic Analysis of Independent Support
Earthquake Excitation (CRYISM) 8-33
Example 5 - Structural Analysis - FRAME 8-47
Example 6 - Dynamic Analysis - NUREG9 8-58
Example 7 - Omega Loop Modeling - OMEGA 8-65
Example 8 - Jacketed Piping - JACKET 8-70
Example 9 - WRC 107 8-80
Examples 8-1
Existing Springs - No Design 4-6
Expansion joint rating 5-2, 5-14
Expansion Joints 5-1, 5-2, 5-7, 5-19, 5-23
Expansion load case 8-82
Expansion stresses 7-24
External software lock 7-6
F
File-Cleanup/Delete Files 9-35
Flexible Anchors 3-4
Flexible Anchors with Predefined Displacements 3-5
Flexible Nozzle - WRC Bulletin 297 3-6
Flexible Nozzle with Complete Vessel Model 3-9
Flexible Nozzle with Predefined Displacements 3-8
Force sets 8-9
Forces/moments, Conversion to WRC 107 local axes
8-82
Free code option 4-12
Frequency cutoff 8-2
G
General Information 4-2
Generating CAESAR II Input 7-6
Generating input, Tutorial 7-6
Get loads from output
Button 9-2, 9-21
Gimbal Joints 5-16, 5-18
Guides 3-16
Index
H
Hanger
Between two pipes 4-11
Data 4-3
Design 4-2, 4-10
Design with anchors 4-12
Design with anchors in the vicinity 4-12
Design with support thermal movement 4-10
Design with user-specified operating load 4-14
Sizing algorithm 7-24
Supported from vessel 4-9
Hanger Between Two Pipes 4-11
Hanger Design with Anchors in the Vicinity 4-12
Hanger Design with Support Thermal Movement 4-10
Hanger Design User Specified Operating Load 4-14
Hanger design, Simple 4-3
Hanger table with text 9-25
Hangers 4-1
Harmonic
Analysis 8-2, 8-5
Force data 8-5
Loads 8-2
Harmonic Analysis of This System 8-5
Hinge joint, Slotted 5-12, 5-13
Hinged Joint 5-10
Hinges, plastic 3-43
Horizontal Dummy Leg on Bends 3-36
Horizontal Vessels 6-12
I
Input
Constant effort supports 4-5
Data 9-2
Review 7-20
Session 7-23
Structural steel 8-47
Input Review 7-20
Introduction 1-1
J
Jacket, Input 8-75, 8-78
Jacketed Pipe 6-4
Jacketed piping 8-70
Jacketed piping systems 8-70
K
K-factor 2-12
L
Large Rotation Rods - Basic Model 3-37
Large Rotation Rods - Chain Supports 3-39
Lateral deflection 5-14
Lift Off Spring Can 4-16
Limit Stops 3-18
Loads, Large 8-70
Index
M
Mass Participation Report 8-15, 8-30
Methods for modeling dummy legs on bends 3-32
Miscellaneous Models 6-1
Missing mass correction 8-28
Mitered bend, evenly spaced 2-5
Mitered bend, widely spaced 2-8
Mitered Bends 2-5
Miters, closely spaced 2-5
Model-break 9-25
Modeling dummy legs on bends 3-32
Modeling Spring Cans with Friction 4-17
Modeling, Guidelines 9-11
Models, Complex 5-14
Models, Simple 5-14
Multiple Can Design 4-7
N
N1 Nozzle 6-10
N2 Nozzle 6-11
NATURAL FREQUENCY REPORT (Hz) 8-59
Near/Far Point Method 3-32
NEMA 8-91
NEMA Example PT69M 8-91
Nodal degree of freedom 3-3
Node fields 2-2
Non-zero displacements 3-3
Notes for Analyzing Water Hammer Loads 8-28
Nozzle Load Summation Report 8-95
Nozzle loads 9-21
Nozzle Results for PT69M 8-94
Nozzle spreadsheet 3-9
NRC
Benchmark problems 8-58
Spectrum example 8-58
NRC Example NUREG 9 8-58
NRC Example Problem 2A 8-59
NRC Example Problem 2B 8-61
NRC Example Problem 2C 8-63
O
Occasional load case 8-82
Offset Element Method 3-32
Offset gimbal 5-18
Old Spring Redesign 4-8
Omega loop modeling 8-65
On Curvature Method 3-32
Operating load, User-specified 4-14
Output-view animation 8-2
Overview 1-1
P
Performing the Static Analysis 7-24
Pipe and Hanger Supported From Vessel 4-9
Pipe nominal diameter 2-2

