Pid Designing

IMPLEMENTATION OF PID CONTROLLER
FOR POWER SYSTEM STABILIZATION
Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of the degree BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
By
G.Avinash (2210511220)
B. Sugiani (2210511256)
M.Lalit Anand (2210511234)
CH.Sai Praveen (2210511211)
Under the guidance of

Mr. P. Sivaramakrishna
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

GITAM Institute of Technology (GIT)
GITAM UNIVERSITY, Hyderabad Campus
(Declared as Deemed to be University u/s 3 of the UGC Act., 1956,
Accredited by NAAC With A Grade)
2011-2015
GITAM UNIVERSITY
Hyderabad Campus, Rudraram
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled Implementation of PID
Controllers for Power System Stabilization being submitted by G.AVINASH
(2210511220), SUGIANI.B (2210511256), M.LALIT ANAND (2210511234),
CH.SAI PRAVEEN (2210511211) in partial fulfillment for the award of the
Degree of Bachelor of Technology in EEE (2011-2015) to the GITAM University
is a record of bonafide work carried out by her under my guidance and
supervision.
The results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to any
other University or Institute for the award of any Degree.
Guide: Mr. P SivaRamaKrishna
Dr. Chakravarthy M
Assistant Professor
HOD
Department, EEE
Department, EEE
GITAM UNIVERSITY,
GITAM UNIVERSITY,
HYDERABAD
HYDERABAD
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I humbly owe my gratitude and sincere regards to my respected guide Mr.
P. Sivaramakrishna, Assistant Professor, Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Department, GITAM University, Hyderabad under whose constant supervision,
meticulous guidance and encouragement, this work has been carried out to
completion. His valuable suggestions and keen interest throughout the
investigation have enabled me to make my work worthy of presentation.
I am grateful to Dr. Chakravarthy M, Head of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering department, GITAM University, Hyderabad for his support and
encouragement to carry out this dissertation work.
I express my deep sense of respect and gratitude to Prof. Siva Prasad N,
director of campus, GITAM University, Hyderabad for his constant
encouragement, continuous support and valuable suggestions.
Last but not the least, there are no words which can express my gratitude
towards My Parents for their constant support, unlimited patience, immense care,
faith in me and divine love towards me which made my dream come true.
G.AVINASH (2210511220),
B. SUGIANI (2210511256),
M.LALITANAND (2210511234),
CH. SAIPRAVEEN(2210511211)
DECLARATION
We, the undersigned, declare that the project entitled IMPLEMENTATION

OF PID CONTROLLERS FOR POWER SYSTEM STABILIZATION,
being submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Technology
Degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GITAM University, is the work
carried out by us.
G. Avinash
B. Sugiani
M. Lalit Anand
Ch. Sai Praveen
(2210511220)
(2210511256)
(2210511234)
(2210511211)
ABSTRACT
In this work, we are implementing a PID controller for stabilization of power system. The
property of a system to return to an acceptable working condition following a transient is
called transient stability which is a major problem in power system. We are considering a
Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) system with swing equation model. The control
technique is implemented using a linear controller called PID and the actuator used is
Controllable Series Capacitor (CSC). The CSC is modeled by using injection model. We are
considering a short circuit fault occurs at far end of the transmission line.
The control objective is to implement a controller in such a way that the system is going to
stable equilibrium point on occurrence of a fault. We are planning to implement the above
stated work on MATLAB/SIMULINK platform.
CONTENTS
Chapter 1:
1
Introduction
1-7
1.1
1.2
Classification of power system stability

Modelling of power systems
2
5
Chapter 2:
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
8-11
Modelling of SMIB system with Controllable Series Capacitor
Introduction
Synchronous machine dynamics
System Model
8
8
8
8
Modelling of controllable series capacitor
11
SMIB system with controllable series capacitor4
11
Chapter 3:
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
13-17
Implementation of PID controllers
Introduction
PDI Controllers
Effects of PID controllers
Ziegler Nicholas method for Tuning of PID controllers
13
13
13
14
14
Simulation results
Resulting graphs
18-22
18
18
Chapter 4:
4
4.1
Conclusion and Scope for Future work
23
Bibliography
24
LIST OF FIGURES
S.No Figure
number
Name of the figure

