Study Report - Results and Lessons of Local Adaptation Option in Drought Prone Area in NW Bangladesh

LIVELIHOODADAPTATIONTOCLIMATECHANGE(LACC)PROJECT
(BGD/01/004/01/99)
ResultsandLessons
fromFieldTestingofLocalAdaptationOptionsforAgriculture
inDroughtProneAreasofNorthWesternBangladesh
20052007
consolidatedby
SanjibKumarSaha
basedoninputsfromtheLACCfieldmonitoringofficersand
thetechnicalbackstoppingfromtheClimateChangeUnitofFAO
DepartmentofAgriculturalExtension(DAE)
FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUN(FAO)
August2008
The designations employed andthe presentation of material in thispublicationdo notimply

theexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartofFAOconcerningthelegalstatusofany
country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its
frontiersorboundaries.Opinionsexpressedinthispublicationarethoseoftheauthorsanddo
notimplyanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartofFAO.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Livelihood Adaptation to Climate Change Project (LACC) is a subcomponent of the

ComprehensiveDisasterManagementProgramme(CDMP)andjointlyimplementedbytheFoodand
AgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)andtheDepartmentofAgriculturalExtension
(DAE)ofBangladesh.
Thesuccessfulcompletionofthisreporthasbeenpossiblethankstotheleadershipprovidedbythe
DAE. The author wishes to acknowledge specifically the following individuals contribution: Dr.
HassanRaghib,thenationalprojectsubcomponentmanager(LACCII),wholeadstheprojectsteam
inDhaka;themembersofthenationalvalidationteamestablishedunderLACCI,andinparticular
the research institutes BARI and BRRI, who contributed to the selection of possible adaptation
options(e.g. theirsuggestions and guidanceof thetesting ofT. Amanmustard/linseedsystem, T.
Amanchick peasystem and homestead garden); the Field Officers, who conducted the
demonstrations and the monitoring of the tested adaptation options; Dr. Stephan Baas and Dr.
Selvaraju Ramasamy ofthe Climate Change UnitofFAO, whoprovide overalltechnical leadership,
regular technical backstopping to the project; Claudia Hiepe of the Climate Change Unit, who
providedtechnicalbackstoppingforthemonitoringaspectsoftheproject;andCatherineZanevof
theClimateChangeUnit,whopeerreviewedthereport.
The FAO Representation in Bangladesh is thanked for the coordination, administrative and logistic
supportprovidedonbehalfofFAOtotheproject.
iii
TABLEOFCONTENTS
Acknowledgements................................................................................................................................ iii
Tables ..................................................................................................................................................... vi
Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................. viii
1
Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1
DescriptionoftheProjectAreaandContextofAnalysis ............................................................... 1
2.1
AgroEcologicalCharacteristicsoftheProjectArea .............................................................. 1
2.2
CurrentandFutureRisksandVulnerabilities ........................................................................ 5
2.3
LivelihoodsPortfoliointheProjectArea............................................................................... 5
IdentificationandValidationProcessoftheAdaptationPractices................................................ 6
ResultDocumentationProcess ...................................................................................................... 7
SummaryTableoftheTestedOptions........................................................................................... 8
DiscussionofResultsandBenefitsofVariousAdaptationOptions ............................................. 10
6.1
DrySeedBedMethodforRaisingRiceSeedlings................................................................ 10
6.2
FarmYardManure............................................................................................................... 12
6.3
ManagementofMangoOrchard......................................................................................... 15
6.4
ExcavationofMiniPond ...................................................................................................... 16
6.5
ImpactofWaterSaturatedSoilConditiononRiceCultivation ........................................... 21
6.6
CultivationofLinseed .......................................................................................................... 23
6.7
CultivationofShortDurationT.AmanasanAlternativeTechnology................................. 25
6.8
CultivationofChickPeaafterT.Aman ................................................................................ 28
6.9
HomesteadVegetablesGardeningwithMoreDroughtTolerantVegetables .................... 30
6.10
JujubeGardening................................................................................................................. 34
6.11
CultivationofPapaya........................................................................................................... 38
6.12
CultivationofMaize............................................................................................................. 40
6.13
EstablishmentofMiniNursery ............................................................................................ 42
iv
6.14
MangoGardening................................................................................................................ 44
6.15
ImprovedStove ................................................................................................................... 46
Conclusions .................................................................................................................................. 49
RecommendationsforFuturePromotionandReplicationoftheAdaptationOptions............... 51
8.1
TechnicalRobustnesstoFurtherImproveAdaptationOptions .......................................... 51
8.2
MethodologicalAspectsoftheAdaptationDemonstrationProcess .................................. 51
TABLES
Table1:Agroecologicalzonesofprojectpilotsites............................................................................................ 3
Table2:SoilnutrientstatusofsamplevillagesoftheLACCIupazilas ................................................................. 4
Table3:adaptationoptionsconsideredinthevalidationprocess....................................................................... 7
Table4:ImplementedLACCadaptationtechnologiesandbeneficiaries ............................................................. 9
Table5:Implementationofthedryseedbed ................................................................................................... 10
Table6:Economicbenefitsofthedryseedbed................................................................................................ 11
Table7:Replicationsuitabilityandrecommendation:dryseedbedmethodforraisingriceseedling............... 12
Table8:ImplementationofFYMpreparation ................................................................................................... 13
Table9:Replicationsuitabilityandrecommendation:FYMpreparation ........................................................... 14
Table10:ImplementationofManagementofMangoOrchard ......................................................................... 15
Table11:Replicationsuitabilityandrecommendation:ManagementofMangoOrchard................................. 16
Table12:Implementationof(5mX5mX2m)Minipond ..................................................................................... 17
Table13:Implementationof(10mX10mX2m)Minipond ................................................................................. 18
Table14:EconomicbenefitsofMinipond(5mX5mX2m).................................................................................. 18
Table15:EconomicbenefitsofMinipond(10mX10mX2m).............................................................................. 18
Table16:Replicationsuitabilityandrecommendation:MiniPond(5mX5mX2mand10mX10mX2m) .............. 20
Table17:Implementationofsaturatedsoilconditiononrice ........................................................................... 21
Table18:Economicbenefitsofsaturatedsoilconditiononrice........................................................................ 22
Table19:Replicationsuitabilityandrecommendation:saturatedsoilconditiononricecultivation ................. 23
Table20:Implementationoflinseedcultivation ............................................................................................... 24
Table21:Economicbenefitsoflinseedcultivation............................................................................................ 24
Table22:Replicationsuitabilityandrecommendation:cultivationoflinseed................................................... 25
Table23:ImplementationofShortDurationT.Amancultivation ..................................................................... 26
Table24:EconomicbenefitsofShortDurationT.Amancultivation.................................................................. 26
Table25:Replicationsuitabilityandrecommendation:CultivationofT.AmanaspartoftheT.AmanChickPea
CroppingPattern ...................................................................................................................................... 27
Table26:ImplementationofChickPeaCultivationafterT.Aman..................................................................... 28
vi
Table27:EconomicbenefitsofChickPeaCultivationafterT.Aman ................................................................. 29
Table28:Replicationsuitabilityandrecommendation:CultivationofChickpeaaspartoftheT.AmanChick
PeaCroppingPattern ............................................................................................................................... 30
Table29:ImplementationofHomesteadVegetableGarden ............................................................................ 31
Table30:EconomicbenefitsofHomesteadVegetableGarden ......................................................................... 32
Table31:Replicationsuitabilityandrecommendation:ofHomesteadVegetableGardenwithmoredrought
tolerantvegetables................................................................................................................................... 33
Table32:Implementationof66PlantsJujubeGarden...................................................................................... 35
Table33:Implementationof25PlantsJujubeGarden...................................................................................... 35
Table34:Economicbenefitsof66PlantsJujubeGarden .................................................................................. 36
Table35:Replicationsuitabilityandrecommendation:25and66PlantsJujubeGarden .................................. 37
Table36:ImplementationofPapayaCultivation............................................................................................... 38
Table37:EconomicbenefitsofPapayaCultivation ........................................................................................... 38
Table38:Replicationsuitabilityandrecommendation:PapayaCultivation ...................................................... 39
Table39:ImplementationofMaizeCultivation ................................................................................................ 40
Table40:EconomicbenefitsofMaizeCultivation............................................................................................. 41
Table41:Replicationsuitabilityandrecommendation:MaizeCultivation ........................................................ 41
Table42:ImplementationofMiniNurseryEstablishment ................................................................................ 42
Table43:EconomicbenefitsofMiniNurseryEstablishment............................................................................. 43
Table44:Replicationsuitabilityandrecommendation:MiniNurseryEstablishment ........................................ 44
Table45:ImplementationofMangoGardening................................................................................................ 45
Table46:Replicationsuitabilityandrecommendation:MangoGardening ....................................................... 46
Table47:ImplementationoftheImprovedStove............................................................................................. 47
Table48:EconomicbenefitsoftheImprovedStove ......................................................................................... 47
Table49:Replicationsuitabilityandrecommendation:ImprovedStove........................................................... 49
Table50:Summaryoftheadditionalyieldandeconomicbenefitsreceivedbythefarmersfromtheadaptation
technologiestestedintheirfields............................................................................................................. 50
Table51:OverviewofSuitabilityandRecommendationforReplication ........................................................... 53
vii
ACRONYMS
BARI=BangladeshAgricultureResearchInstitute
BDT=BangladeshiTaka(Currency)
BMDA=BarindMultipurposeDevelopmentAuthority
BRRI=BangladeshRiceResearchInstitute
CDMP=ComprehensiveDisasterManagementProgramme
DAE=DepartmentofAgriculturalExtension
DLS=DepartmentofLivestockServices
DMC=DisasterManagementCommittee
DoF=DepartmentofFisheries
FAO=FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations
FOM=FieldOfficer(Monitoring)
FYM=FarmYardManure
LACC=LivelihoodAdaptationtoClimateChange
NTIWG=NationalTechnicalImplementationWorkingGroup
NW=NorthWest
UTIWG=UpazilaTechnicalImplementationGroup
SRI=SystemofRiceIntensification
SW=SouthWest
ha=Hectare
kg=Kilogram
kharifI=Premonsooncroppingseason(FebruaryJune)
kharifII=Monsooncroppingseason(JuneOctober).
rabi=Wintercroppingseason(OctoberFebruary)
viii
INTRODUCTION
Impactsofclimatechangeonfoodproductionareglobalconcerns,buttheyrepresentaparticular
threatforBangladesh.Agricultureisalreadyunderpressuremainlyduetoanincreaseindemandfor
food, as well as to depletion of land and water resources. The prospect of global climate change
makesthisproblemapriorityforBangladesh.Climatechangefurtherthreatensfoodsecurity.Higher
temperature and water stress due to heat would result in decline in vegetation and agricultural
production. Bangladesh, in particular its northwestern region, is droughtprone. Droughts are
associated either with the late arrival or with an early withdrawal of monsoon rains. This
phenomenonadverselyaffectsricecrops,whichaccountformorethan80%ofthetotalcultivated
landofthecountryandcausesdamagetojute,thecountrysmaincashcrop.
The Livelihood Adaptation to Climate Change (LACC) Project is a subcomponent of the
ComprehensiveDisasterManagementProgramme(CDMP).Itstarteditsoperationinthenorthwest
droughtproneregionofBangladeshin2005executedbytheMinistryofAgriculture,Departmentof
AgriculturalExtension(DAE)andtechnicallyguidedbytheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationofthe
United Nations (FAO). The project implemented activities to promote livelihood adaptation and
reducevulnerabilitytoclimatechangeofpoorcommunitieswhohavethelowestcapacitytoadapt.
The project has completed its 1st phase in September 2007. Project activities took place in two
districts in the NorthWest (NW) of Bangladesh: Chapai Nawabganj (Nachole and Gomostapur
upazila)andNaogaon(SapaharandPorshaupazila).Theprojectconductedfielddemonstrationsof
possibleadaptationoptionsaimingatincreasedresiliencetodroughtin3villagesperUpazila.The
demonstrationsofoptionstookplaceduringtherabiseasonin2005,thekharifI,kharifIIandrabi
seasons in 2006 and the kharif I and kharif II seasons in 2007. They were facilitated by Field
MonitoringOfficers(FMOs)andUpazilaTechnicalImplementationWorkingGroup(TIWG)members.
WithsupportfromtheDAEextensionstafffarmertofarmerlearningwasorganizedthroughseveral
extension approaches including orientation meetings, field days, folk songs and dramas,
demonstration rally, and exchangevisits.This reportsummarizesthe results,benefits,lessons and
feedbackreceivedfromthefarmersforthe1stphaseoftheproject.
2
2.1
DESCRIPTIONOFTHEPROJECTAREAANDCONTEXTOFANALYSIS
AgroEcologicalCharacteristicsoftheProjectArea
The project area, depicted in the map below, is located in the drought prone areas of NW of
Bangladesh. Project sites are located in four major agroecological zones (AEZ): High and Level
BarindTract(AEZ25and26,covering75%oftheprojectarea),LowerPunarbhabaFloodplain(AEZ6,
covering 12% of the project area in the western side), High Ganges River Floodplain (AEZ 11,
covering13%oftheprojectarea),andTistaMeanderFloodplain(AEZ3,coveringalittlepartofthe
projectarea).TheAEZofeachtheprojectupazilasisshownintable1.
Map:AgroecologicalzonesinBangladesh,ProjectArea
Project
Area:
Table1:Agroecologicalzonesofprojectpilotsites
District
ChapaiNawabganj
Upazila
Nachole
Gomostapur
Naogaon
Sapahar
Porsha
Agroecologicalzone
1.LevelandHighBarindtract(25,26)
2.HighGangesRiverFloodplain(11)
1.LevelBarindtract(26)
2.HighGangesRiverFloodplain(11)
3.TistaMeanderFloodplain(3)
3.LowerPunarbhabaFloodplain(6)
The High Barind Tract includes the southwestern part of the Barind Tract where the underlying
MadhupurClayhadbeenupliftedandcutintobydeepvalleys.Thesoilsincludepuddledsiltloamto
siltyclayloaminthetopsoilsandporoussiltwithmottledplasticclayatvaryingdepth.Deepgrey
terracesoilsandgreyvalleysoilsaremajorcomponentsofthegeneralsoiltypesofthearea.General
fertilitystatusislow,havinglowstatusoforganicmatter.
The Level Barind Tract is developed over madhupur clay. The landscape is almost level. The
predominant soils have grey, silty, puddled topsoil with plough pan. Shallow grey terrace soil and
deepgreyterracesoilsarethemajorcomponentsofgeneralsoiltypesofthearea.Thesoilsarelow
inavailablemoistureholdingcapacityandslightlyacidictoacidicinreaction.Organicmatterstatus
isverylowandmostoftheavailablenutrientsarelimiting.
TheHighGangesRiverFloodplainincludesthewesternpartoftheGangesriverfloodplain,whichis
predominantly highland and medium highland. Most areas have a complex relief of broad and
narrowridgesandinterridgedepressions.Theupperpartsofhighridgesstandabovenormalflood
level.Lower partsof ridges and basin margins are seasonally shallowly flooded. General soil types
predominantly include calcareous dark grey floodplain soils and calcareous brown floodplain soils.
Organic matter content in the brown ridge soils is low but higher in the dark grey soils. Soils are
slightlyalkalineinreaction.Generalfertilitylevelislow.
TheLowerPunarbhabaFloodplainoccupiesbasinsandbeelsseparatedbylowfloodplainridges.In
thisarea,darkgrey,mottledred,verystronglyacid,heavyclaysoccupybothridgeandbasinsites.
