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indicators is linked, directly or indirectly, to customer requirements and satisfaction, and to management.
Benefits of Statistical Quality Control
1) It provides a means of detecting error at inspection.
2) It leads to more uniform quality of production.
3) It improves the relationship with the customer.
4) It reduces inspection costs.
5) It reduces the number of rejects and saves the cost of material.
6) It provides a basis for attainable specifications.
7) It points out the bottlenecks and trouble spots.
8) It provides a means of determining the capability of the manufacturing process.
9) It promotes the understanding and appreciation of quality control.
The Control Chart
Control charts are generally used in a production or manufacturing environment and are used to control,
monitor and IMPROVE a process. A control chart is a graphical display of a measured quality
characteristic. The measurement is plotted on the vertical axis and the sample (subgroup, subsample or
sample number) is recorded on the horizontal axis. A control chart is a graph or chart with limit lines,
called control lines. There are basically three kinds of control lines:
the upper control limit (UCL),
the central line (actual nominal size of product),
The lower controls limit (LCL).
The purpose and advantage of drawing a control chart is
To detect any changes in the process that would be evident by any abnormal points listed on the
graph from the data collected.
A control chart indicated whether the process is in control or not.
It warns in time and can make an immediate adjustment to correct the problem bringing the
process back into a "state of control".
It ensures product quality level.
It provides information about the selection of process and setting up the tolerance limit.
There are two main types of Control Charts.
Quality can be controlled either through actual measurement of dimension, weight or through attributes
(as yes or no criteria) for example by using go or not go guage and without caring the actual dimension
The
An
&
&
Control Chart
Control Chart is one that shows both the mean value ( X ), and the range ( R ). The Xbar
portion of the chart mainly shows any changes in the mean value of the process, while the R portion
shows any changes in the dispersion of the process. This chart is particularly useful in that it shows
changes in mean value and dispersion of the process at the same time, making it a very effective method
for checking abnormalities within the process; and if charted while in progress, also points out a problem
in the production flow in real time mode.
Steps to plot
and
chart
Let The size of the sample is represented by the letter " n " and the number of subgroups is represented by
the letter " N ".
Step1 Find the mean value (Xbar). Use the following formula for each subgroup:
Step 2 Find the range, R. Use the following formula for each subgroup.
R = X (largest value) - X (smallest value)
Step 4 - Compute the average value of the range ( ) by using the following formula.
Step 5 - Compute the Control Limit Lines. Use the following formulas for Xbar and R Control
Charts.
The coefficients for calculating the control lines are A2, D4, and D3 are located on the bottom of
the Work Sheet you are presently using, and presented here:
Control Chart:
Central Line (CL) =
+ A2 *
- A2 * .
R Control Chart:
Central Line (CL) = R bar figure you calculated.
Upper Control Limit (UCL) = D4 * .
Lower Control Limit (LCL) = D3 * .
Step 6 - Construct the Control Chart. Use graph paper and set the index. Draw in the Control lines
CL, UCL and LCL, and label them with their appropriate numerical values. It is recommended
that you use a blue or black line for the CL, and a red line for the UCL and LCL. The central line
is a solid line. The Upper and Lower control limits are usually drawn as broken lines.
Step 7 - Plot the X bar and R values as computed for each subgroup. Circle any points that lie
outside the control limit lines so that you can distinguish them from the others.
If
is the proportion of defective produced in entire processing or the average fraction defective. It is
Number Defective
20
20
20
20
20
Number Defective
Sample Size
Percent Defective
20
.15
20
.10
20
.05
20
.10
20
.05
Total
100
.09
Step 2: Calculate the Standard Deviation of P. P chart is based on binomial distribution. The binomial
distribution has the standard deviation
p
(1-p)
(.09)(.91)
=
=0.064
n
20
Step 3: Calculate CL, UCL, LCL
p=
p z
.09
3(.064) .282
LCL
.09
3(.064) .102
The number of defective units cannot be negative so LCL should be taken as 0 if it comes out negative.