Classification of Power system stability
Page
number
1.1
2.1
Single machine infinite bus system
2.2
Single line diagram of single machine system
2.3
Equivalent diagram of system
2.4
SMIB system with Controllable Series Capacitor
12
3.2
PID control of a plant
13
3.4.1
Unit step response of a plant
14
3.4.2
Shaped response curve
15
10
3.4.3
Closed loop system with P controller
15
11
3.4.4
Sustained oscillation with period PC
16
12
4.1 & 4.2
Response Of SMIB system With PD controller
18
13
4.3 & 4.4
Response Of SMIB system With PI controller
19
14
4.5 & 4.6
Response Of SMIB system With PID controller
20
15
4.7 & 4.8
Response Of SMIB system With PID controller
21
A power system with N generators and N load

buses
4
6
IMPLEMENTATION OF PID CONTROLLERS FOR POWER SYSTEM STABILIZATION | 1
Chapter 1
Introduction:
The electrical energy is a primary prerequisite for economic growth. The demand for electrical
energy has greatly increased due to large-scale industrialization. Modern power system operates under
much stressed conditions because of growth in demand and deregulation of electric power system.
This leads to many problems associated with operation and control of power systems. The economics
of power generation has a major concern for the power utilities. Therefore, the power utilities always
need new technology to solve its problems. The complexity of power systems is continuously growing
due to the increasing number of generation plants and load demand. Power systems are becoming
heavily stressed due to the increased loading of the transmission lines and due to the difficulty of
constructing new transmission systems as well as the difficulty of building new generating plants near
the load centers. All of these problems lead to the voltage stability problem in the system. An
interconnected power system basically consists of several essential components. They are namely the
generating units, the transmission lines and the loads. During the operation of the generators, there
may be some disturbances such as sustained oscillations in the speed or periodic variations in the torque
that is applied to the generator. These disturbances may result in voltage or frequency fluctuation that
may affect the other parts of the interconnected power system. External factors, such as lightning, can
also cause disturbances to the power system. All these disturbances are termed as faults. When a fault
occurs, it causes the generators to lose synchronism. With these factors in mind, the basic condition
for a power system with stability is synchronism. Besides this condition, there are other important
conditions such as steady-state stability, transient stability, harmonic sand disturbance, collapse of
voltage and the loss of reactive power.
The stability of a system is defined as the tendency and ability of the power system to develop
restoring forces equal to or greater than the disturbing forces to maintain the state of equilibrium.
There are many major blackouts caused by instability of a power system which illustrates the
importance of this phenomenon. The stability has been acknowledged as an important problem for
secure system operation since the 1920s.
Damping of power system oscillation between interconnected areas is very important for the
system secure operation. Power System Stabilizer (PSS) is the most widely used device for resolving
oscillatory stability problems, and to enhance the power system damping. Traditionally, lead-lag
structures have been used as power system stabilizers. The PID controller is a well-established type
of controller and has been in use for a long time. Tuning PID controllers are traditionally tuned using
standard techniques such as the root locus, and classical PID controllers which tuned by Ziegler
Nichols methods.
This paper produces a design method for the stability enhancement of a single machine infinite
bus power system using PID-PSS which its parameters are tuned by Ziegler Nichols method. The
main advantage of this method is, it includes dynamics of whole process, which gives a more accurate
picture of how the system is behaving.
GITAM SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY, HYDERABAD
1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF POWER SYSTEM STABILITY
A typical modern power system is a high-order multivariable process whose dynamic response is
influenced by a wide array of devices with different characteristics and response rates. Stability is a
condition of equilibrium between opposing forces. Depending on the network topology, system
operating condition and the form of disturbance, different sets of opposing forces may experience
sustained imbalance leading to different forms of instability. In this section, we provide a systematic
basis for classification of power system stability.
A. Need for Classification
Power system stability is essentially a single problem; however, the various forms of
instabilities that a power system may undergo cannot be properly understood and effectively dealt with
by treating it as such. Because of high dimensionality and complexity of stability problems, it helps to
make simplifying assumptions to analyze specific types of problems using an appropriate degree of
detail of system representation and appropriate analytical techniques. Analysis of stability, including
identifying key factors that contribute to instability and devising methods of improving stable
operation, is greatly facilitated by classification of stability into appropriate categories Classification,
therefore, is essential for meaningful practical analysis and resolution of power system stability
problems.
B. Categories of Stability
The classification of power system stability proposed here is based on the following considerations:
The physical nature of the resulting mode of instability as indicated by the main system variable in
which instability can be observed.
The size of the disturbance considered which influences the method of calculation and prediction of
stability.
The devices, processes, and the time span that must be taken into consideration in order to assess
stability.
Fig. 1 gives the overall picture of the power system stability problem, identifying its categories and
subcategories. The following are descriptions of the corresponding forms of stability phenomena.
B.1 Rotor Angle Stability:
Rotor angle stability refers to the ability of synchronous machines of an interconnected power system
to remain in synchronism after being subjected to a disturbance. It depends on the ability to
maintain/restore equilibrium between electromagnetic torque and mechanical torque of each
synchronous machine in the system. Instability that may result occurs in the form of increasing
angular swings of some generators leading to their loss of synchronism with other generators.
The rotor angle stability problem involves the study of the electromechanical oscillations inherent in
power systems. A fundamental factor in this problem is the manner in which the power outputs of
synchronous machines vary as their rotor angles change. Under steady-state conditions, there is
equilibrium between the input mechanical torque and the output electromagnetic torque of each
generator, and the speed remains constant. If the system is perturbed, this equilibrium is upset, resulting
in acceleration or deceleration of the rotors of the machines according to the laws of motion of a
rotating body. If one generator temporarily runs faster than another, the angular position of its rotor
relative to that of the slower machine will advance. The resulting angular difference transfers part of
the load from the slow machine to the fast machine, depending on the power-angle relationship. This
tends to reduce the speed difference and hence the angular separation. The power-angle relationship is
highly nonlinear. Beyond a certain limit, an increase in angular separation is accompanied by a
decrease in power transfer such that the angular separation is increased further. Instability results if the
system cannot absorb the kinetic energy corresponding to these rotor speed differences. For any given
situation, the stability of the system depends on whether or not the deviations in angular positions of
the rotors result in sufficient restoring torques. Loss of synchronism can occur between one machine
and the rest of the system, or between groups of machines, with synchronism maintained within each
group after separating from each other.
The change in electromagnetic torque of a synchronous machine following a perturbation can
be resolved into two components:
Synchronizing torque component, in phase with rotor angle deviation.