Organic matter status is medium to high. General fertility level is medium with high Kbearing
minerals.ThewesternpartofNaogaonandthenorthernpartofNawabganjdistrictsareincludedin
thisAEZ.
Finally,theTistaMeanderFloodplainoccupiesthemajorpartoftheTistafloodplainaswellasthe
floodplainoftheAtrai,littleJamuna,Karatoya,DharlaandDudhkumarrivers.Mostareashavebroad
floodplain ridges and almost level basins. There is an overall pattern of olive brown, rapidly
permeable,loamysoilsonthefloodplainridges,andgreyordarkgrey,slowlypermeable,heavysilt
loam or silty clay loam soils on the lower land and parent materials medium in weatherable K
minerals.Eightgeneralsoiltypesoccurintheregion,moderatelyacidicthroughout,lowinorganic
mattercontentonthehigherland,butmoderateinthelowerparts.Fertilitylevelislowtomedium.
Soils,ingeneral,havegoodmoistureholdingcapacity.1
FAO/UNDP, Land Resources Appraisal of Bangladesh for Agricultural Development Report 2: Agroecological Regions of
Bangladesh,FAO/UNDP,1988
Thesoilnutrientstatusofsamplevillages,whicharerepresentativesoftheprojectarea,isshownin
thetablebelow(Table2).
Table2:SoilnutrientstatusofsamplevillagesoftheLACCIupazilas
Village,
Upazila,
District
NutrientContents
Potassium Sulfur
Zinc
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
0.04
4.9
1.09
25.6
0.04
3.2
0.21
0.04
2.3
0.06
1.4
Kaloir,
Nachole,
ChapaiNawabganj
Borodadpur,
Gomostapur,Chapai
Nawabganj
Basuldanga,Sapahar,
Naogaon
Saor,
Porsha,Naogaon
Organic
Matter
pH
2.45
0.81
6.6
12.6
0.70
0.81
5.4
0.34
9.0
0.44
0.99
5.6
0.16
23.0
0.48
1.27
5.4
Annualtotalrainfallhasbeenrelativelystableintheprojectareaoverthe15lastyears(therehas
beenaslightdecreaseintotalannualrainfallintheupazilasGomostapurandNacholeandaslight
increaseinSapaharandPorsha).However,theamounthasbeenincreasingintherainyseason,and
decreasing during the dry months of the year. As the figure below, which corresponds with the
projectlifetime,illustrates,therehasbeensignificantvariationinofrainfallparticularlyduringthe
rainy season between the years 2005, 2006 and 2007. . 2006 has been an exceptionally drought
prone year. The sequence of three years (200507) was considered as a representative sample in
termsofclimatevariability.
Figure:Monthlytotalrainfallinthedroughtproneareain200507
Monthly Total Rainfall of Drought Prone Area 2005-07

800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
2005
Jul
2006
Aug
2007
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
2.2
CurrentandFutureRisksandVulnerabilities
Bangladesh has a distinct dry season (November to May) and monsoon season (June to October).
According to the AEZ database and land resources inventory maps, droughtprone areas of
Bangladesh have been identified and mapped for prekharif, kharif and rabi seasons. The drought
severityintheprojectareaisveryacute,i.e.45to70percentcroplosses,inallseasons.Sincealarge
partofthepopulationdependsonsingleseasonrice(T.Aman),evenaslightnegativedeviationin
productioncouldaffectlivelihoodsverynegatively.
Farmersfacethreedifferentkindsofdryspellsinoneyear:earlyseason,midseasonandterminal
season. Early season dry spells affect the seedling stage. Although there is some possibility for
replanting,ifthecropisreplantedlate,theterminalseasondroughtcoincideswithmaturitystage,
which ismore critical intermsof yieldreduction.Thepossibilityof introducing othercropsduring
monsoonseasonisalsolimitedduetothestickynatureofthesoilandextendedwaterstagnation.
Localpeopleinthestudyareaperceivethatcurrentclimateisdifferentfromthepast.Theseasonal
cycle has changed, droughts have become more frequent, pest and disease incidences increased,
averagetemperaturehasincreasedinthesummerwhilewinterhasshortened.Localpeopleinthe
study area also perceive that their boro, aus, winter vegetable and fruit (mango) production are
affectedbyincreasedrainfallvariations,temperatureanddrought.Theobserveddataalsoshowed
highervariabilityinrainfallpatternsandincreasedtemperaturetrendsoverthelastfivedecades.
Global Circulation Model projections for Bangladesh indicate an average temperature increase of
1.3Cand2.6Cby2030and2070,respectively.Thoughmonsoonprecipitationislikelytoincrease
by27percentuntil2070,precipitationdistributionpatternsduringtheplantgrowingperiod,higher
temperature and higher rates of evapotranspiration would create further water stress conditions
anddeclinesinvegetationandagriculturalproductioninthedroughtproneareas.Acontinuedtrend
towards more frequent and intensive natural hazards is expected as result of increasing climate
variability and climate change. Water deficits of around 400500 mm may occur during the dry
months of the year. Groundwater depletion has been increasing since the early 1980s,
correspondingwithlargescaleexploitationforirrigation.
Limited access to deep tube well water in the nonirrigated areas and the occurrence of several
anthropogenic factors (e.g. electricity failure, high price of agricultural input) are major factors of
underlyingvulnerabilityoffarmers.Thedominantvulnerablegroupsarepoorandmarginalfarmers
as well as wage laborers. The project aims at increasing the adaptive capacities of the people
throughtheidentificationanddisseminationofeffectiveadaptationmeasures.
2.3
LivelihoodsPortfoliointheProjectArea
Households in the droughtprone areas undertake various activities to gain and maintain their
livelihoods. About 83 percent of rural households are directly involved in farming. The main rural
livelihood groups in the project are: wage laborers (40 percent); small and marginal farmers (30
percent); petty traders and businessmen (7 percent); large farmers (7 percent); and fishers (0.4
percent).
Themainproduceintheareaisrice,followedbyvegetables,mustard,pulseand,morerecentlyin
some areas, maize. The last decade has seen livelihood (income) diversification into nonfarm
activities and new activities related to farming, especially cultivation of high value crops such as
mango.
Theaveragelandholdinginsomeofthepilotupazilasisabout3bigha(abighaequalsonethirdof
anacre).However,about20percentofthehouseholdsarelandlessandanother30percentpossess
lessthan3bigha.Thus,itisnotpossibleforthesehouseholdstorelysolelyontheirownproduction.
People usually cultivate their own land, but there are many sharecroppers cultivating land of rich
landowners. In sharecropping, the landowner shares the cost of water and fertilizer with the
sharecropper and they divide the produce evenly. However, in many villages the owners do not
invest in inputs, but still expect half of the produce. Cultivation in rented out lands also is very
commoninthearea.Almost60percentofthefarmersinnonirrigatedvillagesaretenants.
IDENTIFICATIONANDVALIDATIONPROCESSOFTHEADAPTATIONPRACTICES
Inafirststep,adaptationpracticesthathadalreadybeenappliedlocallyand/orhadbeenpreviously
introduced by national development, research and extension organizations were collected and
documentedbytheproject(Table31).Theadaptationpracticesidentifiedfromtheprojectareacan
becategorizedas:a)agronomicmanagement,b)waterharvestingc)waterresourcesexploitation,
d)wateruseefficiency,e)cropintensification,f)alternativeenterprise,g)alternativeenergysource
etc.
Fromthispreliminarylist,thoseadaptationoptionstobefurtherpromotedand/orreplicatedwere
selected through a sequence of evaluation processes at different levels starting from upazilalevel
DMCmembers,UpazilalevelTechnicalImplementationGroups(UTIWG)andNationallevelTechnical
Implementation Working Groups (NTIWG). First consultative meetings and brief feed back
workshops were also organized with the national research institutions (BARI and BRRI) and
developmentalorganizations. The adaptation optionswere evaluatedwiththe UTIWG andNTIWG
fortheirtechnicalsuitabilityindroughtproneareas.
The outcome of the stakeholder evaluation was integrated into the multicriteria analysis that
included (a) drought mitigation potential, (b) suitability for future climate scenarios, (c)
environmental friendliness, (d) economic viability, (e) increased productivity, (f) sustainability (f)
social acceptability, (g) gender integration, (h) household income, (i) employment opportunity, (j)
relevancetovulnerablecommunity,(k)applicabilitytomultiplesectors,(l)seasonalrelevance,(m)
immediate need,(n) institutionalsupportand(o)expertacceptance. Thecriteriabasedevaluation
was followed by a selection and prioritization based on (i) effectiveness in reducing key risks, (ii)
potential technical as well as costs, social acceptance and manageability, and (iii) current state of
implementationandadditionalrequirements.
Selected adaptation practices suitable for different seasons (kharif I, kharif II and rabi) were
recommended for field demonstrations in the farmers fields. Local farmer groups together with
extensionstafffinallychoosesuitableadaptationoptionsfortheirlocalities.
Table3:adaptationoptionsconsideredinthevalidationprocess
Sl.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
AdaptationPractice
Source
Agronomicmanagement
SeedbedmethodforT.Amanrice
Farmersand
experts
Manuresandcomposting
DepthoftransplantingforT.Aman
Weedcontrolreducewaterseepage
Manualclosingofsoilcracks
Strengtheningfieldbunds(Aillifting)
Reexcavationoftraditionalponds
Reexcavationofkharicanals
Canals
Watercontrolstructures
Miniponds
Supplementalirrigation
Shallowanddeeptubewells
Farmers
Farmers
Farmers
Farmers
Farmers
Farmers
BMDA
Farmers
BMDA
BMDA
Farmers/DAE
BMDA
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
SystemofriceIntensification
Directsownrice(DrumSeeder)
Droughtresistantricevarieties
Yes
No
No
Waterharvesting
Waterresources
exploitation
Wateruseefficiency
14
15
16
17.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Categories
Tested
(Yes/No)
Yes
Cropintensification
GreenmanureT.Amansystem
Experts
Experts
Multiple
sources
Farmers
Alternativeenterprise
Alternativeenergy
source
T.AusChiniAtapsystem
T.AmanMustard/Linseedsystem
T.AmanChickpea
T.AmanMungBean
Faminereservecrops
Mangocultivation
Homesteadgardens
Mulberryintercroppinginrice
Foddercultivation
Fishcultivationinminiponds
Cottageindustries
Manufacturingindustries
Communitybasedbiogasandtreeplanting
Farmers
BARI/BRRI
BARI/BRRI
DAE
Experts
Farmers
BARI
BRRI
DLS
DoF
Community
Community
Experts
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Postharvestpractices
Seedstorageforhigherviability
Farmers
No
No
RESULTDOCUMENTATIONPROCESS
Inordertovalidatethefieldtestedoptionstheresultsandbenefitsoftheadaptationtechnologies
have been assessed through a regular monitoring of the demonstration activities. A participatory
approach was taken up in monitoring the demonstration activities involving project staff, DAE
officers, farmers and community people. In order to capture the qualitative aspects of the
adaptation options and their impact on the livelihood of the farming families, semistructured
meetingsanddiscussionswereorganizedwiththefarmingfamiliesandthecommunitypeople.
Intheregularmonitoringactivitiesamonitoringsheetwasusedtocollectdatafromtheindividual
demonstration. Results, benefits, farmers feedback and lessons are analyzed in quantitative and
qualitative manner. The monitoring sheet/formats included some major areas to be recorded like
theinputsused,outputsespeciallytheyieldgained,economicsoftheyieldandotherparameters.
The field staff recorded the data and information during the field visit in the farmers households
andthedemonstrationsites.
Climatic data and information were collected from the local meteorological station, upazila DAE
offices and other reliable sources during the implementation of the adaptation demonstrations at
thefarmersfields.Semistructureddiscussionsinthefarmersgroupmeetingwereorganizedduring
andafterthedemonstrations,asfeasibleandasrequired,inordertoassessthefarmersperception
abouttheimpactofclimatevariabilityandchangesintheirfarmingpractices.Dataandinformation
were also collected during the participatory discussion with the community in general, local
institutionsandsecondarysources.
Thedataandinformationgatheredweredocumentedattheupazilalevelbytheprojectofficers.The
primary monitoring report was then prepared and sent to the Project Management Unit and the
finalanalysiswasdone.Theanalysiswasdonefollowingbothquantitativeandqualitativeaspectsof
thedemonstrations.
SUMMARYTABLEOFTHETESTEDOPTIONS
Details of the demonstrated options are given in the table below (Table 4). More than 292
demonstrationsof15adaptationtechnologieswereimplementedin5seasons(Rabi2005toKharifII
2007)in96.57haoflandareain4projectupazilas.Amongthe292demonstrationsestablished,76
were established in irrigated villages, where there are govt. supported irrigation facilities and 216
demonstrationswereestablishedinnonirrigatedvillages.Theresultsobtainedfromthemonitoring
informationanddatashowsthat372farmingfamilieshavebenefiteddirectlyfromimplementation
of the technologies in their field. A huge number (4170) of community farmers, other than the
projectfarmers,participatedinthedemonstrationofthetechnologiesandamongthem212farmers
havereplicatedthetechnologiesintheirfieldontheirownexpense.

Table4:ImplementedLACCadaptationtechnologiesandbeneficiaries
Totalno.ofcommunity
farmersreplicatingthe
technologies
24
24
1.16
24
200
18
24
0.0
24
65
12
18
0.0
18
65
20
20
2.68
20
190
16
16
8.56
16
235
11
2.7
420
3.82
400
25
42.76
64
1370
46
21.38
28
350
22
26
44
0.18
44
112
57
10
15
0.52
15
125
10
16
0.52
16
90
16
4
22
6
2.85
2.56
22
6
49
270
0
25
16
24
5.84
24
1.04
55
19
216
28
292
0.0
96.57
28
372
165
4170
15
212
Total
Totalno.ofcommunity
farmersparticipatedin
demonstrations
Agronomicmanagement
1
Dryseedbedmethod
0
forraisingriceseedlings
2
PreparationofFarm
6
yardmanure
3
ManagementofMango
6
orchard
Waterharvesting
4
ExcavationofMinipond
0
(5mX5mX2m)
5
0
(10mX10mX2m)
Wateruseefficiency
6
Impactofwater
saturatedsoilcondition
8
onricecultivation
7
CultivationofLinseed
0
Cropintensification
8
Cultivationofshort
durationT.Amanasan
0
alternativetechnology
9
CultivationofChickpea
0
afterT.Aman
Alternativecrop/livelihoodenterprise
10 Homesteadvegetable
18
gardening
11 EstablishmentofJujube
5
garden(66plants)
12 EstablishmentofJujube
6
garden(25plants)
13 CultivationofPapaya
6
14 CultivationofMaize
2
15 EstablishmentofMini
8
nursery
16 Mangogardening
2
Householdenergyefficiency
17 Improvedstove
9
Total
76
Totalno.ofbenefiting
farmingfamilies
Numberof
demonstrations
established
Innonirrigated
villages
Nameofthetechnology
Inirrigatedvillages
Sl.
No
Totalareaoflandbrought
underthedemo(ha)
DISCUSSIONOFRESULTSANDBENEFITSOFVARIOUSADAPTATIONOPTIONS
In the following chapter, the adaptation options demonstrations are discussed in detail including
their background rationale, implementation process, results and benefits and the feedback and
recommendationsandanevaluationofadaptationoptionforsuitability.
