Integration SCADA Systems into Smart Grid.

Abstract
Nomenclature
Introduction
Body
How SCADA Works
A SCADA system for a power distribution application is a typically a PC-based
software package. Data is collected from the electrical distribution system, with
most of the data originating at substations. Depending on its size and complexity, a
substation will have a varying number of controllers and operator interface points.
In a typical configuration, a substation is controlled and monitored in real time by a
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and by certain specialized devices such as
circuit breakers and power monitors. Data from the PLC and the devices is then
transmitted to a PC-based SCADA node located at the substation.
One or more PCs are located at various centralized control and monitoring points.
The links between the substation PCs and the central station PCs are generally
Ethernet-based and are implemented via the Internet, an intranet and/or some
version of cloud computing.
In addition to data collection, SCADA systems typically allow commands to be
issued from central control and monitoring points to substations. If desired and as
circumstances allow, these commands can enable full remote control.
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are basically Process
Control Systems (PCS) that are used for monitoring, gathering, and analyzing realtime environmental data from a simple office building or a complex nuclear power
plant. PCSs are designed to automate electronic systems based on a predetermined
set of conditions, such as traffic control or power grid management. Some PCSs
consist of one or more remote terminal units (RTUs) and/or Programmable Logic
Controllers (PLC) connected to any number of actuators and sensors, which relay
data to a master data collective device for analysis. Gervasi (2010) described
SCADA systems with the following components:
Looking at the overall structure of a SCADA system, there are four distinct levels
within SCADA, these being:

i.

Field instrumentation,

For application of Electrical Power Systems the following measurements are

required:

Electrical Measurement Sensors

Basic Parameters Measured

Voltage
Current
Time

Derived parameters

True power and RMS values averaged over cycle

Apparent power, power factor and VAR*
Accumulated energy (watt-hours)
Minimum and peak (e.g. voltage sag)

Harmonics, sub-harmonics and flicker

Phase and frequency

*Volts-Ampere Reactive (power)

Power measurements

True power (Ptrue) is average of P(t) = V(t)*I(t) over a cycle

Metering (revenue) always uses true power
Apparent power (Papr) = Vrms * Irms
Greater than true power if load is partly reactive (e.g. motor)
Power factor (cos ) = Ptrue/Papr
Less than 1.00 for non-resistive loads
Precision of 0.1% requires 14-bit a/d or better
True power meter chips available (e.g. CS5463)
Often three phase needed.

Discussion of Non-Electrical Smart Grid Sensors

Smart Building Concept

HVAC
Energy Conservation
Substation/ Transmission

HVAC Sensors (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning)

Temperature

Humidity
Air Flow
Air quality (gases: CO2, CO, VOC)
Also Actuators (control of heating, ventilation, AC)

Air Quality Sensors for smart buildings

Main gases:
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
CO2 buildup in rooms when people present signal for increased ventilation
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) and Carbon monoxide (CO)
Potentially harmful gases (possibly toxic also)
Signal Conditioners
Requires both analog and digital
Multiple sensor technologies complicates design
Energy Conservation Sensors
Temperature
Illumination
Occupancy sensors
Wireless room controls (e.g. lighting)
Remote access (Smart grid, Internet)
DALI -- lighting
Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI) was developed for remote lighting
control (e.g. dimmers)
Rugged bus (64 devices, data & power on 2-wire bus)
Asynchronous, half-duplex, serial protocol at 1200 Baud
Requires controller (master) or gateway
More popular in Europe
DALI for sensors
DALI extended to general purpose sensor bus (sensoris slave)
Advantage of power and data on same 2-wire bus
Higher data rate (9600 baud)
Allows mix of standard and sensor DALI format on bus

Allows TEDS and standard formats for sensors

Actuators als

PLCs and / or RTUs,

A remote terminal unit (RTU) is a microprocessor-controlled electronic
device that interfaces objects in the physical world to a distributed control
system or SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) system by
transmitting telemetry data to a master system, and by using messages
from the master supervisory system to control connected objects
iii. Communications networks and
iv. SCADA host software.

Sensors
Controller

Applications of SCADA Systems

Distribution and Substation Automation

Fault protection and management
Advanced Metering infrastructure
Energy Management