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Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)

Chapter 1

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1
Electronic Structure and Covalent Bonding

1)
Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called __________.
Answer:

isotopes

Section: 1.1

2)
What isotope of chlorine has the same number of neutrons as Argon-38?
A)
17Cl

B)

35Cl

C)

36Cl

D)

37Cl

E)

38Cl

Answer:

Section: 1.1

3)
Which of the following elements does this electronic configuration represent?
1s2 2s2 2p5

A)

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

B)
C

C)

D)

Al

E)

Answer:

A
Section: 1.2

4)
How many unpaired electrons are present in the isolated carbon atom (atomic number = 6)?
A)
none

B)

one

C)

two

D)

three

E)

four

Answer:

Section: 1.2

5)
Which of the following is the electronic configuration of the element Fe?
A)

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6


B)
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p8 3d6
C)
1s2 2s2 2p8 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6
D)
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 4d6
E)
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 4p6
Answer:

Section: 1.2

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

6)
Ar, K+, Cl- are isoelectronic elements (elements with the same number of electrons). What orbital does the last electron
occupy?
Answer:

3p orbital
Section: 1.2

7)
The atomic number of boron is 5. The correct electronic configuration of boron is:
A)
1s2 2s3

B)

1s2 2p3

C)

1s2 2s2 2p1

2s2 2p3

D)

E)

1s2 2s2 3s1


Answer:

C
Section: 1.2

8)
Which of the following statements correctly describes the third electron shell that surrounds the nucleus of an atom?
A)
The third shell contains only s and p atomic orbitals.
B)
The maximum number of electrons that can occupy the third shell is 18.
C)

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

The total number of atomic orbitals present in the third shell is 16.
D)
The third shell can contain f orbitals.
E)
none of the above
Answer:

B
Section: 1.2

9)
Which of the following describes a hydride ion?
A)
a negatively charged hydrogen ion containing a pair of electrons
B)
a positively charged hydrogen ion
C)
a hydrogen ion containing a single electron
D)
a negatively charged OH ion
E)
a proton containing an extra electron
Answer:

Section: 1.3

10)
Rank the following atoms in increasing electronegativity.
A)
N, Na, Si, O, C
B)
C, N, O, Na, Si

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

C)
O, N, C, Si, Na
D)
Si, C, N, O, Na
E)
Na, Si, C, N, O
Answer:

E
Section: 1.3

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

11)
Using the symbol + and -, indicate the direction of the polarity in the indicated bond.

Answer:

Section: 1.3

12)
Covalent bonds may be polar or nonpolar. What property of the atoms forming a given bond determines this?
Answer:

electronegativity

Section: 1.3

13)
The compound methylamine, H3C-NH2, contains a C-N bond. In this bond, which of the following best describes the
charge on the nitrogen atom?
A)
+1
B)
slightly positive
C)
uncharged

D)

slightly negative
E)
-1
Answer:

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

D
Section: 1.3

14)
Which of the compounds below bond predominantly via ionic bonding?
A)
KCl

B)

CF4

C)

NH3

D)

both A and B
E)
both B and C
Answer:

Section: 1.3

15)
What type of bonding is most important in CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3?
A)

ionic

hydrogen

covalent

polar

B)

C)

D)

Answer:

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

Section: 1.3

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

16)
Which of the following contain(s) polar covalent bonds?
A)
NH3

B)

Na2O

C)

H2

D)

KF

E)

both A and C
Answer:

Section: 1.3

17)
What is the name given for a species that contains a positively charged carbon atom?
A)
carbanion

carbocation

B)

C)

methyl radical
D)
carbon radical
E)
free radical
Answer:

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

Section: 1.4

18)
Which of the following is the most likely (i.e. most stable) electronic structure for C 2H2?
A)

B)

C)

D)

HCCH
E)

Answer:

D
Section: 1.4

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

19)
Which of the following structures, including formal charges, is correct for diazomethane, H2CN2?
A)

: H2CNN:
B)

C)

D)

E)

Answer:

D
Section: 1.4

20)
What are the formal charges on nitrogen and the starred oxygen atom in the following molecule?