6.1
DrySeedBedMethodforRaisingRiceSeedlings
Background
TransplantedAman,amajorricecropinbarindtractsisfrequentlyaffectedbydroughtatdifferent
stagesofthegrowthwithvariedintensities.InnorthwesternpartofBangladeshsummermonsoon
rainsetsinmidJuneandendsinlastweekofSeptember.Thelengthofrainyseasonisaboutthree
andhalftofourmonths,whichissufficienttogrowaricecropundernormalconditionsintheKharif
Iseason.However,duetointerannualandinterseasonalvariabilityofmonsoonrainfall,ricecrop
suffersfromwaterscarcityatcriticalstages.Furtherdelayedonsetofrainsshortensthelengthof
growing period, sometimes by a month. Generally, farmers start preparing seed beds during early
June upon receipt of first rain and transplant during early July. When the rainfall is delayed,
subsequently transplanting also delays by up to a month and the crop suffers from late season
drought.Inthissituationfarmersrequireanalternativetechnologytocopewiththecondition.The
dryseedbedmethodforraisingriceseedlingsisalocaladaptationpracticewhichwastakenupand
demonstratedinthefarmersfieldoftheprojectvillageswhichissuitableinthemonsoonseason.
Implementationprocess
The dry seed bed was established in the farmers plot of the project villages. In the dry seed bed
method,seedsweresownafterthoroughploughingofthesoilandtheseedswerecoveredwithsoil
unlikethewetseedbedmethod,whereseedsarekeptexposed.Thesoilwasmixedwithdryredsoil,
compostandfarmyardmanure.
TheoptionwasdemonstratedintheKharifIseasonin2006.
Atotalof24farmersundertook24demonstrationsandabout1.16haoflandwerebroughtunder
cultivationfortheoptiondemonstrations(Table5).
Table5:Implementationofthedryseedbed
Sl.
No.
1
2
3
Parameters
Totalno.ofdemonstration
established
Totalno.offarmersbenefited
(directly)
Totalareaoflandbroughtunderthe
option(ha)
No.ofotherfarminghouseholds
participatedinthedemonstrationof
thetechnology
replicatedthetechnologywithown
cost
Nachole
Porsha
Total
24
24
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
1.16
65
50
45
40
200
Upazilas
Gomostapur Sapahar
10
Results,benefitsandlessons
a) Socioeconomicbenefits
Table6:Economicbenefitsofthedryseedbed
Sl.
No.
Parameters
Costofdryseedbedpreparation
1
(BDT)
Additionalyieldreceivedfrom
2 theoptiondemonstrations(kg)
Economicbenefitreceivedfrom
3 theoptionplot(BDT)
Upazilas
Gomostapur Sapahar
1225
1225
1225
1225
Average/
ha
4224.13
86
80
88
85
292.24
860
800
880
850
2922.41
Nachole
Porsha
b)Climaticandenvironmentalbenefits
Itwasperceivedthattheseedlingsfromdryseedbedcanwithstanddryspellsfrom9to12
rainless days against 7 days of seedlings produced from wet seedbed. This confirms the
generalknowledgethatseedlingsproducedfromdryseedbedsaremoreresilienttodrought
conditions.
The option enables farmers to start producing seedlings in drought condition even under
delayed onset of monsoon rain so that they can transplant seedlings in the main field
withoutloosingtime.
Fieldobservationsshowedthattheseedlingsofthedryseedbedmethodwerehealthierand
were able to produce more tillers in comparison to the wet seed bed seedlings. The root
systemofseedlingsofdryseedbediscomparativelylonger,whichcanpenetratedeeperinto
thesoil.
Riceseedlingsgrowninthedryseedbedcantoleratewaterstressthatmeansitsaveswater
andalsosavesenergyforirrigation.
Farmersfeedback
Pulling out of the seedlings was difficult under dry conditions and required twice as much labour
than for conventional wet seedling bed method. The rice root system was also damaged while
pullingoutfromthedryseedlingbeds.
According to the farmers, the above problems can be minimized by loosening the soil through
addition of more fine soil, farmyard manure or compost and sand and thus reducing damage of
seedlingswhilepullingoutfromthebed.
ConclusionandrecommendedactionforfollowupinLACCIIandIII
Thedryseedbedmethodhasbeenfollowedbythefarmersinsomedroughtpronevillagesofthe
project.Farmersonlyapplythemethodwhen2025rainlessdaysoccur.
11
As per the feedback from the farmers little changes in the technique of bed preparation are
suggested and an awareness programme may be taken up for promotion and adoption of the
technologyasthesituationofcertainyeardemands.
Farmers who do not have access to irrigation water and who can not afford cost of the irrigation
waterfindtheoptionsuitableintheirland.
The yield and other parameters like general seedling health, root system, number of tillers
produced, number of labour required for uprooting the seedlings may also be monitored and
evaluatedinordertoprovidemorerealisticrecommendationsontheadvantagesoftheoptionover
thewetseedbedmethod.
Furtherfieldtrialsinthefarmersfieldsshouldbeestablishedtogetmoreconsistentresultsinthe
nonirrigated land of high barind area which would allow for a conclusion on whether the option
shouldberecommendedforreplicationornot.
lossof
crops
15US$
High
medium
farmers
No/marginal
increaseofGHG
emission
Poor/
Recommendation
(remarks)
Economicand
socialfeasibility
High
barind
tract
Justificationfor
replication
IncreaseofCC
resilience
Rain
fed
Environmentalbenefits
Drought
spells;
Investmentcostsfor
replication
Micro
topography/
terrain
25,
26
Watermgt
system
Rice
Wheat
/
Pulse
Mango
Hazardtype/
impacts
AEZ
Farmingsystem
Suitableforreplicationunderthefollowing
conditions
Primarytargetgroup
Table7:Replicationsuitabilityandrecommendation:dryseedbedmethodforraisingriceseedling
High
Yes
no
increase
Recommendedfor
furthertrialwith
littlechangesin
technology
6.2
FarmYardManure
Background
Theorganicmattercontentofsoilinthebarindtractisexceptionallylowat0.81.2%,whichisnot
enoughtosupportagriculturalproduction.Enhancingtheorganicmatterlevelinsoilsimprovessoil
structure, moisture retention, erosion stability and water infiltration and hence strengthens the
resilienceoffarmingsystemstodrought,climatevariabilityandincreasingtemperatures.Thiscanbe
achievedbythepreservationandincreasedapplicationofFarmYardManure(FYM),whichisorganic
matterpreparedfromvariouskindsofanimalexcretamixedwithotherorganicmaterials.Itcanbe
done round the year in the homestead premise and can enhance the fertility and productivity of
soilsthathavebeennegativelyaffectedbyrecurrentexposuretodroughts.
12
Theuseofcowdungandhouseholdsweepsasmanureisproblematic,becausetheseareoftenused
asfuelduetolackoffirewoodandotherfuelingmaterialinthearea.However,improvedstoves(see
section6.15)canreducetheneedoffuelinginputs,includingdung.
In 4 upazilas, 24 FYMs were prepared in 24 farming households where farmers have taken the
responsibilitiesofregularpilingofthecowdung,otherorganicmatters,housesweeps,debrisand
other management activities like applying water, mixing of the FYM after a certain period of time
(Table8).
Farmerswhohadaccesstocowdungandotherhouseholdorganicmatters/debriswereselectedfor
thedemonstrationsoftheoption.Atwochamberpitwasdugclosetotheorganicmattersources
andwhereenoughsunlightisavailable.Thepitwascoveredbyatin/thatchedroofforprotection
fromexcessivesunlight,rainfallandotherexternalproblems.
Throughsocialmobilizationinitiativelikefarmersfieldday,resultdemonstrationswerepresented
to the farming communities in the surrounding while 65 households were exposed to the
technologiesofthedemonstrations.
Table8:ImplementationofFYMpreparation
Sl.
No.
1
2
Upazilas
Parameters
Totalno.ofFYMdemonstrations
established
(directly)
thetechnology
cost
Nachole
Gomostapur
Sapahar
Porsha
Total
24
24
50
15
65
Resultsandbenefits
a)Socioeconomicbenefits
Farmers were able to use the farm yard manure (FYM) in their crop field and saved some money
frombuyingchemicalfertilizers.
FYM can save chemical fertilizers for crop production and thus save energy for
manufacturingthefertilizers.
TheFYMisbelievedtohaveincreasedthewaterholdingcapacityofthesoil,improvedsoil
texture and structure and increased total nutrient contents of the soil which is extremely
requiredforthesoilandcropsofthebarindarea.
13
SoilmixedwithFYMcanretainmoisture,thusrequirelessirrigation.Itmeansitsaveswater
andsavesenergyusedforirrigationpurposes.
Farmersfeedback
Families having enough cattle and draft animals are appropriate as participants of the
demonstration.Theshade/roofoftheFYMpitshouldbepreparedbystrongmaterialsliketinandso
asotherpartsoftheshadetomakeitmorerobustandreducetheneedforfrequentmaintenance
bythefarmers.Membersofthefarmingfamilyespeciallywholookafterthecattleshouldbetrained
as how to use the dung and other debris for the FYM preparation and how to sprinkle water and
takeothermanagementactivities.
Accumulationoforganicmattersinthepitandothernecessarymanagementcouldnotbeensured
as a regular practice and thus the quality of manure produced was still not up to the standard. A
social mobilization programme is critically needed for awareness raising on the benefits and
technicalaspectsthatwouldencourageahigheradoptionoftheoptionamongthefarmingfamilies.
The amount of cow dung used for the farm yard manure and later use in the cropping field, its
ultimate benefit in increasing the soil nutrient content, and emission reductions from saving of
chemical fertilizers could be studied for better understanding, lessons and making further
recommendations.Thecontributionintheoveralllivelihoodsdevelopmentandthusimprovement
of the family resilience to the climate change shock may also be considered for further
assessment/study.
The option should be released to the farmers for continuation in all agroecological settings. The
manureshouldbefurtherappliedinthecropfield,andtheyieldbenefitandamountofmoneyand
energysavedassessedsystematically.Retestingtheoptionincombinationwiththeimprovedstove
is suggested in the next phase of the project to ascertain combined socioeconomic and climatic
benefits. Awareness raising programme especially on the winwin adaptation and emission
reductionbenefitsisfelthighlyimportant.
lossof
crops
30US$
High
medium
farmers
No/marginal
increaseofGHG
emission
Poor/
Recommendation
(remarks)
Economicand
socialfeasibility
Highand
low
barind
tract
Justificationfor
replication
IncreaseofCC
resilience
Rain
fed
Drought
spells;
Investmentcostsfor
replication
Micro
topography/
terrain
25,
26
Watermgt
system
Rice
Wheat
/
Pulse
Mango
Hazardtype/
impacts
AEZ
Farmingsystem
conditions
Primarytargetgroup
Table9:Replicationsuitabilityandrecommendation:FYMpreparation
High
Yes
no
increase
14
Idealassingle
optionorcombined
withimprovedstove
6.3
ManagementofMangoOrchard
Background
Mango, the single most predominant species is planted spontaneously and unsystematically, in
gardenorinthericefield,mostlytofetchtheeconomicbenefit.Asacommonpracticeofthearea,
mangotrees are fedwith manure and fertilizers beforeand afterthe harvestof the fruits in each
season/year. The need for appropriate dose and appropriate method of application articulated,
mostlybythefarmersandfieldstaff,ledtothedemonstrationofthemangoorchardmanagement.
Theorchardmanagementactivitywasundertakenwithaviewtounderstandtheyieldperformance
betweenthetreatmentplantandthecontrolplantswhicharetraditionallymanagedbythefarming
communityinthemonsoonseason.
Farmerswhoownlandandhavea12yearsoldmangogardenwitharound15plantswereselected
for the demonstration in the KharifII season 2007. For control farmers the same criteria were
appliedsothattwogardens,onetreatmentandonecontrolinthesamearea,couldbemonitored
closely.Forthetreatmentgardentherecommendedstandardproceduresfordoseandmanagement
werefollowedandcontrolframerswereallowedtofollowwhatevertheyusuallydo.
Resultsandbenefits
TilltheendofKharifII2007,18mangogardendemonstrationswereestablishedin18farmersfields
in12pilotvillagesofproject(Table10).
Table10:ImplementationofManagementofMangoOrchard
SL.
No.
1
2
Parameters
Totalno.ofmangoorchard
managementdemonstrations
established
(directly)
thetechnology
cost
Gomostapur
Upazilas
Sapahar
Porsha
Total
18
18
25
40
65
Noyieldandeconomicbenefitswereaccumulatedbecausethemangoplantsdidnotproducefruits
while the project collected data and information. Therefore no comparison and other analysis
whatsoever could be done in this regard. Through the process of demonstration activities, 55
neighbouring farmers and community people were invited in the field and exposed to the
technology.Sofar,noneofthemreplicatedthetechnologyintheirownfield.
Farmers found the option easy and quickly understood the appropriate dose and methods of
applicationofthemanureandfertilizersandotheractivities.
15
Farmersfeedback
Farmerswerequitehappytoapplythetechnologyintheirfield,however,expressedconcernabout
thelownumberofplantsinthegarden.Ifallowedtheywouldtakebiggergardenwithmoretrees.
The demonstrations of the technology were stopped after one season based on the analysis and
conclusionthatprojectinterventionwasnotrequiredinthiscasefortworeasons:1)farmersofthe
areaknowthetechnologyand2)encouragingmangocultivationandmanagementisdangerousfor
theareasinceitisalreadydominatedbymango.Moremangogardenswouldreducethericefields
andwiththatemploymentopportunitiesforthelandless,makingrichfarmersricherandthepoor
evenpoorer.Furthermore,ahighermangoproductionmightleadtoapricefallintheseason.
Therefore,thetechnologyshouldnotbepromotedfurther.
Me
dium
No/marginal
increaseofGHG
emission
50
US$
Recommendation
(remarks)
Economicand
socialfeasibility
Medium/
wealthier
farmers
Justificationfor
replication
IncreaseofCC
resilience
High
barind
tract
Irri
gated
Micro
topography/
terrain
Drought
spells;
lossof
crops
Investmentcostsfor
replication
25,
26
Watermgt
system
Rice
Wheat/
Pulse
Mango
Hazardtype/
impacts
AEZ
Farmingsystem
conditions
Primarytargetgroup
Table11:Replicationsuitabilityandrecommendation:ManagementofMangoOrchard
Me
dium
No
no
increase
Not
recommended
6.4
ExcavationofMiniPond
Background
To reduce impacts of intermittent dry spells in the droughtprone areas of northwestern
Bangladesh,surfacewaterstoredfromthepreviousrainfallneedstobeusedbeforericematurity
stage. Yet often high intensity rainfall is wasted, due to nonavailability of proper water storage
structures.Thereforeadaptationoptionsonrainwaterharvesting,recyclingandconservationarekey
tomanaging seasonal droughts through supplemental irrigation.Theexcavationandreexcavation
of mini ponds is one of the feasible climate change adaptation options in the barind area. In
farmlandswithnoirrigationsource,rainwaterharvestingwasdonethroughtheexcavationofmini
ponds for supplemental irrigation for T. Aman rice during drought spells in the early monsoon
season.
16
Minipondswereexcavatedinareaswhereirrigationfacilityislimitedornonexistentintheproject
villages.Farmerswhohadminimumof0.13haricefieldandwhocouldaffordspaceforpondwere
selectedfortheminipondexcavationdemonstration.Pondswereexcavatedinacornerofthefield
forfacilitatingeasyirrigationtothefieldasdesiredbythefarmers.
FarmersexcavatedthepondsintheKharifI(MarchJune)seasonoftheyearwhilethemonsoonrain
usuallybeginsandtheycaneasilyharvesttherainwaterandstoreinthepondforsubsequentusein
theT.AmanriceintheKharifII(JulyOctober)seasonorasdesired.