Damping torque component, in phase with the speed deviation.
System stability depends on the existence of both components of torque for each of the synchronous
machines. Lack of sufficient synchronizing torque results in aperiodic or non-oscillatory instability,
whereas lack of damping torque results in oscillatory instability.
For convenience in analysis and for gaining useful insight into the nature of stability problems,
it is useful to characterize rotor angle stability in terms of the following two subcategories:
Small-disturbance (or small-signal) rotor angle stability is concerned with the ability of the
power system to maintain synchronism under small disturbances. The disturbances are considered to
be sufficiently small that linearization of system equations is permissible for purposes of analysis
-Small-disturbance stability depends on the initial operating state of the system. Instability that may
result can be of two forms: i) increase in rotor angle through a non-oscillatory or a periodic mode due
to lack of synchronizing torque, or ii) rotor oscillations of increasing amplitude due to lack of sufficient
damping torque.
-In todays power systems, small-disturbance rotor angle stability problem is usually associated with
insufficient damping of oscillations. The a periodic instability problem has been largely eliminated by
use of continuously acting generator voltage regulators; however, this problem can still occur when
generators operate with constant excitation when subjected to the actions of excitation limiters (field
current limiters).
Fig.1. Classification of power system stability.

Large-disturbance rotor angle stability or transient stability, as it is commonly referred to, is concerned
with the ability of the power system to maintain synchronism when subjected to a severe disturbance,
such as a short circuit on a transmission line. The resulting system response involves large excursions
of generator rotor angles and is influenced by the nonlinear power-angle relationship.
- Transient stability depends on both the initial operating state of the system and the severity of the
disturbance. Instability is usually in the form of a periodic angular separation due to insufficient
synchronizing torque, manifesting as first swing instability. However, in large power systems, transient
instability may not always occur as first swing instability associated with a single mode; it could be a
result of superposition of a slow inter area swing mode and a local-plant swing mode causing a large
excursion of rotor angle beyond the first swing. It could also be a result of nonlinear effects affecting
a single mode causing instability beyond the first swing.
- The time frame of interest in transient stability studies is usually 3 to 5 seconds following the
disturbance. It may extend to 1020 seconds for very large systems with dominant inter-area swings.
As identified in Fig. 1, small-disturbance rotor angle stability as well as transient stability are
categorized as short term phenomena.
B.2 Voltage Stability:

Voltage stability refers to the ability of a power system to maintain steady voltages at all buses in the
system after being subjected to a disturbance from a given initial operating condition. It depends on
the ability to maintain/restore equilibrium between load demand and load supply from the power
system. In- stability that may result occurs in the form of a progressive fall or rise of voltages of some
buses. A possible outcome of voltage instability is loss of load in an area, or tripping of transmission
lines and other elements by their protective systems leading to cascading outages. Loss of synchronism
of some generators may result from these outages or from operating conditions that violate field current
limit
B.3 Basis for Distinction between Voltage and Rotor Angle Stability:
It is important to recognize that the distinction between rotor angle stability and voltage stability is not
based on weak coupling between variations in active power/angle and reactive power/voltage
magnitude. In fact, coupling is strong for stressed conditions and both rotor angle stability and voltage
stability are affected by pre-disturbance active power as well as reactive power flows. Instead, the
distinction is based on the specific set of opposing forces that experience sustained imbalance and the
principal system variable in which the consequent instability is apparent.
B.4 Frequency Stability:

Frequency stability refers to the ability of a power system to maintain steady frequency following a
severe system upset resulting in a significant imbalance between generation and load. It depends on
the ability to maintain/restore equilibrium between system generation and load, with minimum
unintentional loss of load. Instability that may result occurs in the form of sustained frequency swings
leading to tripping of generating units and/or loads.
1.2 Modeling of power systems

An electrical power system consists of power generating units interconnected with each other and with
the loads through transmission lines. Thus, many electrical machines and devices like transformers,
capacitors are connected together to form a complex system. These elements have dynamic interaction
which may affect the power system behavior. Here, we use the reduced network model to describe
the power system.
Figure 1.1 shows a multi machine power system having 2n + N nodes of which bus 1 to bus n are
generator internal buses, bus n + 1 to bus 2n are n generator terminal buses for respective generator
internal buses and bus 2n + 1 to 2n + N are N load buses. There may be loads connected to the
terminal buses. Each kth generator internal bus is connected to its respective (k + n)th terminal bus
through a lossless line with transient reactance of Xk .
Ek =Ekk (k = 1, ....., n) is the internal machine voltage phasor behind the transient reactance xk .
Reduced network model (RNM): This is a simple mathematical model used to describe the dynamics
of a power system, and it is based on the following assumptions:
Figure1.1:A power system with N generators and N load buses

1. Each synchronous machine can be represented by a constant voltage source behind a
transient reactance.
2. Mechanical power in put is constant.
3. The mechanical angle of the synchronous machine rotor is assumed to coincide with the
electrical phase angle of the voltage phase or behind the transient reactance.
4. Saliency is neglected, that is, xdk =xqk.
5. The various network components are assumed to be insensitive to changes in frequency.
6. Stator and transmission line resistances are neglected.
7. Loads a represented by passive impedances.
Let Dk >0,Mk >0,PGk,Pk, be the damping constant, moment of inertia constant, power
injected into the system, and the mechanical power input, respectively, for the kth machine.
Let k be the swing angle and k
be the rotor speed deviation with respect to a
synchronously rotating reference for the kth machine. Now the dynamics of the kth
generator is given by the swing equation as
Mkk+Dkk+PGkPk = 0.
(1.1)
th
By choosing k and k =k as the state variables the dynamics of k generator becomes can be written
as
= k
1
= ( )
(1.2)
Chapter 2
Modeling of Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) system with
Controllable Series Capacitor (CSC)
2.1 Introduction
The power system is a high order complex nonlinear system. In order to simplify the analysis
and focus on one machine, the multi-machine power system is reduced to the single machine infinite
bus (SMIB) system. In the SMIB system, the machine of interest is modelled in detail while the rest
of the power system is equated with a transmission line connected to an infinite bus. As shown in
Figure 2.1, Single machine is connected to infinite bus system through a transmission line having
resistance and inductance
Figure 2.1: Single machine infinite bus system
2.2. Synchronous machine Dynamics

Synchronous machines, i.e. practically all generators together with synchronous motors and
synchronous compensators, are the most important power system components in the analysis of
electro-mechanical oscillations in power systems. The oscillations are manifested in that the rotors of
the synchronous machines do not rotate with constant angular velocity corresponding to system
frequency, but superimposed are low frequency oscillations, typically 0.1 4 Hz. It is important that
this superimposed oscillations is not too large, because then the stability of the power system can be
endangered. A correct description of these oscillations requires often detailed models of many dierent
system components, but to get an understanding of and insight into the basic physical phenomenon
and processes that determine the stability it is often sucient to employ the simple model
As the name electro-mechanical oscillations suggests, both electrical and mechanical
phenomena are involved, i.e. both currents in and voltages across deferent windings in the machines
but also the mechanical motion of the rotor. Therefore, models of both electrical and mechanical parts
of the synchronous machine are needed.
2.3 System Model

Consider the system (represented by a single line diagram) shown in Fig. 2.1. Here the single
generator represents a single machine equivalent of a power plant(consisting of several
generators).The generator G is connected to a double circuit line through transformer T. The
line is connected to an infinite bus through an equivalent impedance ZT. The infinite bus, by
definition, represents a bus with fixed voltage source. The magnitude, frequency and phase of
the voltage are unaltered by changes in the load (output of the generator). It is to be noted that
the system shown in Fig. 2.1 is a simplified representation of a remote generator connected to a
load center through transmission line.
Figure 2.2 Single line diagram of single machine system

