Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
International Symposium
Geohazards: Science, Engineering and Management
Paper No. EQ-17
Key words
Machine foundation,
Code, Design,
Recommendations
1.
Abstract
Machine foundations are of prior importance in almost all types of industries, as
these are subjected to dynamic loads generated by rotating equipmentsmounted
on them. Hence, these should be designed in such a waythat they do not cause
any inconvenience during operation. Machine foundations are analyzed and
designed based on the machine specifications and soil parameters
available.Theprovisions for the design of machine foundations vary among
codes/standards of different countries. All the codes/standardsprovide the
guidelines forthe design of the foundation and also specify the permissible limit
for displacements to ensure proper functioning of the system. An attempt is
made to review the codes/standards on machine foundations that are available
for practicing in differentparts of the world. The codes/standards considered for
this study includes ACI 351 3R 04 (America), CP 2012 (British), DIN 4024
(German), SAES Q 007 (Saudi Aramco) and IS 2974 (Indian).
Machine foundations
Due to tremendous increase in both large and small scale industries, all over the world, the
importance of machine foundation also increases over the time. Engineers fromdifferent
backgrounds are engaged in the analysis, design, construction, maintenance and repair of
machine foundations. Hence, it is important that the operator, engineers involved from different
specialization and equipment supplier should collaborate during the design process to make the
system more efficient and convenient.
2.
In this paper, codes/standards from five different countries are selected for extensive study. The
different types of machines and foundations, design criteria, design methods and construction
considerations are elaborated in [1]. Technical terms, materials & methods, design
considerations for machine foundations and work on site have been discussed by [2]. [3]
Describes the flexible structures that support machines with rotating elements, whereas[4]
explains about rigid structures that support machines with periodic excitations. Both [3,
4]discuss about the basic concepts involved, materials, loads, design and reinforcement
- 459 -
Kathmandu, Nepal
November 20-21, 2014
International Symposium
Geohazards: Science, Engineering and Management
detailing.Discussion about the basic definitions, forces, loads, design and drawing of machine
foundation system is available in [10].
The Indian Standardsconsists of five parts which consists of foundation for reciprocating
type machines [5],foundations for impact type machines (hammer foundations) [6],foundations
for rotary type machines (medium and high frequency)[7], foundations for rotary type machines
of low frequency[8], and foundations for impact type machines other than hammer (forging and
stamping press, pig breaker, elevator and hoist towers) [9]. An overview of all the considered
codes/standards is presented in the next part.
3.
Overview
All the considered codes/standardsdiscuss the basic terminologies involved in the analysis and
design of machine foundations. The dynamic soil properties used for the design are discussed
along with the test methods in [1, 2, 10]. The considered loads and their combinations for
analysis are discussed in [1, 10]. Both static and dynamic analysis procedures are elaborated in
[1, 3]. Mathematical model of the machine foundation system for simplified analysis with a set
of assumptions are described in [3, 6]. A special consideration to steel foundation is given by
both [3, 10]. All the considered codes/standards have depicted the details of reinforcement in
the foundation for better understanding during construction. Design of block and pile
foundation with anti-vibration mounting, workmanship and responsibilities of civil engineering
contractor, testing and measurement prior to initial running to ensure proper functioning are
special provisions by [2].
4. Design Recommendations
The design recommendations by all the considered codes/standards are presented in the form of
tables as presented in Table 1. Among them, the Indian Standards have given their
recommendations for the analysis and design of machine foundations based on the type of
machine to be mounted on the foundation. Hence, the recommendations by the Indian
Standards are represented separately in Table 2.
The recommendations for the analysis and design of both foundation block and pile
foundation have been discussed. Apart from that, the important parameters viz., eccentricity,
frequency ratio and limiting amplitude have been compared for the considered
codes/standards.Both [3,10] are silent about the recommendations for pile foundations
supporting machines; [3] does not specify any eccentricity and limiting amplitude; and [1] is
silent regarding frequency ratio.
- 460 -
Kathmandu, Nepal
November 20-21, 2014
International Symposium
Geohazards: Science, Engineering and Management
2.
CP 2012 [2]
Width of foundation the
distance from center of
crank shaft to the bottom of
foundation to ensure the
stability against overturning.
The proportion of the
foundation block should be
such as to ensure stability
against rocking.