Atthebeginning,asperthebarindMultipurposeDevelopmentAuthority(BMDA)model,miniponds
of5mx5mx2m(lengthxbreadthxdepth)sizewerepreferredonsmallfarms.However,basedon
the feedback from the farmers, larger ponds (10m x 10m x 2m) were excavated in the following
seasons.
TilltheendofKharifII2007,36minipondswereexcavatedin36farmersfieldsin12pilotvillagesof
theproject(Table641and642).
About12ha ofrice field wereirrigatedbywater from the 36ponds. In most cases, irrigationwas
done twice in the rice field. Few farmers could irrigate the rice field more than twice as per their
needandbasedontheamountofwatertheyharvested.IrrigationwasdonemostlyfortheT.Aman
rice field, for which the ponds were excavated. In some cases, farmers could provide additional
irrigationtotheirvegetablesonthepondbankandhomesteadandtreesplantedclosetothepond.
Table12:Implementationof(5mX5mX2m)Minipond
Sl.
No.
Parameters
1 Totalno.ofpondexcavated
2 (directly)
Totalareaoflandirrigatedinone
3 season(ha)
No.oftimesofirrigationtothefield
4 fromonepond
participatinginthedemonstrationof
5 thetechnology
replicatingthetechnologyonown
6 expense
Nachole
5
Porsha
5
Total
20
20
0.67
0.67
0.67
0.67
2.68
80
30
30
50
190
Upazilas
Gomostapur Sapahar
5
5
17
Table13:Implementationof(10mX10mX2m)Minipond
Sl.
No.
Parameters
1 Totalno.ofpondexcavated
2 (directly)
3 Totalareaoflandirrigated(ha)
No.oftimesofirrigationtothefield
4 fromonepond
5 thetechnology
replicatedthetechnologyonown
6 expense
Nachole
4
Upazilas
Gomostapur Sapahar
4
4
Porsha
4
Total
16
16
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.14
8.56
120
30
35
50
235
11
Resultsandbenefits
Thecostofexcavationofaminipond variesasperthesize;thebiggerone(10mX10mX2m)takes
about BDT 6500 (less than 100 US$), the smaller one (5mX5mX2m) less than BDT 4000. The costs
alsoincludethecostoffamilylabour.
Table14:EconomicbenefitsofMinipond(5mX5mX2m)
Sl.
No.
Parameters
Costofexcavationofpond(BDT)(5
1 ponds)
Additionalyieldreceivedinone
2 season(kg)
Additionaleconomicbenefit
3 received(BDT)
Nachole
Upazilas
Gomostapur Sapahar
Porsha
Average/
ha
20000
20000
20000
20000
29850.75
1200
1150
1100
1100
1697.76
12000
11500
11000
11000
16977.61
Porsha
Average/
ha
Table15:EconomicbenefitsofMinipond(10mX10mX2m)
Sl.
No.
Parameters
Costofexcavationofpond(BDT)(4
1 ponds)
Additionalyieldreceivedinone
2 season(kg)
3 receivedfromonepond(BDT)
Nachole
Upazilas
Gomostapur Sapahar
26000
26000
26000
26000
12149.53
3840
3680
3760
3800
1761.68
38400
36800
37600
38000
17616.82
The amount of harvested water depends on the intensity and amount of rainfall in the particular
year,andtheneedofsupplementalirrigationdependsontheintensityofdrought.Therainfallinthe
18
monsoon season 2006 was below normal and many farmers used the water from miniponds for
supplementalirrigation.
Usuallyfarmerscanharvest2488kgofricefrom1haoflandwithoutsupplementalirrigation.Ifthey
areabletoprovidethesupplementalirrigationatthecriticalstage(milking/grainfiling)ofT.Aman
ricetheycanharvest4250kgofricefrom1ha.Farmerswereabletoharvest1762kgofadditionalT.
Aman rice from 1 ha of land by providing supplemental irrigation from one 5mX5mX2m pond. In
total,4550kg(1697.76Kg/ha)ofadditionalricewasharvestedfrom20minipondsof5mX5mX2m
sizeand15080kg(1761.68Kg/ha)from16pondsof10mX10mX2msize.Thereforeanincrementof
almost7174%inthericeyieldwasfound.
A total of additional BDT 45,500 (16977.61 BDT/ha) was earned by 20 farmers from 20 ponds of
5mX5mX2m size and BDT 150800 (17616.82 BDT/ha) by 16 farmers from 16 mini ponds of
10mX10mX2msize.
About 425 farming households from the surrounding villages participated and exposed to the
implementation of the adaptation technology through social mobilization and farmers field days
andamongthem11farmershaveexcavatedminipondsintheirricefields.Thesizeofthepondsis
also10mX10mX2mandfewcasesitisbiggerasperthesizeofthericefieldandrequirementofthe
farmers.
Thebankoftheminipondalsoservedasgoodspaceforvegetablecultivationandfruittreeraising.
Along ponds where the water retained for longer periods, farmers cultivated deep rooted gourd
vegetablesandshortdurationfruits.Somefarmershavestartedrearingshortdurationfishintheir
minipond,likecommoncarpandnilotikavarietiesoffishwhichtheyusedforhomeconsumption
and sometimes distributed to relatives and neighbours. Additional vegetables, fruits and fishes
producedbroughtsomeextrafoodandincomeforthepoorfarmingfamilies.
Rain water harvest in the mini pond and application in the T. Aman rice field reduce risk of
exposuretolateseasondroughtspells.
Supplemental irrigation to rice field with harvested rain water saves lots of energy required for
upliftingundergroundwater.
Harvesting rain water in the mini pond and thus using the water as supplemental irrigation also
reducesdependencyandsavesthegroundwaterresources.
Farmersfeedback
In the wake of increased climate variability and high intensity of drought condition in the barind
tract, farmers have been searching for alternatives for providing irrigation to their T. Aman rice
fields.Minipondhasbeenfoundsuitablealternativeoptionforthefarmersofthearea.Thepondis
particularlyusefulfortheseasonaldroughtthatmayoccurduringthecultivationofT.Amanricein
thebarindarea.Inanyyear,iftheharvestedwaterisnotrequiredforsupplementalirrigationdueto
theavailabilityoftherainwater,itmaybeusedforothercropsorotherfarmingactivities.
19
Farmersfeltthatsupplementalirrigationtoricefieldwithharvestedrainwatersaveslotsofenergy
requiredforupliftingundergroundwater.Duetotheincreaseinintensityandseverityofdroughts
and decreased availability of groundwater, farmers wish to increase the number of mini ponds to
reducethedependenceongroundwater.
Althoughthesmallholderfarmershavebeensatisfiedwiththecurrentpondsizei.e.10mX10mX2m,
farmerswhocouldaffordspaceinthericefield,proposedtohaveevenlargerponds.
Farmershaveacceptedtheminipondandratedveryhighasperaperformanceassessmentdoneby
theprojectwiththefarmers.
The practice was introduced in the KharifI season in 2006 to better manage drought spells.
However, it is not widespread due to lack of investment capital and organization among poor
farmers. Adequate awareness of the utility of these structures should continually be raised at
communitylevel.
Whileinsomeyearssupplementalirrigationisnotrequired,adiversificationinminipondwateruse
maybemeaningfullydonewiththefarmerssothatthepondwaterisusedforothercropsorother
famingactivities.
Fromthefarmersperspective,thesizeoftheminipondwasenlargedandmorediversificationwith
vegetablesonthepondbankandquickgrowingfishinthepondwaterarerecommendedforfuture.
The size of the pond should be dependent on the farmers land size and other socioeconomic
factors.The10mX10mX2morevenbiggersizepondissuggestedforricherfarmerswhiletheearlier
size,i.e.5mX5mX2m,maybepromotedfurtherforthepoorerones.Thepondproductionshouldbe
intensifiedwithquickgrowingvegetablesandfruittreesonthepondbankandwithshortduration
fishcultivationinthepondwater.Moresocialmobilizationprogrammesforgreaterdisseminationof
thetechnologyshouldbeundertaken.
lossof
crops
High
Yes
no
increase
(Useof
surface
water)
High
No/marginal
increaseofGHG
emission
60
100
US$
Recommendation
(remarks)
Economicand
socialfeasibility
Poor/
medium
farmers
withland
ownership
Justificationfor
replication
IncreaseofCC
resilience
Highand
low
barind
tract
Rain
fed
Investmentcostsfor
replication
Drought
spells;
Micro
topography/
terrain
25,
26
Watermgt
system
Rice
Wheat
/Pulse
Hazardtype/
impacts
AEZ
Farmingsystem
conditions
Primarytargetgroup
Table16:Replicationsuitabilityandrecommendation:MiniPond(5mX5mX2mand10mX10mX2m)
20
Highly
recommendedas
adaptationoption
6.5
ImpactofWaterSaturatedSoilConditiononRiceCultivation
Background
Farmers of barind tract struggle for irrigation water especially in the months of Rabi season, for
cultivating irrigated rice crops. As a general practice, farmers irrigate the rice field by flooding
method,i.e. they keep the rice field inalmost stagnant water. Sometimes redundant wateris lost
which is costly and causes negative environmental impacts like soil erosion, leaching loss of soil
nutrients etc. The water saturated soil condition on rice production, a similar technology as the
System of Rice Intensification (SRI), was introduced in the winter season to increase water use
efficiency by ensuring use of judicious amount of water in irrigation and save the precious water
frombeinglostthoughevaporation,seepageandrunoffduringtheproductioncycle.
Theoptionwasdemonstratedinthevillagesoftheprojectwherethefarmerhadaccesstoirrigation
water. In order to compare various production and yield parameters two demonstrations were
established;onebeingtheoptiondemonstrationandtheotheronefarmerspractice.
In the Rabi 2005, 8 demonstrations were implemented in 8 farmers fields in the pilot villages of
project covering about 2.7 ha of land. The number of farmers and demonstrations remained low
consideringtheoptionisnewoneintheprojectpilotvillages.
Table17:Implementationofsaturatedsoilconditiononrice
Sl.
No.
Parameters
Totalno.ofdemonstration
1 established
2 (directly)
3 option(ha)
Upazilas
Nachole
Gomostapur
Sapahar
Porsha
Total
0.27
0.81
0.81
0.81
2.7
Resultsandbenefits
Since the irrigation is provided from a power driven deep tube well, the availability of irrigation
water is dependent on the power supply situation which is often disrupted during the cropping
season in the area concerned. Hence the cultivation practice and the ultimate growth of the rice
cropwereimpactedandtheyieldvariedfromdemonstrationtodemonstration.
Comparingtheyieldoftheoptionplottofarmerspractice,itwasfoundthatonaverageadditional
189.62kgofricewereharvestedfrom1haoflandandanamountofBDT2161wasreceivedfrom1
haofland.
21
Table18:Economicbenefitsofsaturatedsoilconditiononrice
Sl.
No.
Parameters
1 Costofcultivation(BDT)
Additionalyieldreceivedfromthe
2 optiondemonstrations(kg)
Economicbenefitreceivedfromthe
3 optionplot(BDT)
Economicbenefitfromthewater
4 savings(BDT)
Nachole
3995
Upazilas
Gomostapur Sapahar
11950
11985
Porsha
11970
Average/
ha
14777.78
45
150
162
155
189.62
500
1725
1820
1790
2161.11
90
290
308
300
365.93
ThesavingsfromtheirrigationwaterwasaboutBDT365.93per1ha.Thesavedamountwasnot
very high compared to the overall economic benefit of the crop production. However, climate
change scenarios for the drought prone barind area and the future risks associated with rice
productioncallforanefficientwateruseincropproduction,inparticularforbororice.
Require less amount of irrigation water and thus save irrigation water and thus save environment
fromdepletionofgroundwater.
Less water loss in the form of evaporation from the rice field that is very crucial for environment
conservationpointofview.
Thepracticesavesenergyrequiredinthemachineforupliftingirrigationwaterfromthegroundand
thusreducestheemissionofthegreenhousegas.
Farmersfeedback
Farmers acceptance (35%) of the option was not very promising resulting from the local power
supplysituationduringtheboroseasonwhichcontinuestobeapreconditionforensuringirrigation
water in the crop field. Another reason for low acceptance was the labour requirement for the
demonstrationwhichisalittlehigherthanfortheusualpracticeforbororicecultivation.
Theoptionwasintroducedwiththeaimofincreasingthewateruseefficiencyinthericefield.Due
to the less secure access of irrigation water a low acceptance by the local farmers was observed.
However, in respect of the climatic and environmental benefits, the option is suggested to be
offeredtotheprojectfarmersundermoresecureirrigationconditionsand/orwateravailabilityorin
combinationwithoptionsthatincreasewateravailability(e.g.aminipond).
22
60US
$
High
No/marginal
increaseofGHG
emission
lossof
crops
Poor/
medium
farmers
withland
ownership
Recommendation
(remarks)
Economicand
socialfeasibility
Highand
low
barind
tract
Justificationfor
replication
IncreaseofCC
resilience
Irri
gated
Drought
spells;
Investmentcostsfor
replication
Micro
topography/
terrain
25,
26
Watermgt
system
Rice
Rice/
Wheat
Hazardtype/
impacts
AEZ
Farmingsystem
conditions
Primarytargetgroup
Table19:Replicationsuitabilityandrecommendation:saturatedsoilconditiononricecultivation
Me
dium
Yes
marginal
increase
(useof
energyfor
irrigation)
Recommendedas
adaptationoption
withsecured
irrigation(from
minipond)
6.6
Background
Intherainfeddryareasofthebarindtractfarmersareunabletocultivaterabi(winterseason)crops
likepulseandoil.Duetothehightemperatureandearlywithdrawalofraininsomeyears,fieldsoil
is left with no or little amount of moisture which does not allow crops to grow and sustain. As a
resultmostofthebarindtractlandsremainfallowforthewholerabiseasonaftertheharvestofT.
Amanriceandfarmershavealmostnochoicetogrowcrop.Inthiscontext,researchinstitutes,as
BARI,promotedcropdiversificationandintroducedT.AmanChickpea/oilcroppingpatterninrecent
years. After T. Aman transplantation in the early onset of rain in the month of July and rice
harvesting, the seeds of the oil crop are sown to tap the residual moisture in the field for easy
germination.Thelinseedcultivationdemonstrationwasintroducedinthewinterseasontoincrease
the cropping intensity of the high barind areas by using the residual moisture after T. Aman
harvesting.
CropfieldscultivatedwithT.Amanandretainedwithhighmoistureretentionwereselectedforthe
linseed demonstration. Seeds of linseed were sown just after harvesting of the T. Aman. The
demonstrationswereestablishedintwoofthefourprojectupazilasofthebarindarea.
As a starting point to test the suitability of the technology and to raise the confidence level, 7
demonstrationswereestablishedin2upazilasoftheproject.
400farmersparticipatedinthedemonstrationactivitiesoftheoptionthroughfarmersfielddayat
methodandresultdemonstrations.Amongthemafewtriedtheoptionintheirownfield.
23
Table20:Implementationoflinseedcultivation
Sl.
No.
1
2
3
Parameters
Totalno.ofdemonstrations
established
(directly)
option(ha)
thetechnology
cost
Nachole
Upazilas
Gomostapur
1.2
2.62
3.82
200
200
400
20
25
Total
Resultsandbenefits
Table21:Economicbenefitsoflinseedcultivation
Sl.
No.
Upazilas
Parameters
2 Yieldfromthedemonstration(kg)
3 demonstration(BDT)
Nachole
1198
378
Gomostapur
2610
584
13281
19008
Average/ha
996.86
251.83
8452.61
Theyield(251.83kg/ha)fromthelinseeddemonstrationwaslowerthanthenormalyieldinother
partsofthecountrybuttheselectedfarmersinthehighbarindlandsweresatisfied.Aneconomic
benefitofBDT8452.61/hawasachievedcomparedtonoincomefromfallowlandintherabiseason.