The major feature In the classical methods of analysis is the simplified (classical) model of the
generator. Here, the machine is modelled by an equivalent voltage source behind an impedance.
The major assumptions behind the model are as follows
1. Voltage regulators are not present and manual excitation control is used. This implies that in
steady- state, the magnitude of the voltage source is determined by the field current which is
constant.
2. Damper circuits are neglected.
3. Transient stability is judged by the first swing, which is normally reached within one or two
seconds.
4. Flux decay in the field circuit is neglected (This is valid for short period, say a second,
following a disturbance, as the field time constant is of the order of several seconds).
5. The mechanical power input to the generator is constant.
6. Saliency has little effect and can be neglected particularly in transient stability studies. Based
on the classical model of the generator, the equivalent circuit of the system of Fig. 2.2 is shown
in Fig. 2.3. Here the losses are neglected for simplicity. Xe is the total external reactance viewed
from the generator terminals. The generator reactance , xg, is equal to synchronous reactance X d
for steady-state analysis. For transient analysis, Xg is equal to the direct axis transient reactance
x~. In this case, the magnitude of the generator voltage Egis proportional to the field flux
linkages which are assumed to remain constant (from assumption 4)
Figure 2.3 Equivalent circuit of the system shown in Fig. 2.2

For the classical model of the generator, the only differential equation relates to the motion of the rotor
Let us consider a three-phase synchronous alternator that is driven by a prime mover. The
equation of motion of the machine rotor is given by
2.1
Where
J
is the total moment of inertia of the rotor mass in kgm2
Tm is the mechanical torque supplied by the prime mover in N-m
Te is the electrical torque output of the alternator in N-m
is the angular position of the rotor in rad

Neglecting the losses, the difference between the mechanical and electrical torque gives the net
accelerating torque Ta . In the steady state, the electrical torque is equal to the mechanical
torque, and hence the accelerating power will be zero. During this period the rotor will move at
synchronous speed s in rad/s.
The angular position is measured with a stationary reference frame. To represent it with respect
to the synchronously rotating frame, we define
2.2
Where is the angular position in rad with respect to the synchronously rotating reference frame.
Taking the time derivative of the above equation we get
2.3
Defining the angular speed of the rotor as
We can write equation 2.3 as
2.4
We can therefore conclude that the rotor angular speed is equal to the synchronous speed only
when d / dt is equal to zero. We can therefore term d / dt as the error in speed. Taking
derivative of (2.3), we can then rewrite (2.1) as
2.5
Multiplying both side of (2.5) by m we get
2.6
Where Pm , Pe and Pa respectively are the mechanical, electrical and accelerating power in
MW.
We now define a normalized inertia constant as
2.7
Substituting (2.7) in (2.5) we get

2.8
In steady state, the machine angular speed is equal to the synchronous speed and hence we can
replace r in the above equation by s. Note that in (2.8) Pm ,Pe and Pa are given in MW.
Therefore dividing them by the generator MVA rating S rated we can get these quantities in per
unit. Hence dividing both sides of (2.8) by S rated we get
per unit
By converting in to state space we get

2
1
0
( ) = (1
) + ( 1
)
2
sin 1
[ 2 1 1 ]
2.4 Modelling of controllable series capacitor

Generally, a Controllable Series Capacitor (CSC) can be considered as a continuously controllable
reactance (normally capacitive) which is connected in series with the transmission line. Figure
2.4shows a CSC is placed between buses i and j. The active electrical power transferred from the bus
i to bus j is given by
Where, Xl denote the effective reactance of the line in which the CSC is installed. Thus, Xl decides
the capacity of the transmission line to transfer the electrical power across the network. The injection
model of the CSC is derived in a single-phase positive sequence phasor frame and is given by
2.5 SMIB system with Controllable Series Capacitor (CSC)

In this section we synthesize a stabilizing control law based on PID for the SMIB system.
Consider the SMIB system with a CSC as shown in Figure 2.4. It consists of a synchronous generator
connected to the infinite bus or reference bus. The magnitude of the voltage and the frequency for
the infinite bus are assumed to be constant .The generator bus is numbered as 1 and the infinite
bus as 2. They are connected to each other through a series combination of the line reactance X12
And a CSC which is denoted by a reactance jXc . We use the following notation is the rotor angle
and is the rotor angular speed deviation with respect to synchronously
Figure 2.4 SMIB system with Controllable Series capacitor (CSC)

