Number Dictionary

18-4-15
by Adi Cox
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Forward
Numbers are my friends. if I was a number I would want to be happy
and lucky. The prime number 367 is both lucky and happy but being a
prime number means that it is deficient and it is stifled in base 7.
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A
Algebraic number
Any number that is the root of a non-zero polynomial with rational
coefficients is an algebraic number.
Amicable
The smallest pair of amicable numbers is (220, 284); for the proper
divisors of 220 are 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 11, 20, 22, 44, 55 and 110, of
which the sum is 284; and the proper divisors of 284 are 1, 2, 4, 71
and 142, of which the sum is 220.
{(220, 284), (1184, 1210), (2620, 2924), (5020, 5564), (6232, 6368),
...}
C
Composite
A natural number greater than 1 that is not a prime number is called
a composite number.
D
Decagonal
The n-th decagonal number is given by the formula d = 4n^2 - 3n. So
the 5th decagonal number is: 4[5]^2-3[5] = 85
{0, 1, 10, 27, 52, 85, 126, 175, 232, 297, 370, ...}
Dodecagonal
The dodecagonal number for n is given by the formula 5n^2 - 4n where
n > 0. So the 3rd dodecagonal is 5[3]^2-4[3] = 45-12 = 33
{1, 12, 33, 64, 105, 156, 217, 288, 369, ...}
E
Even
An even number is an integer of the form n = 2k, where k is an
integer.
{2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, ...}
F
Factorial
The nth factorial is the product of all n digits: 0!=1, 1!=1,
2!=2x1=2, 3!=3x2x1=6, 4!=4x3x2x1=24, 5!=5x4x3x2x1=120, ...

{1, 1, 2, 6, 24, 120, 720, ...}

Figurate
A member of the subset of the sets above containing only triangular
numbers, square numbers, pentagonal numbers, hexagonal numbers,
heptagonal numbers, octagonal numbers, nonagonal numbers, decagonal
numbers, dodecagonal numbers, pyramidal numbers, and their analogs
in other dimensions.
Fraction
See rational number.
Friendly
The smallest friendly number is 6, forming for example the friendly
pair 6 and 28 with abundancy s(6) / 6 = (1+2+3+6) / 6 = 2, the same
as s(28) / 28 = (1+2+4+7+14+28) / 28 = 2.
H
Happy
A happy number goes to one when the digits of the numbers are
squared and added together:
2^2+3^2=13 --> 1^2+3^2=10 --> 1^2+0^2=1
{1, 7, 10, 13, 19, 23, 28, ...}
Harshad
The number 18 is a Harshad number in base 10, because the sum of the
digits 1 and 8 is 9 (1+8=9), and 18 is divisible by 9.
7864 is a Harshad number in base 2: 7864=1111010111000. The sum of
the digits equal 8 and 7864/8=983.
Heptagonal
The n-th heptagonal number is given by the formula (5n^2-3n)/2. So
the 7th heptagonal number is: (5[7]^2-3[7])/2 = (5x49-21)/2 = 112
{1, 7, 18, 34, 55, 81, 112, 148, 189, 235, 286, 342, 403, ...}
Hexagonal
The formula for the nth hexagonal number is: 2n^2-n. So the 5th
hexagonal number is: 2[5]^2-[5] = 2x25-5 = 45
{1, 6, 15, 28, 45, 66, 91, 120, 153, 190, 231, ...}
I
Integer
An integer is a whole number which also includes negative numbers.
{... -10,-9,-8,-7,-6,-5,-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10, ...}
N
Natural
A natural number is a non negative integer:
{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20, ...}
Nonagonal
The nonagonal number for n is given by the formula: (n(7n-5))/2 So
the 6th nonogonal number is: ([6](7[6]-5))/2 = (6x37)/2 = 111
{1, 9, 24, 46, 75, 111, 154, 204, 261, 325, 396, 474, ...}
O

Octagonal
The octagonal number for n is given by the formula 3n2 - 2n, where
n > 0. The first few octagonal numbers are:
{1, 8, 21, 40, 65, 96, 133, 176, 225, 280, ...}
Odd
An odd number is an integer of the form n = 2k + 1 where k is an
integer.
{1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, ...}
P
Pentagonal
Is given by the formula: pentagonal number p = (3n^2-n)/2 for n
greater than 1. So the fifth pentagonal number is:
(3[5]^2-[5])/2 = (75-5)/2 = 35
{1, 5, 12, 22, 35, 51, 70, 92, 117, 145, 176, 210, 247, 287, ...}
Perfect
The first perfect number is 6, because 1, 2, and 3 are its proper
positive divisors, and 1 + 2 + 3 = 6.
{6, 28, 496, 8128, ...}
Polygonal
These are numbers that can be represented as dots that are arranged
in the shape of a regular polygon see: Triangular, Square,
Pentagonal, Hexagonal, Heptagonal, Octagonal, Nonagonal, Decagonal,
Dodecagonal.
Prime
A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that
has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself.
Q
Quotient
See rational number.
R
Rational
A rational number is a number that is represented as a quotient or
fraction. Where the denominator is not zero. p/q is a fraction where
p is the numerator and q is the denominator.
S
Sad
A sad number or an unhappy number is a number that is not happy. see
happy numbers.
{2,3,4,5,6,7,89,11,12,14,15,16,17,18,20, ...}
Sociable
1264460 =
1547860 =
1727636 =
1305184 =

2^2.5.17.3719, the sum of the proper divisors = 1547860

2^2.5.193.401, the sum of the proper divisors = 1727636
2^2.521.829, the sum of the proper divisors = 1305184
2^5.40787, the sum of the proper divisors = 1264460

Square
Is an integer that is a product of itself. Examples are: 1x1=1,

2x2=4, 3x3=9, 4x4=16, 5x5=25, 6x6=36, 7x7=49, 8x8=64, ...

{1,2,4,9,16,25,36,49,64,81,100,121,144, ...}
Stifled
A number is stifled when the digits of that number equals the base
of that number: The number 10 is stifled in base 4:
2x4^1 + 2x4^0 = 10 so 22 in base 4 is equal to ten in base 10 as
2+2=4.
Strange
All strange numbers are prime. Every single digit prime number is
strange. A number with two or more digits is strange if, and only
if, the two numbers obtained from it, by removing either its first
or its last digit, are also strange.
{2, 3, 5, 7, 23, 37, 53, ...}
Surd
When we can not simplify a number to remove a square root (or cube
root, or nth root) then it is a surd. ie x^1/n.
T
Tetrahedral
A figurate number that represents a pyramid with a triangular base
and three sides, called a tetrahedron. The nth tetrahedral number is
the sum of the first n triangular numbers.
{1, 4, 10, 20, 35, 56, 84, 120, 165, 220, ...}
Transcendental
Any real or complex number that is not algebraic is transcendental.
Examples include e and pi.
Triangular
A triangular number is the sum of n numbers starting from zero. So
some examples are: 0, 0+1=1, 0+1+2=3, 0+1+2+3=6, 0+1+2+3+4=10, ...
{0, 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, 55, 66, 78, 91, 105, 120, 136,
153, 171, 190, 210, 231, 253, 276, 300, 325, 351, 378, 406, ...}
U
Unhappy
An unhappy number or a sad number is a number that is ot happy. see
happy numbers.
{2,3,4,5,6,7,89,11,12,14,15,16,17,18,20, ...}
W
Wierd
The smallest weird number is 70. Its proper divisors are 1, 2, 5, 7,
10, 14, and 35; these sum to 74, but no subset of these sums to 70.
{70, 836, 4030, 5830, 7192, 7912, 9272, 10430, ...}