Thecropwasinfestedby thepodborerinsectthatreducedthe expectedyield.Farmerswerenot
awareoftheinfestationandcouldnotmanageitwell.
Requirelessamountofirrigationduringitsgrowthstage.Therefore,theoptionreducestherisksof
drought for crop production in the barind area. It also increases the resilience of the farming
householdsindroughtcondition.
Farmersfeedback
Although the yield and economic benefit was not very high, farmers were pretty satisfied and
convinced to takeupthesamepracticeinthefollowing yearbecausetheyconsidered the benefit
entirelyadditionalforthem.Theyrequestedappropriatepestmanagementsolutionstoavoidyield
reductions.
24
Thedemonstrationwastakenuprespondingtofarmersneedsandrecommendationsbythelocal
agriculturedepartmentofficersandfarmerswerefoundsatisfied.Theoptionisparticularlysuitable
for poor farmers and sharecroppers. Demonstrations, in combination with social mobilization
through communication programmes, need to continue in the following 23 seasons/years for
gatheringfurtherlessonsthatwouldallowforacomprehensiverecommendation.Incorporationof
IPMpracticesforthemanagementofthepodborerandotherinsectordiseaseproblemsmayalso
beconsideredforbetteryieldperformance.
lossof
crops
High
No/marginal
increaseofGHG
emission
20US
$
Poor
(share
cropper)
farmers
Recommendation
(remarks)
Economicand
socialfeasibility
High
barind
tract
Justificationfor
replication
IncreaseofCC
resilience
Rain
fed
Investmentcostsfor
replication
Drought
spells;
Micro
topography/
terrain
25,
26
Watermgt
system
Hazardtype/
impacts
Rice
Wheat/
Pulse/
Oils
AEZ
Farmingsystem
conditions
Primarytargetgroup
Table22:Replicationsuitabilityandrecommendation:cultivationoflinseed
Me
dium
Yes
no
increase
Highly
recommendedas
adaptationoption
combinedwith
minipond
6.7
CultivationofShortDurationT.AmanasanAlternativeTechnology
Background
In recent years, increasing climate variability has caused serious and frequent drought spells in
drought prone northwestern Bangladesh, which influence agricultural systems in all stages of
growthandconsequentlythecropyields.Diversificationandadjustmentofcroppingpatternsarea
waytoreducelosses,thusmitigatingtheimpactofdroughtsontheruralpoor.Intherainfedhigh
barind tracts farmers usually grow only one rice crop i.e. transplanted Aman during KharifII (July
October)seasonand leavethe land asfallow inthe other twoseasons, Rabi (OctoberMarch)and
KharifI(MarchJuly).BARIintroducedT.AmanChickpea/pulsecroppingpatterninrecentyears.The
patternincludesT.AmantransplantationintheearlyonsetofraininthemonthofJulyandafterrice
harvestingsowingtheseedsofthepulsecropcapturingtheresidualmoistureinthefieldtofacilitate
easygermination.Thedemonstrationwasestablishedinordertointroduceanewcroppingpattern
thatexploitsthecurrentclimaticconditionofthehighbarindareaandprovidesfarmerswithoptions
toincorporatecropsinthefallowperiod.
TheblockdemonstrationmethodwasfollowedinthedemonstrationoftheT.Amancultivationand
ashortdurationvarietyofricewasused.Foreachdemonstrationmoreorless6.6acreofcropland
25
wasselectedwhereineachcasemorethan5farmersparticipated.Thelandfordemonstrationswas
selectedinlocationshighlyvisibletootherfarmersandthecommunityingeneral.Transplantation
of T. Aman was done in July with the early onset of monsoon rain. Farmers field days were
organizedtodemonstratethetechnologytothefarmingcommunityinthesurroundingarea.
A total of 64 farmers in 8 groups undertook 8 demonstrations and about 42.76 ha of land were
broughtundertheoptiondemonstration.
As per the purpose of the demonstration, for generating interest among the farming community
farmers field days were organized at the demonstration sites where a total of 1370 farmers
participatedandwereexposedtothetechnologyandtheprocessofimplementation.
Amongthefarmersparticipatedinthedemonstrationofthetechnology46farmersarereportedto
havetakenuptheoptionforimplementationintheirrespectivefields.
Table23:ImplementationofShortDurationT.Amancultivation
Sl.
No.
1
2
3
Parameters
established
(directly)
option(ha)
thetechnology
cost
Nachole
Upazilas
Gomostapur Sapahar
Porsha
Total
14
14
16
20
64
10.69
10.69
10.69
10.69
42.76
220
400
500
250
1370
15
10
12
46
Porsha
7714
Average/
ha
721.61
Resultsandbenefits
Table24:EconomicbenefitsofShortDurationT.Amancultivation
Sl.
No.
Parameters
AdditionalyieldfromT.Aman
2 demonstration(kg)
Nachole
7714
Upazilas
Gomostapur Sapahar
7714
7714
4200
4032
4224
4100
387.18
42000
40320
42240
41000
3871.84
Farmerscouldreceiveanadditionalyieldof387kg/ha.TheeconomicbenefitBDT3871/hafromthe
T. Aman block demonstration does not differ much from the other season. However, if the
production practice is treated as part of the cropping pattern and the benefits from the entire
croppingcyclearecompareditcanbeaprofitableoptionindroughtproneareas.
26
Diversification,i.e.anadditionalcrop,increasesfarmersresiliencetoclimatevariability.
Farmersfeedback
Farmers of the area are concerned about the duration of the rice variety and the content of soil
moisture retained after T. Aman harvesting. From the farmers point of view short duration rice
varietyshouldbeused,transplantedinthefirstonsetrainoftheseasonandharvestedalittleearlier
thanusualvarieties.Thiswillfacilitatesearlyseedsowingofthepulseseedsassoonaspossibleto
usetheresidualmoistureforeasygermination.
Theoptionwasappliedinoneseasoni.e.KharifII2006andtheresultsjustifyfurtherdemonstration
for wider audience in the community. Further demonstrations combined with an awareness and
communication programme would be essential for the option to be taken up by the farming
community of the drought prone area. The option can be promoted in high barind area where
farmershavelessornoaccesstoirrigationwater.Theoptioncanalsobecombinedwiththemini
pondwhereifirrigationisneededthatcanbesupplementedfromthepond.Astheoptionrequires
earlyseedlings,inclusionofthedryseedbedmethodforseedlingsavailabilityshouldalsobetaken
upaspartofthetotalpattern.
The technology should be promoted further in the community and the adjacent villages in the
following seasons for the poor and medium farmers, including sharecroppers, and for the
communityasawhole,particularlywheretheycanbringmorelandtogether(asablock)underthe
demonstration.
lossof
crops
27
No/marginal
increaseofGHG
emission
High
Recommendation
(remarks)
Economicand
socialfeasibility
Poor/
90US
medium
$
farmers
withland
ownership
Highand
low
barind
tract
Investmentcostsfor
replication
Rain
fed
Justificationfor
replication
IncreaseofCC
resilience
Drought
spells;
Micro
topography/
terrain
25,
26
Watermgt
system
Rice
Wheat
/Pulse
Hazardtype/
impacts
AEZ
Farmingsystem
conditions
Primarytargetgroup
Table25:Replicationsuitabilityandrecommendation:CultivationofT.AmanaspartoftheT.AmanChick
PeaCroppingPattern
High
Yes
no
increase
Highly
recommendedas
adaptationoption
6.8
CultivationofChickPeaafterT.Aman
Background
Intherainfeddryareasofthebarindtractfarmersareunabletocultivaterabi(winterseason)crops
likepulsesandoilswiththeirtraditionalpracticethatstartslatewhilethecroplandgetsdry.Dueto
the high temperature and early withdrawal of rain in some years, field soil is left with no or little
amount ofmoisturewhichdoes notallowcrops togrow and sustain.As aresult most ofthehigh
lands remain fallow for the whole rabi season after the harvest of T. Aman rice. In this context,
research institute like BARI suggest crop diversification and introduced T. AmanChick pea/pulse
cropping pattern in recent years. After T. Aman transplantation in the early onset of rain in the
month of July and rice harvesting, the seeds of the pulse crop are sown tapping the residual
moisture in the field to facilitate easy germination. As a part of the T. AmanChick pea cropping
patternthechickpeablockdemonstrationwasestablishedtointroduceanewcroppingpatternthat
exploitsthecurrentclimaticconditionofthedroughtproneareaandprovidesfarmersanoptionto
incorporatecropsinthefallowperiod.
Theblockdemonstrationmethodwasfollowedinthedemonstrationofthechickpeacultivationand
BARI variety of chickpea was used. T. Aman block demonstration field was used for the chickpea
demonstrationasperthepurposetousethemoistureofthesamefield.Seedofchickpeawassown
just after harvesting of the T. Aman to ensure germination of the seed exploiting the residual
moistureleftinthefield.Thedemonstrationswereestablishedintwoofthefourprojectupazilasof
the barind area. To enable farmers to farmers learning, farmers field days were organized to
demonstratethetechnologytothefarmingcommunityinthesurroundingarea.
In2upazilas4demonstrationswereestablishedon21.38haoflandwhere28farmerswereinvolved
(Table581).
Awareness programmes through result demonstrations and fielddaywere alsoarranged with 350
farmers participating. A few (22) of the community farmers tried the pattern in their field in the
followingyear.
Table26:ImplementationofChickPeaCultivationafterT.Aman
SL.
No.
1
2
3
Parameters
established
(directly)
option(ha)
thetechnology
cost
Nachole
Upazilas
Gomostapur
14
14
28
10.69
10.69
21.38
150
200
350
12
10
22
28
Total
Resultsandbenefits
Table27:EconomicbenefitsofChickPeaCultivationafterT.Aman
SL.
No.
Parameters
YieldfromChickpeademonstration
2 (kg)
Nachole
5100
Upazilas
Gomostapur
5100
626
550
55.00
14780
16902
1481.85
Average/ha
477.08
The residual moisture left in the T. Aman field facilitated the germination of chickpea and a
satisfactorygrowthwasobserved.Asinglesupplementalirrigationduringvegetativegrowthofthe
crop in few plots of Gomostapur upazila produced a slightly better yield than in Nachole where
irrigationcouldnotbeensured.
The yield (55 kg/ha) from the chickpea demonstration was lower than the normal yield from
chickpeainthecountry(1500kg/ha).Ultimately,theeconomicbenefit(BDT1481)wasalsolowerin
comparison with thenormalbenefitfarmersmightgetfromother parts of the countrywhere the
climatic condition and the irrigation water are no limiting factors. However, if the yield and
economicbenefitarecomparedwithzeroproductioninthefallowperiodwhenfarmershardlycould
produceanything,thebenefitisadditionalforthefarmers(givenalsothehighnutritionalvalueof
chickpeas).
Anexcellentexampleofadaptationoptionthatexploitsthedroughtconditionandproducecropsin
hightemperature.
Farmersfeedback
Farmersweresatisfiedwiththeresulttheyreceivedfromminimuminvestmentwhere,accordingto
them,nocropcanbesuccessfullygrownintherabiseason.Theyfeltthattimelytransplantationof
T.Amanandsubsequentchickpeaseedsowingarekeytogetsatisfyingyieldsinthefallowperiodof
theyear.
Theyalsofeltthattheincorporationofpulsecropsintheirricefieldcouldimprovetheirsoilfertility
andtheyappreciatedthepulsecropascheapsourceofproteinfortheirnutrition.
Cultivationofchickpeaallowsontheonehandanexploitationofthecurrentclimaticconditionof
thedroughtpronebarindareaandontheotherhandprovidesariskreductionstrategythatensures
yieldandincomeduringtheleanperiodoftheyearandthusimprovestheresilienceofthefarming
community.
29
The results show a potential of the technology in the area which needs to be demonstrated as a
routine activity. However, in order to fetch more yield and thus economic benefits, the
demonstrations may be diversified with other crops like linseed, barley. In addition, more social
mobilizationprogrammesareneededformoreawarenessgenerationandahigheradoptionbythe
farmers.
Theoptioncanbepromotedinhighbarindareawherefarmershavelessornoaccesstoirrigation
water.Theoptioncanalsobecombinedwiththesmallminipondwheresomeirrigationisneeded.
Astheoptionrequiresearlyseedlings,inclusionofthedryseedbedmethodforseedlingsavailability
mayalsobetakenupaspartofthetotalpattern.
The technology should be promoted further in the community and the adjacent villages in the
followingseasonsforthepoorandsmallfarmers,includingsharecroppers,andforthecommunityas
awhole,particularlywheretheycanbringmorelandtogether(asablock)underthedemonstration.
lossof
crops
High
No/marginal
increaseofGHG
emission
60US
$
Recommendation
(remarks)
Economicand
socialfeasibility
Poor/
medium
farmers
withland
ownership
Justificationfor
replication
IncreaseofCC
resilience
Highand
low
barind
tract
Rain
fed
Investmentcostsfor
replication
Drought
spells;
Micro
topography/
terrain
25,
26
Watermgt
system
Hazardtype/
impacts
Rice
Wheat/
Pulse
AEZ
Farmingsystem
conditions
Primarytargetgroup
Table28:Replicationsuitabilityandrecommendation:CultivationofChickpeaaspartoftheT.AmanChick
PeaCroppingPattern
High
Yes
no
increase
Highly
recommendedas
adaptationoption
combinedwith
minipond
6.9
HomesteadVegetablesGardeningwithMoreDroughtTolerantVegetables
Background
Homestead gardening is an old production practice in the rural areas of Bangladesh, creating
opportunityforemploymentandyearroundincomeevenwhenothersourcesfailduetodrought.
The practice was already suggested by the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute in the early
1980s. However at that stage it was not successful due to nonavailability of drought resistant
vegetables. Current efforts helped to identify drought resistant vegetable crops involving farmers
themselves.
This practice ensures year round income, nutritional security and gender involvement. Producing
vegetables in the homestead can also ensure use of fallow and unexploited land and is a way of
30
usinghomesteadwastes,sweepings and debris as organic matter,aswell as irrigation waterfrom

thehomesteadsource.
The practice was considered as a good adaptation option for improving family food and nutrition
andmanagingseasonalfaminecalledMongainnorthwesternBangladesh.
Homesteadvegetablesgardenswereestablishedinall3seasons(KharifI,KharifIIandRabi)ofthe
yearwiththeaimthatthefarmingfamilycanharvestvegetablesthroughouttheyear,usethemfor
homeconsumption and sale the surplus to the markettosupportother livelihoods aspectsof the
family. The project follows the BARI model for establishing homestead vegetables gardens in
farmers homesteads. Land was selected within or close to the homestead so that the women
membersofthefamilycouldlookafterandworkinthegarden.Lesschemicalintensivemethodsand
techniques were followed and household resources like cow dung, debris, water were used and
familylabourwasemployedinthegardeningactivities.
Vegetables grown in the homestead garden were mostly yearround and were selected such that
less water is required in the cultivation. The vegetables were kangkong, egg plant, okra, stem
amaranth, red amaranth, Indian spinach, beans and other local varieties which are suitable to the
droughtcondition.
Intheprojectperiodi.e.fromRabi2006tillKharifII2007,44homesteadvegetablegardenswere
establishedin44farmershomesteadsin12pilotvillagesofproject.