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

A)
N = -1, O = 0
B)
N = +1, O = -1
C)
N = +1, O = +1
D)
N = -1, O = -1
E)
N= +1, O = 0
Answer:

E
Section: 1.4

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

21)
Draw the Kekul structure for each of the following:
a. CH3CH2OH
b. CH3CHO
c. (CH3)3C+
Answer:

Section: 1.4

22)
The formal charge on nitrogen in the compound below is __________.

A)
+2
B)
+1
C)
0

D)

-1
E)

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

-2
Answer:

B
Section: 1.4

23)
The Kekul structure of pentane is shown below. Draw the condensed structural formula which corresponds to this Lewis
structure.

Answer:

CH3(CH2)3CH3
Section: 1.4

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

24)
Draw condensed structures for the four compounds with formula C3H9N.
Answer:

CH3CH2CH2NH2
CH3CH2NHCH3
(CH3)2CHNH2
(CH3)3N

Section: 1.4

25)
Write a Lewis structure for the molecule given and show all formal charges.
CH2CO

Answer:

Section: 1.4

26)
Expand the condensed structure below to show the covalent bonds and the lone-pair electrons.
(CH3)2CHCH2CHO
Answer:

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

Section: 1.4

27)
Draw the shape of a 2p orbital.
Answer:

Section: 1.5

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

28)
How many distinct p orbitals exist in the second electron shell?
A)
0

B)

C)

D)

E)

Answer:

D
Section: 1.5

29)
Both sigma () and pi () bonds can be formed by overlapping p orbitals. Describe the difference.
Answer:

Sigma bonds are formed from the overlap of atomic orbitals along a circular axis of symmetrical nature, i.e., head-on
overlap. All single bonds are sigma bonds.
Pi bonds are formed from the overlap of atomic orbitals along a non-symmetrical (parallel) axis, i.e., side-to-side overlap.
Double and triple bonds are pi bonds.
Section: 1.6 and 1.8

30)
Choose the correct hybridization for the atom indicated in the molecule below.
CH3CH2CH2CH3

A)
sp

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

B)
sp2

C)

sp3

D)

none of the above


Answer:

C
Section: 1.7

31)
What orbitals are used to form the covalent bonds in butane (CH3CH2CH2CH3)?
Answer:

The carbon-carbon bonds are formed by the overlap of two carbon sp3 hybrid atomic orbitals. The carbon-hydrogen
bonds are formed by the overlap of a carbon sp3 hybrid atomic orbital and a hydrogen s orbital.
Section: 1.7

32)
Which of the following is a nonpolar molecule?
A)
HCl

CH3Cl

H2

CO

NH3

B)

C)

D)

E)

Answer:

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

C
Section: 1.3 and 1.7

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

33)
Which of the following is a correct formula for a compound?
A)
CH3CH2(CH3)2CH2CH3
B)
CH2CH2(CH3)CH2CH3
C)
CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH3
D)
CH3CH2(CH3)2
E)
C

Answer:

C
Section: 1.7

34)
How many electrons are involved in a carbon-carbon double bond?
A)
1

B)

C)

D)

E)

Answer:

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

Section: 1.8

35)
Which of the following describes a triple bond?
A)
two sigma bonds and two pi bonds
B)
three pi bonds
C)
one sigma bond and one pi bond
D)
two sigma bonds and one pi bond
E)
one sigma bond and two pi bonds
Answer:

Section: 1.9

36)
Which carbon(s) in the following molecule is (are) sp hybridized?