Rotating reference for the generator. Let D>0,M>0andP>0be the damping constant, moment of
inertia constant and the mechanical power in put to the generator, respectively. The dynamics of
the synchronous generator is described by the swing equation model as,
2
1
0
( ) = (1
) + ( 1
)
2
sin 1
[ 2 1 1 ]
Where x= and x2= are the state variables is the input to the CSC, x1 the open loop reactance
between buses 1 and 2 and b1= . We assume that the Domain of operation is
Control objective:
The open loop operating equilibrium point for the system is given by x = (x1,0). We assume that
x is known to us and synthesize a control a law u in order to make the system (2.8) asymptotically
stable at x .
Chapter 3
Implementation of PID controller
3.1 Introduction
A controller is a device, historically using mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic or electronic techniques
often in combination, but more recently in the form of a microprocessor or computer, which monitors
and physically alters the operating conditions of a given dynamical system. Typical applications of
controllers are to hold settings for temperature, pressure, flow or speed.
A system can either be described as a MIMO system, having multiple inputs and outputs, therefore
requiring more than one controller; or a SISO system, consisting of a single input and single output,
hence having only a single controller. Depending on the set-up of the physical (or non-physical)
system, adjusting the system's input variable (assuming it is SISO) will affect the operating parameter,
otherwise known as the controlled output variable. Upon receiving the error signal that marks the
disparity between the desired value (set point) and the actual output value, the controller will then
attempt to regulate controlled output behavior. The controller achieves this by either attenuating or
amplifying the input signal to the plant so that the output is returned to the set point. For example, a
simple feedback control system, such as the one shown on the right, will generate an error signal that's
mathematically depicted as the difference between the set point value and the output value, r-y.
Figure 3.1.1. A simple feedback control system

A simple feedback control loop illustrates that the error signal is received by controller C, which then
either attenuate or amplify the input signal to the plant. This signal describes the magnitude by which
the output value deviates from the set point. The signal is subsequently sent to the controller C which
then interprets and adjusts for the discrepancy. If the plant is a physical one, the inputs to the system
are regulated by means of actuators.
3.2 PID CONTROLLERS
Figure 3.2.1 shows a PID control of a plant. If a mathematical model of the plant can be derived, then
it is possible to apply various design techniques for determining parameters of the controller that will
meet the transient and steady-state specifications of the closed-loop system. However, if the plant is
so complicated that its mathematical model cannot be easily obtained, then an analytical approach to
the design of a PID controller is not possible. Then we must resort to experimental approaches to the
tuning of PID controllers.
The process of selecting the controller parameters to meet given performance specifications is known
as controller tuning. Ziegler and Nichols suggested rules for tuning PID controllers (meaning to set
values Kp, T,, and T,) based on experimental step responses or based on the value of K, that results in
marginal stability when only proportional control action is used. Ziegler-Nichols rules, which are
briefly presented in
Figure 3.2.1 PID control of a plant.

the following, are useful when mathematical models of plants are not known. (These rules can, of
course, be applied to the design of systems with known mathematical models.) Such rules suggest a
set of values of Kp, Ti, and Td, that will give a stable operation of the system. However, the resulting
system may exhibit a large maximum overshoot in the step response, which is unacceptable. In such a
case we need series of fine tunings until an acceptable result is obtained. In fact, the Ziegler-Nichols
tuning rules give an educated guess for the parameter values and provide a starting point for fine tuning,
rather than giving the final settings for Kp, Ti, and Td in a single shot
3.3 Effects of PID Controller

The following table indicates the several effects of PID Controller
Cl Response
Rise Time
Overshoot
Settling Time
S-S Error
Kp
Decrease
increase
Small Change
Decrease
ki
Decrease
increase
Increase
Eliminate
kd
Small Change
decrease
Decrease
Small Change
Table 3.3.1 Effects of PID Controller
3.4 Ziegler-Nichols Rules for Tuning PID Controllers.