112farmingfamiliestookpartinthedemonstrationactivitiesand57ofthemalsostartedapplying
thetechnologywhofounditbetterthantheirtraditionalonebecausetheprojectpromotedgardens
are well structured with more varieties of vegetables those require less amount irrigation water
whichisverycrucialindroughtproneenvironment.
Table29:ImplementationofHomesteadVegetableGarden
Sl.
No.
Parameters
1 Totalno.ofgardenestablished
2 (directly)
3 option(ha)
No.ofvegetablesvarietiesgrownin
4 thegarden
5 thetechnology
6 cost
Nachole
14
Porsha
12
Totalinone
season
44
14
12
12
44
0.06
0.02
0.05
0.05
0.18
13
28
50
20
20
22
112
26
10
10
11
57
Upazilas
Gomostapur Sapahar
6
12
31
Resultsandbenefits
Table30:EconomicbenefitsofHomesteadVegetableGarden
Sl.
No.
Parameters
Totalyieldofvegetablesinone
2 season(kg)
Economicbenefitreceivedinone
3 season(BDT)
Nachole
17080
Upazilas
Gomostapur Sapahar
7320
14640
Porsha
14640
Average/
ha
298222.22
2520
1044
2328
2280
45400.00
11200
5100
12360
11760
224555.56
AfarmingfamilyspentonlyaboutBDT1220(lessthan20US$)fortheestablishmentofahomestead
vegetables garden including the cost of seeds, fertilizers, other inputs and family labour. It is BDT
298222.22(4260US$)inonehectare.
A farming family could harvest on average 186 kg. of vegetables per garden (45400 Kg/ha) in one
season.Therefore,in3seasonsestimated558kgofvegetablescouldbeproducedpergardenand
accordingly 24516 kg i.e. 25 tons (approx.) of vegetables could be produced from 44 vegetables
gardensinayear.
Intermsofeconomicbenefits,afarmingfamilycouldearnonaverageBDT918pergardenineach
season.Thusfromonehectareofvegetablegarden,afarmingfamilycouldearnBDT224555which
is23%higherthaninearningsfromtraditionalhomesteadgardens.
In certain months of the year, in particular in drought periods, when farming families have less
access to employment opportunities and income, homestead vegetables gardens serve as a food,
nutritionandincomesource.
Farmerscouldusetheirfallowlandinandaroundhomesteadwhichotherwisewouldbeleftfallow.
Vegetablesgrowninthehomesteadgardensrequire lesschemicalfertilizersandpesticides,which
savesmoneyandenergythusalsocontributiontoclimatechangemitigation.
Homestead is the women domain and they manage the enterprise, in planning, selection of
varieties,sellanduseoftheproduce.Theinvolvementofwomeninthegardeningactivitiesensured
theirparticipationindecisionmakingandempowermentinthefamilyandsociety.
Vegetable species and varieties grown require less irrigation water. In other words it saves water
whichisextremelycriticalinadroughtproneenvironment.
Homestead vegetables are grown mostly with more homestead organic matter and less chemical
fertilizersandpesticides.Therefore,byusingfewerchemicals,theoptioniscontributingtotheless
GHGemissionfromthefactoryforproducingthechemicals.
32
Farmersfeedback
Ingeneral,vegetablesrequirelotsofwaterandirrigationneedstobeensuredalmostthroughout
the life cycle, which is a challenge in drought prone barind area. More droughtresistant varieties
should be explored and made available for the farmers. Farmers are struggling with quality seeds
and most of the time they are cheated by seed traders and others. They ask for yearround
availabilityandaccesstoqualityseedsandseedlings.
Strong fence is extremely needed for ensuring year round production of various vegetables and
securingtheproducefromcattleandotheranimals.
Considering the scarcity of the quality seeds and objective of the demonstrations, homestead
vegetablegardensneedtobeprovidedwithqualityseedandseedlings.Directcommunicationwith
the reliableseeddealer andseed sources needs tobeestablished for accessinggoodquality seed
andotherplantingmaterials.
Recognizing the trend of increasing temperature and more droughts, the promoted vegetable
varietiesshouldbetoleranttosuchconditions.Thereforedemonstrationsshouldbecarriedoutina
waythatsuitablevarietiesandspeciesareraised,whichareadaptedtochangingclimateconditions.
Moreindepthassessmentandanalysisisneededtofindouttheamountofwater,energyandother
resources required and saved in the LACC promoted homestead vegetable garden in comparison
withthetraditionalone.
The promotion of the technology should be continued as a routine activity with more drought
tolerant varieties in the homesteads of landless and marginal farmers. Regular monitoring and
seasonalassessmentshouldbeincludedtofindoutthewater,inputsandenergyrequirement.
lossof
crops
33
No/marginal
increaseofGHG
emission
High
Recommendation
(remarks)
Economicand
socialfeasibility
Poor/
20US
medium
$
farmers
withland
ownership
Justificationfor
replication
IncreaseofCC
resilience
Highand
low
barind
tract
Irri
gated/
rain
fed
Investmentcostsfor
replication
Micro
topography/
terrain
25, Drought
26
spells;
Watermgt
system
Vege
tables/
fruit,tree/
timber,
tree/
livestock/
poultry
Hazardtype/
impacts
AEZ
Farmingsystem
conditions
Primarytargetgroup
Table31:Replicationsuitabilityandrecommendation:ofHomesteadVegetableGardenwithmoredrought
tolerantvegetables
High
Yes
no
increase
Highly
recommendedas
adaptationoption
6.10 JujubeGardening
Background
In the barind tract of Bangladesh, fruit trees are cultivated as a viable drought impact reduction
strategy. Fruit trees such as jujube thrive well in drought prone environments and were
recommended in the uplands of the barind tract as a potential adaptation option to the existing
spontaneousmangocultivation.Mangoplantationisanautonomousadaptationspreadingrapidly.
However,theprojectanticipatedthatunderchangingclimaticconditions,hightemperatureinduced
synchronized maturity may lead to price drop. Further, it threatens to replace rice completely
causing food insecurity and aggravate monga (seasonal famine conditions). Rice is the only crop
grown during monsoon season and is crucial for food security of the barind tract. Introduction of
Jujubeoffersscopefordiversification,riskreductionduetoitstoleranceofhightemperaturesanda
reducedshadeeffectonthericeandothercropsbeneath,asandwherevercultivated.Hencerice
may not be completely replaced by jujube cultivation in an area predominantly cultivated by rice.
The option is suitable to initiate at the beginning of monsoon where it can take the advantage of
naturalrainfalljusttogetestablished.
Thegardenswereestablishedinrelativelymarginallandandlandwherefarmerscanprovideregular
care. Farmers establish the gardens in the KharifI (MarchJune) season of the year while the
monsoon rain usually begins and the trees can easily establish in the soil. Jujube garden was
establishedin0.13haoflandofafarmer.
At the beginning according to the local practice, assessed from the farmers and the community
people, 66 number of jujube plants were planted in 0.13 ha of land. In the following seasons,
according to the suggestion of Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute (BARI), 25 plants were
established in 0.13 ha of land. Apple Kul, a locally selected variety, which is highly drought and
temperature tolerant, was promoted at the beginning. Later, a new variety named BAU Kul was
incorporatedinfewfarmerslands.
Thelandusedforthegardeningpurposeismainlymarginalandhadgenerallybeenusedbyfarmers
forriceorvegetablescultivation.Farmersselectedgardenclosertothehomesothattheycouldlook
afterregularly.
During the project period a total of 31 jujube gardens were established in 31 farmers field of 4
upazilas.Amongthem,15gardenswereestablishedwith66plantsand16gardenswith25plants.
34
Table32:Implementationof66PlantsJujubeGarden
Sl.
No.
Parameters
Totalno.ofgardenestablished
(directly)
option(ha)
thetechnology
cost
Nachole
5
Upazilas
Gomostapur
Sapahar
3
3
Porsha
4
Total
15
15
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
1.95
50
20
30
25
125
Table33:Implementationof25PlantsJujubeGarden
Sl.
No.
Upazilas
Parameters
2 (directly)
3 option(ha)
7 thetechnology
8 cost
Nachole
6
Gomostapur
3
Sapahar
3
Porsha
4
Total
16
16
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
2.08
20
15
30
25
90
Theplantsdidnotstartproducingfruitsyet.Farmersare
waitingtoseefirstresultsbeforetheyconsiderreplicatingthe
option.
Resultsandbenefits
Costofestablishmentofajujubegardenof66plantsisBDT4000(lessthan60US$)andBDT1800
(about25US$)for25plants.Intotal,morethan4haoflandwerebroughtunderjujubegardening
with31gardensestablished.
Farmers were able to harvest fruits from the 66 plants garden. Since the 25 plants gardens were
established in later part of the LACCI project, plants did not start production and hence no data
couldbe recorded.From 0.13 haof landof 66plants garden farmersharvested 126 to 132 kgsof
jujubeinthefollowingyear(1styear)ofplantation.Minimumpriceof1kgofjujubeattheperiodof
harvestingwas30takaandthetotaleconomicbenefitwasBDT3780to3960from1gardeni.e.0.13
haofland.
35
Table34:Economicbenefitsof66PlantsJujubeGarden
Sl.
No.
Parameters
Costofestablishmentofagarden
1 (BDT)
Yieldofjujubefromonegardenper
2 year(kg)(1styear)
Economicbenefitreceivedfromone
garden(BDT)
3 (1styear)
Nachole
Upazilas
Gomostapur
Sapahar
Porsha
Average/
ha
24000
12000
12000
16000
30769.23
132
130
126
127
247.60
3960
3900
3780
3810
7427.88
Through farmer to farmer extension and learning visits about 215 farming households from
surroundingvillagesparticipatedintheimplementationoftheadaptationjujubegardeningwiththe
project farmers and among them 8 have started gardening in their own lands. Due to the high
marketvalueofthefruits,jujubegardeninghasstartedgainingmomentum.
Jujubeplantscanthriveandgrowwellindroughtconditionandrequirelessirrigationincomparison
withriceandothercrops.Thus,irrigationwater,whichisvaluableinthedroughtpronebarindarea,
can be saved and used for other crops or rice fields. This has environmental and climate change
implications;watersavingsmeanlesspressureonthegroundwaterfacilitatingmorerecharge.
Inaddition,thelandofjujubegardencanbediversifiedwithrice,vegetablesandothercropswhich
bringadditionalyieldandincomefrom0.13haoflandforthefarmers.Therefore,additionalyield
andincomefromrice,vegetablesarepossiblefromthesamepieceofland.Attheendofeachcrop
cycle,thebranchesofthejujubeplantsareprunedforaccelerationofrejuvenationofthetrees.The
branches andtwigs areused as fuel woodwhichisveryscarceinthebarind areaandreduce fuel
costsforafarmingfamily.Ontheotherhandbyusingtreefuels,cowdungissavedandcanbeused
inthecropfieldforsoilfertilityimprovement.
One of the unique advantages of jujube production is that a farming family can harvest fruits
immediatelyafteroneyear.Thefruitsareavailableinthemarketwhereveryfew(local)fruitsare
foundanditishighlynutritious.Afarming familycanearn insucha leanperiodoftheyearwhile
they have less access to employment and income. Jujube gardening, having more options for
diversification,offersmoreflexibilitytothefarmersinplanningtheirfarmingactivitiescomparedto
mango.
Jujube is an excellent option forthe drought proneareas and areasnot having irrigation facilities.
Theplantcansurviveforseveralmonthsinthedroughtconditionwithhightemperature.Therefore,
afarmingfamilycanminimizeorreducelivelihoodriskthatmaycomefromclimatechangeinduced
problems(drought)whiletheyhavegotajujubegardenintheirpossession.
Farmersfeedback
Farming households prefer the 66 plants gardens that offer higher benefits in terms of yield and
economics.
36
Acomparisonofyieldandothertraitsamongjujubevarieties,especiallythosesuitabletodrought
prone conditions, like Apple Kul, BAU Kul, Narkeli Kul, could be conducted to derive
recommendationsforfuturepromotionandexpansion..
Theacceptanceoffarmerswashigh;Anexpansionofthejujubegardeningisevidentinthearea.
Due to thecurrent increase inthericeprice, atransitorychangetowards thecultivationof rice is
observed,althoughthechangeappearedtobenonexistent.However,duetothelimitedaccessto
irrigationwater,farmersfoundthejujubegardeningstillasuitablealternativeforadaptation.
Jujubeplantisdroughtandtemperaturetolerantandrequireslessirrigationwaterfortheirsurvival
andgrowthandthuswaterissavedwhileirrigationisdone.Acriticalmonitoringandanalysisonthe
amountofwaterusedandsavingswillbeusefulformakingfuturerecommendationandexpansion
ofthetechnology.
Basedonthecurrenttrendofincreasedgardening,amarketinganalysisstudyisneededtoidentify
appropriatemarketchannelstoprovidefarmingcommunitywithmorechoicesindecisionmaking.
The study may also look into the future market potential of the fruits since fruit gardening and
businessisexpanding.
Jujubehasbeencompetingwithmangoplantationsespeciallyinthericefieldandhasincreasingly
beenacceptedasanadvantageousventureovermangobyusingthegardenforintercroppingwith
other crops. A study to assess and evaluate the comparative advantages of jujube and mango for
intercroppingovercertainyearswouldbeuseful.
Thepromotionofthe adaptationoptionshouldbecontinued foranother 23seasonstoallow for
policyrecommendationinothersimilarareasasapartofplannedadaptationstrategy.Theoption
maybetargetedtosmallfarmerswhocanaffordlandforaperennialgarden.Amarketstudymay
alsobeundertakentofindoutthecomparativeadvantageovermango.
lossof
crops
37
No/marginal
increaseofGHG
emission
High
Recommendation
(remarks)
Economicand
socialfeasibility
Poor/
25US$
medium
&
farmers
withland
60US$
ownership
Justificationfor
replication
IncreaseofCC
resilience
Highand
low
barind
tract
Rain
fed
Investmentcostsfor
replication
Micro
topography/
terrain
25, Drought
26
spells;
Watermgt
system
Rice,
Wheat/
Fruittree/
Fallow
Hazardtype/
impacts
AEZ
Farmingsystem
conditions
Primarytargetgroup
Table35:Replicationsuitabilityandrecommendation:25and66PlantsJujubeGarden
High
Yes
no
increase
Highly
recommendedas
adaptationoption

6.11 CultivationofPapaya
Background
Northwest barind area is predominantly a mango growing region and a very few other selected
numberoffruittreeslikejujube,introducedrecently,areseen.Butshorttermandyearroundfruits
thatmightprovideregularfoodandnutritiontothefarmingfamilyarerareinthearea.Farmersof
some project villages increased the demand for raising papaya trees, mainly for household
consumption and for economic benefit from sale from the surplus, if any. Based on the demand
from the farmers, the local agriculture office and project staff recommended the cultivation of
papayainthefarmershomesteads.Themajoraimofthepapayacultivationdemonstrationwasto
provide the farming households with the opportunity to produce and ensure food, nutrition and
income.
Farmerswhohadaround0.13haoflandinandaroundthehomesteadwereselectedforthepapaya
cultivation demonstrations in the KharifII season 2007. A total of 16 demonstrations were
implementedinfield/homesteadsof16farmingfamiliesoftheprojectvillages.
Table36:ImplementationofPapayaCultivation
Sl.
No.
Parameters
2 (directly)
3 option(ha)
4 thetechnology
5 cost
Nachole
4
Upazilas
Sapahar
6
Porsha
6
Total
16
16
0.18
0.97
0.73
1.88
40
49
Nachole
34467
Upazilas
Sapahar
51700
Porsha
50000
72429.25
4544
1260
996
2385.96
27272
9450
6420
15137.54
Resultsandbenefits
Table37:EconomicbenefitsofPapayaCultivation
Sl.