Pipe supported from vessel 4-9
Plastic Hinges 3-43
Predefined displacements 3-5
Preparing the Drawing 7-4
Pressure
Pulses 8-20
Thrust 5-23
Wave 8-28
Pressure-Balanced Tees and Elbows 5-26
Problem Solution 8-32
Program Support / User Assistance 1-2
Pump discharge loads 9-2
R
Reducers 6-2
Relief
Valve loads 8-7
Valves 8-9
Relief Valve Example Problem Setup 8-9
Relief Valve Loading - Output Discussion 8-15
Report
Displacement 8-15, 8-31
Equipment 9-2
Force 8-32
Mass Participation 8-15, 8-30
Restraint 8-32
Stress 8-32
Restrained weight run 4-12
Restraint
Report 7-31, 8-15
Settlement 3-24
Restraint and guide, Single-directional 3-23
Restraint between two pipes 3-28
Restraint Between Two Pipes Using CNodes 3-28
Restraint Between Vessel and Pipe Models 3-29
Restraint Settlement 3-24
Restraint, Single-dimensional 3-22
Restraint, Single-directional 3-15
Restraint, Skewed double-acting 3-25
Restraint, Skewed single-directional 3-27
Restraint/Force/Stress Reports 8-32
Restraints 3-1
Restraints on a Bend at 30 and 60 Degrees 3-31
Restraints on a Bend at 45 Degrees 3-30
Restraints, Rotational directional 3-21
Results 8-45
Reviewing the Static Results 7-26
Rigid
Body motion 8-75
Rigid Elements 6-9
Rotation rods (basic model), Large 3-37
Rotation rods, large 3-37
Rotational Directional Restraints with Gaps 3-21
ROTATIONS (deg) 8-60, 8-62, 8-63
S
Shock spectra 8-58
Simple 4-15
Simple bellows 5-23
Simple Bellows with Pressure Thrust 5-23
Simple Bottomed Out Spring 4-15
Simple Hanger Design 4-3
Single and double flanged bends 2-3
Single & Double Flanged Bends or Stiffened Bends 2-3
Single Can Design 4-4
Single-Directional Restraint and Guide with Gap and
Predefined Displacement 3-22, 3-23
Single-Directional Restraint with Predefined
Displacement 3-22, 3-24
Single-Directional Restraints 3-15
Singular stiffness matrix 8-75
Skewed Double-Acting Restraint with Gap 3-25
Skewed Single-Directional Restraint 3-27
Slip Joint 5-16, 5-26
Slotted hinge joint 5-12, 5-13
Slotted Hinge Joint - Comprehensive Model 5-13
Slotted Hinge Joint - Simple Model 5-12
Snubbers, static 3-42
Speed of sound 8-20
Spring cans w/ friction, Modeling 4-17
Spring cans with friction 4-17
Spring hangers, Existing (no design) 4-6
Spring Rate field 4-8
Spring, Bottomed-out 4-15
Static analysis 7-24
Static Analysis Output Listing 7-31
Static results 7-26
Static Snubbers 3-42
Step 1 - Create Modeling Plan 8-71
Step 2 - Node Layout 8-72
Step 3 - Core Piping Input 8-74
Step 4 - Jacket Input - 1st Half 8-75
Step 5 - Jacket Input - 2nd Half 8-78
Stress report 8-15
Structural analysis 8-47
Structural input files 8-34
Structural preprocessor 8-47
Structural steel 8-34
Suction nozzle 9-2
SUPPORT FORCES (lb) 8-61, 8-62, 8-64
Sustained load case 8-82
Sustained stresses 7-24
Sway Brace Assemblies 3-44
System Overview 7-2
System Redesign 9-25
T
Tangent intersection point 8-65
Technical Support 1-2
Tees, pressure-balanced 5-26
Thermal support movement 4-10
Index
Tie bar 5-14
Tie rod model, Comprehensive 5-9
Tied Bellows - Simple vs. Complex Model 5-14
Tied bellows expansion joint 5-7, 5-19
Tied Bellows Expansion Joint - Complex Model 5-19
Tied Bellows Expansion Joint - Simple Model 5-7
TRANSLATIONS (in) 8-60, 8-61, 8-63
Turbine trip 8-20
Tutorial A 7-1
Tutorial B 9-1
Tutorial, Generating input 7-6
U
Universal expansion joints 5-2
Universal Expansion Joints - Simple Models 5-2
Universal Joint - Comprehensive Tie Rod 5-27
Universal Joint With Lateral Control Stops Comprehensive Tie Rod Model 5-9
V
Vertical Dummy Leg on Bends 3-32
Vertical Leg Attachment Angle 3-35
Vertical Vessels 6-7
Vessel 6-9
Vessel Modeled As Pipe 6-14
Vessel Skirt 6-8
Vessel, Pipe and hanger supported from 4-9
W
Water hammer 8-20
Water Hammer Loading - Output Discussion 8-30
Water hammer loads 8-28
Widely Spaced Mitered Bend 2-8
Windows 3-20
WRC 107 8-80
WRC 297 3-6
WRC 297 Calculations Completed at End of Error
Checking 9-15
Y
Yield force 3-43
Z
Zero length expansion joint 5-10, 5-12, 5-18
Zero weight 5-12