Ziegler and Nichols proposed rules for determining values of the proportional gainki integral timeTi
and derivative time Td based on the transient response characteristics of a given plant. Such
determination of the parameters of PID controllers or tuning of PID controllers can be made by
engineers on-site by experiments on the plant. (Numerous tuning rules for PID controllers have been
proposed since the Ziegler-Nichols proposal. They are available in the literature and from the
manufacturers of such controllers.) There are two methods called Ziegler-Nichols tuning rules: the
first method and the second method. We shall give a brief presentation of these two methods.
First Method. In the first method, we obtain experimentally the response of the plant to a unit step
input, as shown in Figure 3.4.1. If the plant involves neither integrator (~) nor dominant complexconjugate poles, then such a unit-step response curve may look S-shaped, as shown in Figure 3.4.2.This
method applies if the response to a step input exhibits an S-shaped curve. Such step-response curves
may be generated experimentally or from a dynamic simulation of the plant. The S-shaped curve may
be characterized by two constants, delay time L and time constant
T. The delay time and time constant are determined by drawing a tangent line at the inflection point of
the S-shaped curve and determining the intersections of the tangent line with the time axis and line c(t)
= K, as shown in Figure 3.4.2.
Fig 3.4.1.unit step response of a plant
Fig 3.4.2. S Shaped response Curve
Table 3.4.1 Ziegler-Nichols Tuning Rule Based on Step Response of Plant (First Method)
The transfer function C(s)/U(s) may then be approximated by a first-order system with a transport lag
as follows:
Ziegler and Nichols suggested to set the values ofKp, Ti, and Tdaccording to the formula
shown in Table 3.4.1.
Notice that the PID controller tuned by the first method of Ziegler-Nichols rules gives
Thus, the PID controller has a pole at the origin and double zeros at s = -1/L
Second Method. In the second method, we first set Ti = and Td = 0. Using the proportional control
action only (see Figure3.4.3), increase Kp, from 0 to a critical value Kcr at which the output first
exhibits sustained oscillations. (If the output does not exhibit sustained oscillations for whatever value
Kp, may take, then this method does not apply.) Thus, the critical gain
Kcr, and the corresponding period PCr, are experimentally
Fig 3.4.3.closed loop system with p controller
Fig 3.4.4Sustained oscillation with period PC

determined (see Figure 3.4.4 ). Ziegler and Nichols suggested that we set the values of
the parameters Kp, Ti, and Td according to the formula shown in Table 3.4.2.
Table 3.4.2 Ziegler-Nichols Tuning Rule Based on Critical Gain Kc, and Critical Period PC, (Second
Method)
Notice that the PID controller tuned by the second method of Ziegler-Nichols rules gives
Thus, the PID controller has a pole at the origin and double zeros at s = -4/Pcr. Note that if the system
has a known mathematical model (such as the transfer function), then we can use the root-locus method
to find the critical gain Kc, and the frequency of the sustained oscillations
wcr, where 2.rr/wC, = PC,. These values can be found from the crossing points of the root-locus
branches with the jw axis. (Obviously, if the root-locus branches do not cross the jw axis, this method
does not apply.)
Comments. Ziegler-Nichols tuning rules (and other tuning rules presented in the literature) have been
widely used to tune PID controllers in process control systems where the plant dynamics are not
precisely known. Over many years, such tuning rules proved to be very useful. Ziegler-Nichols tuning
rules can, of course, be applied to plants whose dynamics are known. (If the plant dynamics are known,
many analytical and graphical approaches to the design of PID controllers are available, in addition to
Ziegler-Nichols tuning rules.)
Chapter - 4
Simulation Results
8
We assume the following simulation parameters for the SMIB system as shown figure M= 100 ,
0.4
D=100, E=V=1(p u) , 1 =2.5(pu) ,-3 1. To assess the performance of the proposed control laws
we assume that a short circuit fault at the far end of the transmission line at the time t=1 s for a duration
of 0.1 s. We use the following system parameters for the lightly loaded condition The operating
equilibrium point is x=(0.4556, 0) and P = 1.1 (p u). The values of the tuning parameters are chosen
for PID controller P=0.5, I=0.5,D=0.005, for PI controller P=0.1,I=0.001,for PD controller
P=0.1,D=0.001.From the simulations, we can observe the following: The open loop system(i.e.
without controller) exhibits heavy and sustained oscillations in x1 and x2 as shown in figures by dotted
lines. The closed-loop system (using PID controller) oscillations decay at a faster rate and settle
quickly .Further, we can observe that, in the case of using PD controller and using PI controller.
PD CONTROLLER USING:
For scope x1 (Rotor Angle (rad) vs Time (sec))
Figure 4.1
For Scope X2 (Speed (rad) vs Time (sec)):
Figure 4.2
Figure 4.1 & Figure 4.2 Response of SMIB system With PD controller: Dotted Line (Without
Controller) Dashed line (with PD controller P=0.1,D=0.001 parameters)
USING PI CONTROLLER:
For scope x1 (Rotor Angle (rad) vs Time (sec))
Figure 4.3
Figure 4.4
Figure 4.3 & Figure 4.4: Response Of SMIB system With PI controller: Dotted Line (Without
Controller) Dashed line (with PI controller P=0.1,I=0.001 parameters)
USING PID CONTROLLER:
For scope x1 (Rotor Angle (rad) vs Time (sec)):
Figure 4.5
Figure 4.6
Figure 4.5 & Figure 4.6: Response Of SMIB system With PID controller: Dotted Line (Without
Controller) Solid Line (with PID controller, P=0.5, I=0.5, D=0.05 parameters)
COMPARSION OF PID CONTROLLER WITH PI & WITHOUT CONTROLLER:
For scope x1 (Rotor Angle (rad) vs Time (sec)):
Figure 4.7
Figure 4.8
Figure 4.7 & figure 4.8: Response of SMIB system with PID controller: Dotted line (without controller)
Dashed line (PI controller P=0.1, I=0.001), Solid line (with PID controller P=0.5, I=0.5, D=0.05)
parameters.
Conclusion & Scope for Future Work
In this report we presented PID controller technique for stabilization of SMIB system with CSC
as actuator, and SMIB with CSC is modelled by using injection model.
From the simulation results we observed that using PI controller the system attains stability
within less time when compared to PD controller. But by using PID controller the system attains
stability within less time even when compared to PI controller.
Future scope:
The work proposed here could be extended to multi machine system (like two machine infinite
bus system TMIB) and we can also compare the proposed control technique with nonlinear controllers.
Bibliography
1. Nonlinear Control Synthesis for Asymptotic Stabilization of the Swing Equation using a
Controllable Series Capacitor via Immersion and Invariance by N S Manjarekar, R N Banavar
and R Ortega 47th IEEE Conference on Decision and control Cancun, Mexico, Dec. 9-11, 2008
2. A. Astolfi and R. Ortega, Immersion and Invariance: A New Tool for Stabilization and Adaptive
Control of Nonlinear Systems, IEEE Trans. on Automatic Control, vol. 48, pp. 590606, April
2003.
3. Y. Wang, D. J. Hill, R. H. Middleton, and L. Gao, Transient stability enhancement and voltage
regulation of power systems, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 8, pp. 620627, May 1993.
4. P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994.
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IMPLEMENTATION OF PID CONTROLLER