No.
Parameters
2 Yieldfromthedemonstration(kg)
3 demonstrationperacre(BDT)
38
Average/ha
Yieldofthedemonstrationswasnotconsistentthroughouttheseasonandtheareas.Recurrentand
incessantrainfallduringthegrowingperiodhamperedthegrowthanddamagedthepapayatreesin
some demonstrations. All demonstrations of Gomostapur upazila were fully damaged due to the
nonstoprainandhencenoresultcouldbeobtainedfromtheupazila.
Theyieldandeconomicbenefitsreceivedbythefarmerswerenotsatisfactoryandthedamageand
interruptionofvariousactivitiesduetononstoprainquestionedfurtherdemonstration.Theheavy
soils of the barind tract were also not very suitable for the papaya cultivation as there drainage
capacityislowandwaterstagnationdamagedthepapayatreeswhichareveryweakandsensitiveto
stagnantwater.
Noparticularclimatic/environmentalbenefitscouldbeidentified.
Farmersfeedback
Farmerswerenotsatisfiedwiththeresultofthedemonstrations.Theyfeltthecultivationofpapaya
ispossibleonlywhentheproblemofrainfallandsoilcanbeadequatelyaddressed.
Theresultofpapayademonstrationsillustratethateveryoptionmustbeselectedthrougharigorous
processwhereexperts,scientistsandotherscanprovidetheirjudgmentandclarificationonevery
aspectofthedemonstrationincludingtechnicalsuitabilityandsocioeconomicacceptability.
Theprojectdiscontinuedthedemonstrationoftheoptionafterthefeedbackfromthefarmersand
others concerned. The promotion of the option should not be continued. Further trials may be
takenupifsuitablevarietiesfordroughtproneareasarerecommendedbytheresearchinstitutes.
Me
dium
&
60US$
39
No/marginal
increaseofGHG
emission
130US
$
Recommendation
(remarks)
Economicand
socialfeasibility
Small/
medium
farmers
withland
ownership
Justificationfor
replication
IncreaseofCC
resilience
Highand
low
barind
tract
Irri
gated/
rain
fed
Investmentcostsfor
replication
lossof
crops
Micro
topography/
terrain
25, Drought
26
spells;
Watermgt
system
Rice
Wheat/
Fruit
tree/
Fallow/
Poultry
Hazardtype/
impacts
AEZ
Farmingsystem
conditions
Primarytargetgroup
Table38:Replicationsuitabilityandrecommendation:PapayaCultivation
Low
No
no
increase
Not
recommended
6.12 CultivationofMaize
Background
Facing with recurrent drought and struggling with shortage of irrigation water, farmers of the
droughtpronebarindareaarealwaysinsearchofalternatives,technologies,cropstoenablethem
to cope with the situation. As common traits, farmers of the areas are looking for more drought
tolerant crops, which maintain higher yield level and require fewer inputs and are thus less time
intensivetechnologies.Inthecontextofunavailabilityofappropriatealternatives,Maizecomesas
an option despite several demerits. The crop was recommended for the farming community for
cultivationintherabi2006andtheprojectdemonstratedthepracticeinthefieldoffewfarmers.
Demonstrationsofmaizeproductionwereestablishedinrelativelymarginallandthathadlittleorno
opportunityforuseinthesameseason.Thedemonstrationswereonlyimplementedinfewareasof
Nachole and Gomostapur upazilas. A high yielding variety of maize was transplanted and other
managementactivitiesweredoneaccordingtotheproductionroutine.
Intherabi2006seasononly6demonstrationswereexecutedin6farmersfieldsinthepilotvillages
oftwoupazilas.
270farmersparticipatedinthedemonstrations,and25ofthemalsoimplementedthetechnology
ontheirown.
Table39:ImplementationofMaizeCultivation
Sl.
No.
Parameters
2 Totalno.offarmersbenefited(directly)
3 option(ha)
4 thetechnology
Nachole
3
3
Upazilas
Gomostapur
3
3
Total
6
6
1.2
1.36
2.56
120
150
270
10
15
25
5 replicatedthetechnologyonowncost
Resultsandbenefits
Thebenefitsreceivedbythefarmersfromthedemonstrationsintermsofyieldandeconomicswere
satisfactory compared to traditional practice and other varieties. In addition, the maize provided
somefodderforthecattleandfuelforthefarmingfamilies.
40
Table40:EconomicbenefitsofMaizeCultivation
Sl.
No.
Parameters
2 Yieldfromdemonstration(kg)
Nachole
Upazilas
Gomostapur
15411
15600
12113.67
2700
3279
2335.55
18750
22446
16092.18
Average/ha
Although maize has a strong adaptive capacity in most of the geographical and hazardous areas,
therearenegativeaspectstothecultivation:Maizeisanexhaustivecropthatdepletesmostofthe
nutrientsofthesoilandthusleavesthelandveryunproductiveforthefollowingseasons.
Farmersfeedback
Farmerswhocarriedoutthedemonstrationsadmittedthattheyneededtoaddmoremanureand
fertilizers for subsequent cropping to compensate the loss of soil fertility during maize cultivation
thatincurredsubstantialamountmoneybythefarmers.
After one season of demonstration, the project discontinued the activity based on the feedback
fromthefarmersandconsideringotherenvironmentalimplicationslikelossofsoilfertility,require
increasedamountofchemicalfertilizersthatcostsadditionalmoneyforfarmers.Timewasalsotoo
short, to discuss the suitability of the option with other stakeholders, in particular scientists. The
optionshouldnotbepromotedfurther,
41
No
No/marginal
increaseofGHG
emission
25US$
Recommendation
(remarks)
Economicand
socialfeasibility
Small/
medium
farmers
withland
ownership
Justificationfor
replication
IncreaseofCC
resilience
High
barind
tract
Irri
gated/
rain
fed
Investmentcostsfor
replication
lossof
crops
Micro
topography/
terrain
25, Drought
26
spells;
Watermgt
system
Rice
Rice/Wh
eat
Hazardtype/
impacts
AEZ
Farmingsystem
conditions
Primarytargetgroup
Table41:Replicationsuitabilityandrecommendation:MaizeCultivation
No
Yes
no
increase
Not
recommended
6.13 EstablishmentofMiniNursery
Background
The impacts of climate variability and change are critical in the northwestern high barind tract
wheredroughtspellsarebecomingmorefrequentandintense.Duetotheincreasingtemperature
and change in the rainfall pattern, the vast area is left barren in the severe drought months. One
practicable livelihood adaptation strategy is establishing mini nursery for tree sapling production
thereby encouraging community for planting trees in order to increase green coverage of the
drought prone area which will increase moisture retention capacity of the soil, ensure water
infiltrationandreducesoilerosion.Thehugenumberoftreeinthedroughtpronebarindlandwill
serveasabigsinkforthecarbondioxideandcarbonfixation.Theactivityisalsoasuitableoptionfor
increasing the resilience of the farming community, especially in the drought ridden food and
incomedeficientperiodoftheyear,byensuringemploymentandearningopportunitiesthroughout
theyear.
Farmers who can afford some land, have time and family labour and are able to spend additional
money in the enterprise were selected for the mini nursery demonstrations. About 0.26 ha were
selectedclosetothehomesteadsothatthemembersofthefarmingfamilycanlookafterandwork
their conveniently. Selected farmers were provided with one day practical training on the
establishment and management of the nursery from the experts of Horticulture Training and
DemonstrationCenter,ChapaiNawabganj.
Inordertoenablethefarmertoinitiatethenurseryactivities,seed,otherplantingmaterials,nursery
equipmentsandtoolswereprovidedfromtheprojectasassetsforthebusiness.
With24farmingfamilies,tilltheendofKharifII2007,24mininurserieswereestablishedin12pilot
villagesofproject.
Table42:ImplementationofMiniNurseryEstablishment
Sl.No.
1
2
3
4
Parameters
Totalno.ofmininursery
established
Totalno.offarmfamilybenefited
(directly)
Areaoflandbroughtnursery
demonstration(ha)
Numberofvarietiesof
sapling/seedlingsgrown
participatedinthedemonstration
ofthetechnology
cost
Nachole
Porsha
Total
24
24
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
5.84
15
33
Upazilas
Gomostapur Sapahar
42
Resultsandbenefits
The average additional income per farming family (4000 BDT/ha) from a mini nursery is not very
high,butitprovidesanincentivefortheleanseasonoftheyearespeciallyinthedroughtmonths
when farming communities are left with minimum or no income opportunity. Therefore, this
amountofmoneyprovidesthemsomeflexibilityfortheirtotallivelihoodsupportsystem.
Themininurseryenterpriseenablesthelocalcommunitytogetsaplingandseedlingstobegrownin
the homestead and on public places cheaper and easier than from outside. It encourages the
community people to establish more tree plantation in the drought prone areas which is critically
importanttoincreasethegreencoverage.
Table43:EconomicbenefitsofMiniNurseryEstablishment
Upazilas
Sl.No.
Parameters
1 Costofnurseryestablishment
Totalnumberofsaplingand
2 seedlingsgrown
Totalnumberofsaplingand
3 seedlingssold
Totalamountofsalefromthe
4 nursery(BDT)
Nachole
93000
Gomostapur
93000
Sapahar
93000
Porsha
93000
Average/
ha
63698.63
30000
35000
25000
17000
18321.92
500
1135
700
600
502.57
4500
10000
4600
4500
4041.09
Thebarindareaisdominatedbyfewvarietiesoffruitandtimbertreesandscarcityofirrigationlimit
productionandplantationoftrees.Thenurserieswhenfocusingonproducingdroughtresistanttree
saplingswasnotviableeconomicallyandamorediversifiedrangeofcropsmustbeofferedtothe
community and market by the nursery owners. Introduction and promotion of more suitable and
acceptablevarietiesofsaplingsandseedlingsataffordablepricesisconsideredamoresustainable
approachofthenurserybusiness.
The northwestern drought barind region is less green with trees. Tree plantations in the drought
proneareaserveasasinkforthecarbondioxideandcarbonfixationandthuscontributetoclimate
change mitigation. They also conserve moisture in the soil and therefore increase ground water
availabilitywhichiscriticallyimportantofthedroughtpronearea.
Farmersfeedback
The amount of net return from the nursery enterprise did not convince the farming families. The
persistentwatercrisesaroundtheareabecomealsoalimitingfactorfortheproductionofsaplings
in huge amounts. Farmers recommended more financial support for a longer period that would
facilitatethemtomakethebusinesssustainableandafterwardstheycouldbuildonthat.
43
Accessibilityofwaterandoperationalfundsaretwomajorfactorsfornurserybusinessespeciallyin
thebarindarea.Forfurtherpromotionofthenurseryenterprise,itshouldbeestablishedinanarea
orlandwhereirrigationwaterisavailablethroughouttheyear.
Thegeneralchoiceofthebarindpeopleismangoorjujubesaplings.Anynurserybusinessproducing
and running only on the mango and/or jujube is risky. Therefore, possibilities of diversifying with
otherspeciesandvarietiesandtheirmarketpotentialshouldbelookedintobeforeestablishingany
nurseryasanalternativeincomegeneratingactivityforthefarmers.
Forthemomenttheprojectmaynotwanttopromotethetechnology.However,interestedfarmers
having enough space, water and ability to takeup as an alternative livelihood support enterprise
maybefacilitatedwithinformationandminimuminputsupports.Themarketfeasibilityshouldalso
betakenintoconsiderationbeforeestablishinganysuchactivity.
lossof
crops
No/marginal
increaseofGHG
emission
High
Recommendation
(remarks)
Economicand
socialfeasibility
Poor/
125US
small
$
farmers
withland
ownership
Justificationfor
replication
IncreaseofCC
resilience
Highand
low
barind
tract
Irri
gated
Investmentcostsfor
replication
Micro
topography/
terrain
25, Drought
26
spells;
Watermgt
system
Rice
Wheat/
Vege
tables/
Fruit
tree/
Fallow
Hazardtype/
impacts
AEZ
Farmingsystem
conditions
Primarytargetgroup
Table44:Replicationsuitabilityandrecommendation:MiniNurseryEstablishment
High
Yes
no
increase
Recommended
withassured
watersupplyand
marketpotential
6.14 MangoGardening
Background
In the barind tract of Bangladesh, fruit trees are cultivated as a viable strategy to reduce drought
impact. Fruit tree such as mango thrive well in the drought prone environment and are
recommendedintheuplandsofthebarindtract.Thistreespeciesissuitabletobeintercroppedwith
T.Amanandbororiceaswellaswithvegetables,allowingforadiversificationofthehouseholddiet.
Tree plantation is a way of securing the growth of cash crops that may constitute an alternative
source of income in moments of crisis, especially if high value crops are chosen. Besides being a
source of wood fuel, a greater presence of trees contributes to decreasing temperatures and to
increasingrainfall,thuscontrastingthenegativeenvironmentalimpactofdeforestation.Farmersof
the project area proposed the option and based on the farmers need the local agriculture office
44
recommended the option in order to diversify the cropping field and also to ensure farmers
economicbenefit.
Farmers who had minimum of 0.13 ha rice field were selected for the mango gardening
demonstration.Mostlymarginalorhighlandwaschosen.
TilltheendofKharifII2007,8mangogardenswereestablishedin8farmersfieldsin6pilotvillages
ofproject.
Table45:ImplementationofMangoGardening
Total
Upazilas
Sl.
No.
1
2
3
4
Parameters
Totalno.ofmangogarden
demonstrationsestablished
(directly)
option(ha)
thetechnology
cost
Sapahar
Porsha
0.52
0.52
1.04
15
30
45
Resultsandbenefits
Themangotreewasonlyafewmonthsoldandcouldnotattainfruitingstage.Therefore,noyield
andeconomicreturncouldberecorded.
Noparticularclimatic/environmentalbenefitscouldbeidentified.
Farmersfeedback
Farmers were very satisfied and claimed to get more and bigger gardens in their area to support
theirlivelihoodandincreasetheirresilienceincurrentclimaterelatedproblemsandfuturerisks.
The activity was stopped after one season demonstration based on project analysis that mango
plantationisanautonomousadaptationspreadingrapidlywhichcanposeafuturethreatfortherice
productionofthearea.Therefore,promotionthroughtheprojectseemednottobenecessaryand
also not reasonable. The project anticipated that under changing climatic conditions, high
temperatureinducedsynchronizedmaturitymayleadtopricedrop.Further,itthreatenstoreplace
45
rice completely causing food insecurity and aggravate monga (seasonal famine conditions).
Moreover,mangoplantationfavoursrichfarmersorlandowners,whilepoorandlandlessfarmers
whoselltheirlabourinricecultivationmonthsmayloosetheirjobsifthericefieldsareengulfedby
themangoplantation.
A study on the impact of the autonomous mango cultivation on market prices and livelihood
opportunitiesinviewofclimatechangeandfuturethreatsmaybeconsidered(outsidetheproject).
Thepromotionofthetechnologyshouldbediscontinued.
lossof
crops
No/marginal
increaseofGHG
emission
Me
dium
Recommendation
(remarks)
Economicand
socialfeasibility
Small/
225US
medium
$
farmers
withland
ownership
Justificationfor
replication
IncreaseofCC
resilience
High
barind
tract
Rain
Fed
Investmentcostsfor
replication
Micro
topography/
terrain
25, Drought
26
spells;
Watermgt
system
Rice
Wheat/
Vege
tables/
Fruit
tree/
Fallow
Hazardtype/
impacts
AEZ
Farmingsystem
conditions
Primarytargetgroup
Table46:Replicationsuitabilityandrecommendation:MangoGardening
No
Me
dium
no
increase
Not
recommended
6.15 ImprovedStove
Background
In Bangladesh every year more than 39 million tons of traditional fuels are used for cooking and
otherpurposes,andthefiguresarerisingduetopopulationgrowth.About50%ofthefuelcomes
from agricultural residues, depriving the soil from organic matter and essential micro nutrients.