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CAESAR II 2011 Applications Guide

Copyright 1985-2011 Intergraph CAS, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Overview .................................................................................................................................................. 1-1

Bend Definition ........................................................................................................................................ 2-2

Anchors ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-2

General Information .................................................................................................................................. 4-2

Universal Expansion Joints - Simple Models ........................................................................................... 5-2

Reducers ................................................................................................................................................... 6-2

System Overview ...................................................................................................................................... 7-2

Example 1 - Harmonic Analysis - TABLE ............................................................................................... 8-2

Evaluating Pump Discharge Loads ........................................................................................................... 9-2

Program Support / User Assistance

Single and Double Flanged Bends or Stiffened Bends

180 Degree Return Fitting-To-Fitting 90 Degree Bends

180 Degree Bend

Number of cuts (changes in direction)

Equivalent radius <or> miter spacing.

- code defined half-angle between adjacent miter cuts:

Closely Spaced Mitered Bend

- one-half the angle between adjacent miter cuts.

B31.1 has the additional requirements that:

R eq = 15.913 / [2 tan (11.25 deg.)]

Closely Spaced Miter Bend

Widely Spaced Mitered Bend

- one-half angle between adjacent miter cuts.

B31.1 has the additional requirement that:

These components should be re-entered as a group of single cut joints

Widely Spaced Miter

Assuming closely spaced:

Pipe Thk. = 0.500 in.

= /2 =90/(22) =22.5 deg.

Widely Spaced Miters ... Continued

Coming up to the first cut.

Coming out of the second cut.

Between the first and second cuts.

Elbows - Different Wall Thickness

Bend Flexibility Factor

Entries in the Stif field apply to all 6 anchor degrees of freedom.

Rigid Anchor at Node 5

Nozzle Connection Modeled As Anchor

Rigid Anchor Input

Anchors with Displacements

Enter only displacements for the node.

Do not specify restraints or anchors at the node to be displaced.

Anchors with Predefined Displacements

Pr edefined Displacements on an Anchor

Use six flexible restraints.

Flexible Restraints for Nozzle and Shell

Flexible Anchors with Predefined Displacements

Use six flexible restraints.

Flexible Anchors with Predefined Displacements

Flexible Nozzle - WRC Bulletin 297

Frame only one pipe element into the nozzle node.

Do not place restraints at the nozzle node.

Do not place anchors at the nozzle node.

CAESAR II automatically performs the following functions:

Shear and torsional stiffnesses are assumed rigid.

Schematic of Nozzle and Vessel to be Modeled Using WRC 297

WRC 297 Input Example

WRC 297 Output Example

Flexible Nozzle with Predefined Displacements

Define a unique vessel node on the Nozzle spreadsheet.

Apply the predefined displacements to the vessel node.