Mass of foundation = 3 to 5
* Mass of the plant
It is suggested
that the block,
combined block,
table top with or
without isolators,
spring mounted
blocks should be
supported on
piles in case of
soft ground
conditions where
low allowable
contact pressure
and excessive
settlements are
obtained in case
of mat
foundation.
For, axial and
centrifugal
compressors,
with operating
speed > 25,000
rpm, eccentricity
of 250 nm.
For compressors
at lower speeds,
the maximum
allowable
eccentricity is
dependent on
operating speed.
Foundation
block
Pile
foundation
Eccentricity
NA
NA
NA
- 461 -
Kathmandu, Nepal
November 20-21, 2014
International Symposium
Geohazards: Science, Engineering and Management
Table , Continued
Description
Frequency
Ratio
NA
Limiting
amplitude
The dynamic
force amplitude is
a function of
rotating mass,
mass eccentricity,
operating
frequency and
service factor.
Only discussions
are available on
important
parameters
involved since
this is a
committee report.
Others
CP 2012 [2]
Important installations:
Frequency ratio 0.5 or 2
For less importance
installations:
Frequency ratio 0.6 or
1.5
When machine is connected
to the foundation by means
of low frequency resilient
anti vibration mountings the
frequency ratio > 3.
To avoid
damage to
Limit
Specified by
manufacturer
A chart is
Person
proposed
Low speed
Settlement
machines
200m.
For f < 20Hz
its 200m.
For f > 20Hz
Building
a chart is
proposed. f =
frequency
Excite the block to same
mode of vibration as
expected from operating
machinery. The vibrations
measured by transducers
with linear response over the
range 2 to 200 Hz. The
accuracy of transducers
should be better than 10%
and they should respond to a
uniaxial motion with not
more than 10% cross
sensitivity.
Machinery
NA
- 462 -
Kathmandu, Nepal
November 20-21, 2014
International Symposium
Geohazards: Science, Engineering and Management
IS 2974 [5]
Empirical rules (related to mass,
eccentricity and stability) are suggested
for deciding the geometry of foundation
block.
Mass of foundation >> Mass of machine
Foundation
block
IS 2974 [6, 9]
4.
7.
10.
13.
16.
17.
Pile
foundation
Eccentricity
Frequency
Ratio
Machinery
Up to 1.0
1.00
1.0 to 2.0
1.25
2.0 to 4.0
1.75
4.0 to 6.0
2.25
Dimension
Clear span
to depth
Depth to
width
Base Mat
Over 6.0
Ratio
5.
Range
6.
Mf/ 8.
Mt
60 9.
Mf/ 11.
Mt
80 to
12.
100
Mf/ 14.
Mt
10015.
to
120
2.50
Soil Type
General
stiff clay or
compact sandy
Moderately
firm to soft
clays and
medium dense
to loose sand
Where, Mf = Mass of the foundation
Mt= Mass of the tup
<0.67
Girder
supporting
Turbine
Girder
supporting
Generator
2 to 3
2.5 to 3.5
1 to 3
1 to 1.5
2
Thickness of base raft > 0.07 L4/3, L is the
average of two adjacent clear span length.
(only for raft)
18.
A chart is proposed
Low speed machines 200m.
For f < 20Hz its 200m.
Building
For f > 20Hz a chart is
proposed. f = frequency
In case of important structures present
near the foundation, the amplitude of the
foundation should be adjusted so that the
velocity of the vibrations at the structure
does not exceed 0.3cm/s.
If the soil at site is subjected to excessive
settlement then a semi-buoyant or fully
buoyant foundation may be provided.
Fatigue factor of 3 is used for design to take
care of reduction in strength of concrete and
steel due to repeated loading.
Part
Foundation
Anvil
Amplitude (mm)
1
1.5
3-4
- 463 -
1.25<
Limit
Specified by manufacturer
<0.4
Person
Settlement
Others
Mass of tup
(Tons)
To avoid
damage to
Limiting
amplitude
IS 2974 [7, 8]
Thickness of
foundation block
(m)
<0.83
Kathmandu, Nepal
November 20-21, 2014
5.
International Symposium
Geohazards: Science, Engineering and Management
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
The authors are grateful to IIT Roorkee for providing the facilities for this investigation.
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
- 464 -