A)
carbon 1

carbon 2

carbon 1, 3

carbon 4

B)

C)

D)

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

E)
carbon 4, 5
Answer:

E
Section: 1.9

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

37)
Which of the following is an sp2 hybridized carbon?
A)

B)
CH3

C)

D)
A and B

E)

A, B and C
Answer:

Section: 1.10

38)
What is the predicted shape, bond angle, and hybridization for +CH3?
A)

trigonal planar, 120, sp2


B)
trigonal planar, 120, sp3
C)
trigonal planar, 109.5, sp2
D)
trigonal pyramidal, 120, sp2
E)
trigonal pyramidal, 109.5, sp2
Answer:

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

A
Section: 1.8 and 1.10

39)
What orbitals overlap to create the H-C bond in CH3+?
A)

sp3-sp3
B)
sp2-sp3
C)
s-p

D)

s-sp2
E)
s-sp3
Answer:

D
Section: 1.10

40)
The lone-pair electrons of the methyl anion occupy a __________ orbital.
A)
s
B)
p
C)
sp
D)
sp2
E)
sp3

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

E
Section: 1.10

41)
Explain why the water molecule has a bent shape and a bond angle less than 109.5.
Answer:

The electron replusion between the two lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen of water causes the O-H bonds to squeeze
close together.
Section: 1.11

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

42)
Which of the following is closest to the C-O-C bond angle in CH3-O-CH3?
A)

180

B)

120

C)

109.5

D)

90

E)

160

Answer:

Section: 1.11

43)
Triethylamine [(CH3CH2)3N] is a molecule in which the nitrogen atom is __________ hybridized and the CNC bond angle
is __________.
A)
sp2; >109.5

B)

sp2; <109.5
C)
sp3; >109.5
D)
sp3; <109.5

sp; 109.5

E)

Answer:

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

D
Section: 1.12

44)
The N-H bond in the ammonium ion, NH4+, is formed by the overlap of what two orbitals?
A)

sp3-sp3
B)
sp3-sp2
C)
sp2-sp2
D)
sp2-s
E)
sp3-s
Answer:

Section: 1.12

45)
Among the hydrogen halides, the strongest bond is found in __________ and the longest bond is found in __________.
A)
HF; HF

HF; HI

HI; HF

HI; HI

HCl; HBr

B)

C)

D)

E)

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

B
Section: 1.13

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

46)
Which bond in the following molecule is the shortest?

A)
bond 1

B)

bond 2

C)

bond 3

D)

bond 4

bond 5

E)

Answer:

Section: 1.14

47)
Which of the following species have tetrahedral bond angles?

A)
A, D and E

B)

A, D, E and F
C)
A and E

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

D)
D only

E)

A, B and E
Answer:

B
Section: 1.14

48)
The carbon-carbon double bond in ethene is __________ and __________ than the carbon-carbon triple bond in ethyne.
A)
stronger; shorter
B)
stronger; longer
C)
weaker; shorter
D)
weaker; longer
E)
stronger; more polar
Answer:

Section: 1.14

49)
Draw the structure of a molecule which contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms (only three of which are carbon) and in
which two of the carbons are sp2 hybridized and the other is sp hybridized.
Answer:

H2CCCH2
Section: 1.14

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

Essentials of Organic Chemistry (Bruice)


Chapter 1

50)
What is the CNN bond angle in the compound shown below?

A)
~60
B)
~90
C)
~110
D)
~120
E)
~180
Answer:

D
Section: 1.14

51)
Why is the CH bond in ethene (H2CCH2) shorter and stronger than the CH bond in ethane(H3C-CH3)?
Answer:

The length and strength of a CH bond depends on the hybridization of the carbon atom. The more s character in the
hybrid orbital used by carbon to form the bond, the shorter and stronger the bond. This is because an s orbital is closer to
the nucleus than is a p orbital. Ethene uses carbon sp2 hybridized orbitals (1/3 s character) to make its carbon-hydrogen
bonds while ethane uses carbon sp3 (1/4 s character) orbitals.
Section: 1.14

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