FOR POWER SYSTEM STABILIZATION

Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

M.Lalit Anand (2210511234)

CH.Sai Praveen (2210511211)

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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

We, the undersigned, declare that the project entitled IMPLEMENTATION

Ch. Sai Praveen

Classification of power system stability

Modelling of controllable series capacitor

SMIB system with controllable series capacitor4

Conclusion and Scope for Future work

Name of the figure

Single machine infinite bus system

Single line diagram of single machine system

Equivalent diagram of system

SMIB system with Controllable Series Capacitor

PID control of a plant

Unit step response of a plant

Shaped response curve

Closed loop system with P controller

Sustained oscillation with period PC

4.1 & 4.2

Response Of SMIB system With PD controller

4.3 & 4.4

Response Of SMIB system With PI controller

4.5 & 4.6

Response Of SMIB system With PID controller

4.7 & 4.8

Response Of SMIB system With PID controller

A power system with N generators and N load

IMPLEMENTATION OF PID CONTROLLERS FOR POWER SYSTEM STABILIZATION | 1

GITAM SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY, HYDERABAD

IMPLEMENTATION OF PID CONTROLLERS FOR POWER SYSTEM STABILIZATION | 2

1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF POWER SYSTEM STABILITY

A. Need for Classification

B.1 Rotor Angle Stability:

IMPLEMENTATION OF PID CONTROLLERS FOR POWER SYSTEM STABILIZATION | 3

Synchronizing torque component, in phase with rotor angle deviation.

IMPLEMENTATION OF PID CONTROLLERS FOR POWER SYSTEM STABILIZATION | 4

Fig.1. Classification of power system stability.

B.2 Voltage Stability:

IMPLEMENTATION OF PID CONTROLLERS FOR POWER SYSTEM STABILIZATION | 5

B.4 Frequency Stability:

1.2 Modeling of power systems

IMPLEMENTATION OF PID CONTROLLERS FOR POWER SYSTEM STABILIZATION | 6

Figure1.1:A power system with N generators and N load buses

IMPLEMENTATION OF PID CONTROLLERS FOR POWER SYSTEM STABILIZATION | 7

Let k be the swing angle and k

be the rotor speed deviation with respect to a

GITAM SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY, HYDERABAD

IMPLEMENTATION OF PID CONTROLLERS FOR POWER SYSTEM STABILIZATION | 8

Figure 2.1: Single machine infinite bus system

2.2. Synchronous machine Dynamics

2.3 System Model

GITAM SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY, HYDERABAD

IMPLEMENTATION OF PID CONTROLLERS FOR POWER SYSTEM STABILIZATION | 9

Figure 2.2 Single line diagram of single machine system

Figure 2.3 Equivalent circuit of the system shown in Fig. 2.2

IMPLEMENTATION OF PID CONTROLLERS FOR POWER SYSTEM STABILIZATION | 10

is the angular position of the rotor in rad