Step 4: Draw the Chart
Instead of fraction defective we can also use the defect ratio in terms of percentage. Percentage defective
is 100 times of fraction defective.
Percentage defective = 100 fraction defective = 100P.
Using the same notation as in P chart, the standard deviation and control limits are
Comparison of
1
2
3
4
5
6
and P charts
P charts
These are control chart for attributes
cheaper
Large sample size
Less effect as compare to
Separate charts are not required for each
characteristics
Inferior
The number of weekly customer complaints is monitored in a large hotel. Develop a three sigma control
limits For a C-Chart using the data table.
Week
Number of Complaints
10
Total
22
=
Control limits for 3 limits:
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
13
10
16
12
11
15
14
10
11
16
9
11
13
14
13
13
12
12
13
10
12
13
10
15
17
14
13
16
14
11
10
12
11
13
14
12
11
13
12
12
11
14
14
16
13
10
9
12
15
10
Range
R= max-min
11
12
12.8
14
13.6
12.8
11.8
12.6
13
11.8
4
4
6
4
6
5
5
6
4
6
The value of A2, D4 and D3 for n=5 (sample size) A2 = 0.58, D4= 2.11 and D3 = 0
Control Chart:
Central Line (CL) =
= 12.54 .
+ A2 *
- A2 *
R Control Chart:
Central Line (CL) = R bar = 5
Upper Control Limit (UCL) = D4 * = 2.11*5 = 10.55
Lower Control Limit (LCL) = D3 * = 0*5 = 0
R chart
chart
Acceptance Sampling:
It is a process of randomly inspecting the sample of goods deciding, whether to accept or reject the entire
lot.
Goal: To accept or reject a batch of items. Frequently used to test incoming materials from suppliers or
other parts of the organization prior to entry into the production process.
Used to determine whether to accept or reject a batch of products. Measures number of defects in a
sample. Based on the number of defects in the sample the batch is either accepted or rejected. An
acceptance level c is specified. If the number of defects in the sample is c the batch is accepted, otherwise
it is rejected and subjected to 100% inspection.
Acceptance sampling different from statistical process control is that acceptance sampling is performed
before or after the process, rather than during the process. Acceptance sampling before the process
involves sampling materials received from a supplier, such as randomly inspecting crates of fruit that will
be used in a restaurant, boxes of glass dishes that will be sold in a department store, or metal castings that
will be used in a machine shop.
Sampling after the process involves sampling finished items that are to be shipped either to a customer or
to a distribution center. Examples include randomly testing a certain number of computers from a batch to
make sure they meet operational requirements, and randomly inspecting snowboards to make sure that
they are not defective.
It may be wondering why we would only inspect some items in the lot and not the entire lot. Acceptance
sampling is used when inspecting every item is not physically possible or would be overly expensive, or
when inspecting a large number of items would lead to errors due to worker fatigue. This last concern is
especially important when a large number of items are processed in a short period of time. Another
example of when acceptance sampling would be used is in destructive testing, such as testing eggs for
salmonella or vehicles for crash testing. Obviously, in these cases it would not be helpful to test every
item! However, 100 percent inspection does make sense if the cost of inspecting an item is less than the
cost of passing on a defective item.
As you will see in this section, the goal of acceptance sampling is to determine the criteria for acceptance
or rejection based on the size of the lot, the size of the sample, and the level of confidence we wish to
attain. Acceptance sampling can be used for both attribute and variable measures, though it is most
commonly used for attributes.
1. Single Sampling Plan: In this plan, a small sample of size (n) is taken randomly and
100% inspection is done on it, if the number of defective part is equal to or less than
acceptance number than entire lot is accepted otherwise rejected.
2. Double Sampling Plan: A sample of n unit is taken randomly and number of defective is
C1 or less than entire lot is accepted. If number of defective is C2 or more than entire lot is
rejected. If the number of defective are between C1 and C2 then another sample of n2 item
is taken. If the total number of defective from the two samples together is C3 or less than
entire lot is accepted, otherwise rejected.