Increasedneedforfuelwoodencouragesdeforestation,increasingenvironmentaldegradation.The
situation is even worse in the drought prone northwestern districts where almost 100% of rice
strawandcowdungareburnttomeethouseholdlevelfuelneeds,resultingindecliningsoilfertility.
The use of appropriate appliances such as improved stoves, being promoted by the project, may
diminishtheneedforfuelandimproveenergyefficiency,thussavingwood,organicmatter,money
aswellascookingtime.Byreleasinglessgreenhousegasi.e.carbondioxide,italsocontributesto
climatechangemitigation.Therefore,improvedstovesactasawinwinsituationinadaptationand
mitigation.
46
Farming families who have been using traditional stoves and are unable to cope with the current
criticalshortageoffuelwoodswereselectedfortheoption.Theoptionwasmainlymanagedbythe
femalemembersofthefamily.Improvedstoveswerepromotedasayearroundadaptationoption.
A local technician was trained from the project on the making of improved stove. The technician
movedaroundtheprojectareaandmadethestovewithnominalfees.Themodelfollowedbythe
projectwastakenformBangladeshCouncilofScientificandIndustrialResearch(BCSIR).Theoption
wasimplementedintheKharifIseason(AprilJuly)of2007.
TilltheendofKharifII2007,28improvedstovesweremadein28farmingfamiliesin12pilotvillages
ofproject.
Beyondtheprojectfarmingfamilies,165familieswereexposedtotheimprovedstovetechnology
whiletheyvisitedthedemonstrationandamongthemabout15havetakenupthetechnologyfor
theirfamilyuse.
Table47:ImplementationoftheImprovedStove
Sl.
No.
Parameters
1 Totalno.ofimprovedstovemade
Totalno.offarmfamilybenefited
2 (directly)
3 cost
4 participatedinthedemonstration
Nachole
10
Upazilas
Gomostapur Sapahar
6
6
Porsha
6
Total
28
10
28
15
25
50
40
50
165
Porsha
Average/
stove
Results,benefitsandlessons
Table48:EconomicbenefitsoftheImprovedStove
Sl.
No.
Parameters
Costofmakingoneimprovedstove
(BDT)
Amountoffuelrequiredforcooking
perday(kg)
Amountoffuelsavedperdayin
cookingbyimprovedstove
comparedtotraditionalstove(%)
Amountoftimesavedperdayin
Amountofmoneysavedperdayin
Nachole
Upazilas
Gomostapur Sapahar
10000
6000
6000
6000
1000
75
45
54
48
7.99
30
30
25
33
.29.5
35
30
30
35
32.5
35
30
30
35
32.5
47
AfarmingfamilyspentonlyaboutBDT1000(lessthan15US$)formakinganimprovedstove.
Asignificantamountoffuelcanbesavedfromcookingbyanimprovedstove.Itwasfoundthata
farmingfamilyusedaround12kgoffuelperdayinatraditionalstoveforcooking.Intheimproved
stove they used only 7.99 kg of fuel in the improved stove per day. It was estimated that about
29.5%offuelwassavedincookingbytheimprovedstove.Fuelusedforthehouseholdcookingis
generallycowdungstick,cakeandtreetwigsorbranches.Thesavedamountofcowdungcanbe
usedinthecropfieldtoimprovesoilfertilityandthesavingoftreesinthebarindareaisanother
environmentalbenefit.Thusthetechnologyprovidesmultiplebenefitsincludingmoneysavingsfrom
buying fuel and chemical fertilizer, improvement of soil fertility and reduced fuel wood
requirements.
A woman takes about 6 hours per day for cooking family meals with a traditional stove while she
takes 4 to 4.25 hours with the improved stove. The amount of time saved in cooking by the
improved stove in comparison to the traditional stove is 1.75 to 2 hours i.e. 32.5%. Traditionally,
Bangladeshiwomentakecareofthefamilyfood,childrenandotherhouseholdactivities.Bysaving
timefromcooking,awomancanspendmoretimeintheotherfamilyactivitiesespeciallytakingcare
of small children, the elderly and other family well beings which are important aspects of the
traditionalrurallives.
Thetechnologycontributestoclimatechangemitigationthroughreducedenergyneedsforchemical
fertilizerproductionandthereducedextractionoffuelwoodthatserveasacarbonsink.Therelease
of less smoke also implies reduced emissions of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide thus also
contributing to climate change mitigation. Improved stove is a winwin technology both for
adaptationandmitigation.
Due to the structure of the improved stove, it releases less smoke and transports it out of the
kitchenthroughexhaustpipe,incontrasttothetraditionalstovewithopenmouth.Improvedstove
therefore leaves the kitchen and home environment smoke free, clean and healthy and the
cook/womanfeelscomfortablewhilecookingwiththeimprovedstove.
Farmersfeedback
As an improved appliance in cooking, the improved stove has been greatly appreciated by the
project farming families. They rated the performance of the stove as very high. However,
considering the cost of making, they proposed to make some changes especially in the materials.
Accordingtothefarmingfamily,insteadofcementsoil/mudmaybeusedformakingthestove.
Ahighdemandfortheimprovedstovehasalreadybeenobservedinthecommunity,meaninghigh
potentialforlateralexpansionispossibleintheprojectarea.Yetthecostofmakingastoveremains
ahurdle,in particular forthe poorfamilies.Therefore,bringingsome changes in thematerials for
making stove and introducing some low cost materials may enhance the acceptance in the
community.
48
Furtherassessmentcouldaddressalsotheamountofcowdungsavedandusedforthecropfield,
theamount ofmoneysavedfrombuyingchemical fertilizer andthe amountofemissionsreduced
throughsavingsinchemicalfertilizer.
Thepromotionoftheoptionshouldbecontinued.Thestoveissuitableforfarmerandcommunity
people of all socioeconomic classes. However, using local and low cost materials for making the
stovewouldencouragemorehouseholds,especiallythepoorer,toimplementtheoption.
all
farmers
15US$
High
No/marginal
increaseofGHG
emission
Economicand
socialfeasibility
Justificationforreplication Recommendation
(remarks)
IncreaseofCC
resilience
Micro
topography/
terrain
Watermgt
system
Investmentcostsfor
replication
Hazardtype/
impacts
AEZ
Farmingsystem
conditions
Primarytargetgroup
Table49:Replicationsuitabilityandrecommendation:ImprovedStove
High
Yes
noincrease
(reduction)
Idealfor
promotioninany
areaofthe
country(ideally
combinedwith
FYM)
CONCLUSIONS
Theprojectimplementedthedemonstrationsoftheadaptationoptionsatthefarmersfieldinclose
partnership with the farmers with technical support from the research institutes and other
organizations.Theprojecthasbeenabletosensitizethefarmingcommunitytowardsacceptingthe
fact that the climate variability and change will further exacerbate their agricultural practices and
otherlivelihoodstrategiesinthefourbarindupazilasandthatsuitableadaptationmeasuresneedto
be implemented to address the problem. Some positive results and effects are evident in the
farmingfamiliesattheendofthe1stphaseoftheproject.Theresultobtainedandlessonsgathered
so far are valuable for implementation of the adaptation options in the 2nd and 3rd phase of the
project.
Morethan292demonstrationsof15viableadaptationtechnologieswereimplementedin5seasons
(Rabi 2005 to Kharif II 2007) in 4 project upazilas. The demonstrations of the adaptation options
wereimplementedinthefarmersfieldsaspertheseasonalcycleandthetechnicalguidelinesofthe
research institutes and organizations. Once the demonstrations were established in the farmers
field,theywerefollowedupandmonitoredonaregularbasisbytheresponsibleofficersandfield
staff.
49
Table 50 summarizes theadditional yieldandresulting economicbenefits received by thefarmers

fromthe adaptationtechnologiestested.2Theadditional yield gained from the implementation of
the technologies demonstrated is substantial. The economic return from the sale value of the
productfromtheadaptationtechnologiesisalsoconsiderable.
Table50:Summaryoftheadditionalyieldandeconomicbenefitsreceivedbythefarmersfromthe
adaptationtechnologiestestedintheirfields
Sl.
No.
Nameoftheadaptation
option/technology
Agronomicmanagement
1
Dryseedbedmethodforraising
riceseedlings
Waterharvesting
2
(5mX5mX2m)
3
(10mX10mX2m)
Wateruseefficiency
4
Impactofwatersaturatedsoil
conditiononricecultivation
5
Cropintensification
6
CultivationofshortdurationT.
Amanasanalternative
technology
7
CultivationofChickpeaafterT.
Aman
Alternativecrop/livelihoodenterprise
8
EstablishmentofJujubegarden
(66plants)
9
Homesteadvegetablegardening
10
CultivationofPapaya
11
CultivationofMaize
12
EstablishmentofMininursery5
Total
Additionalyieldgainedfromthe
implementationofthe
technology(kg)/ha3
receivedfromthe
implementationofthe
technology(BDT)/ha4
Irrigated
Nonirrigated
village
village
Irrigated
village
Nonirrigated
village
n/a
292
n/a
2922
n/a
1697
n/a
16977
n/a
1761
n/a
17616
189
n/a
2167
n/a
n/a
251
n/a
8452
n/a
387
n/a
3871
n/a
55
n/a
1481
88
176
2635
5288
18572
650
778
n/a
20277
26828
1735
1557
n/a
34739
91860
4137
5364
1229
107392
132695
11000
10728
2458
213488
Thetabledoesnotshowtheresultsforalloptionstested:Jujubegardening(25plants),mangogardening,mangoorchard
managementwereestablishedintheKharifIIseason(JulyOctober)of2007andtheplantsdidnotstartproducingfruits.
Therefore,yielddatacouldnotbecollected.Farmyardmanure(FYM)waspromotedtoencouragefarmerstouseorganic
matterinthecropfield.Yieldperformanceofcropsusingthemanureofthetechnologieswasnotassessed.
3
Yieldgaininunitarea(ha)incomparisontothelandinprevioususe/traditionalpractice.
4
Incomegaininunitarea(ha)incomparisontothelandinprevioususe/traditionalpractice.
5
Yieldsfromthenurseryarenotincludedinthetable.Intotal,107000saplingsandseedlingshavebeenproducedfrom24
mininurseries.
50
RECOMMENDATIONSFORFUTUREPROMOTIONANDREPLICATIONOFTHEADAPTATION
OPTIONS
Based on the farmers feedback, assessment from the field level officers and response from the
community people, which have been described in the previous chapters, a summary of the
adaptationtechnologiesisfollowed.
Aspertheoverallassessmentandconclusionjujubegardening,excavationofminipond,homestead
vegetablecultivation, T.Aman and chick pea cropping patternand improvedstove are among the
mostpreferredadaptationtechnologiespromotedbytheproject.
Recommendation for promotion and replication to the similar areas and upazilas are suggested
based on the over all performance and acceptance ratings of the adaptation technologies. The
suitabilityandtherecommendationforfurtherreplicationofthevariousadaptationoptionstested
arepresentedbelowinTable51.
8.1
TechnicalRobustnesstoFurtherImproveAdaptationOptions
At this stage of the project after having done field trials at various agroecological setting and
diverse socioeconomic groups of farmers, some innovative approaches of testing the options
withacombinationofpracticesarecalledfor.Farmerscouldgetaleverageofyield,economic
benefits as well as climate change resilience by undertaking several adaptation options at the
sametimewhicharemutuallysupportive.
Theprojectbelievesinandmaintainsalivingprocessofcontinuallydevelopingandupdatingthe
AdaptationOptionsMenuwithtechnologicalpractices.
Climatic and other relevant data and information on salinity, soil nutrients, hightide and low
tidefromthelocallevel,community,upazilaagricultureofficeandlocalmeteorologicaloffices
shouldberegularlycollectedanddocumentedforuseintheseasonalandotherreports.
8.2
MethodologicalAspectsoftheAdaptationDemonstrationProcess
One of the major limitations was to record and interpret the climate and other environment
related data and information in relation to the implementation of the adaptation
demonstrations.Limitedaccesstothedataandinformationatthelocallevelandabilitytouse,
interpretthesamehavebeenremainamajortaskstobetakenupinthenextphase.
Preparationandapplicationofacompletemonitoringprocessandtoolsforthe2ndphase(LACC
II) of the project will be critical to undertake periodic assessments of the project activities,
resultsandimpact.
The monitoring process, tools and sheet/formats need to be tailormade to all types of users
fromfarmerstothefieldstaffandprojectmanagementunit.Thedataandinformationhastobe
documentedandanalyzedandinformationandderivedknowledgehastobemadeaccessibleto
awideraudience.
Farmersperceivedopinionsaboutclimatechangeandvariabilityandtheirpotentialimpacton
theagriculturalsectorandotherlivelihoodventuresandhowtheprojectpromotedtechnologies
51
are being suitably adapted in this condition need to be critically appraised to understand the
qualitativechangeatthetheirlevel.
An indepth and thorough study of production, livelihood and marketing aspects, especially of
those potentially affected by climate change, should be undertaken to establish a long term
perspectiveespeciallyfortheareaconcerned.
The options identified in the farming community should be based on the real need of the
farmersandcommunityandmustberecommendedforthefieldtrialafterrigorousprocessof
validationwiththeexpertsandscientiststhatfollowsabottomupandtopdownapproach.
A periodic or annual evaluation of the tested options, by farmers, community people, union
representatives and upazila level officers, is needed for refinement and improvement of the
optionandrecommendationsregardingfurtherexpansionandadoption.
52
Table51:OverviewofSuitabilityandRecommendationforReplication
CCAOption
Suitableforreplicationunderthefollowingconditions
Agro
Hazardtype
Watermgt
Micro
ecological
and
system
topography/
zone(s)
impact(s)
terrain
Rice
25,26
Drought
Rainfed
Highbarind
Wheat/
spells;
tract
Pulse
lossofcrops
Mango
RiceRice/
Irrigated/
Highandlow
25,26
Drought
Wheat/
rainfed
barindtract
spells;
Pulse
lossofcrops
Mango
RiceRice/
Irrigated
Highbarind
25,26
Drought
Wheat/
tract
spells;
Pulse
lossofcrops
Mango
Farming
System
Dryseedbed
methodfor
raisingrice
seedlings
Farmyard
manure
Management
ofmango
orchard
Excavationof
minipond
Rice
Wheat/
Pulse
25,26
Drought
spells;
lossofcrops
Rainfed
Highandlow
barindtract
Impactof
water
saturatedsoil
conditionof
ricecultivation
Rice
Rice/Wheat
Cultivationof
linseed
Rice
Wheat/
Pulse/Oils
25,26
Drought
spells;
lossofcrops
Rainfed
Cultivationof
shortduration
T.Amanasan
alternative
technology
Rice
Wheat/
Pulse
25,26
Drought
spells;
lossofcrops
Rainfed
25,26
Drought
spells;
lossofcrops
Irrigated
Highandlow
barindtract
Highbarind
tract
Highandlow
barindtract
Justificationforreplication
Increase
Economic
Noor
ofCC
and
marginal
resilience
social
increaseof
feasibility
GHG
emission
High
Yes
No
increase
Primary
target
group
Investment
costsfor
replication
Environ
mental
benefits
Poor/
medium
farmers
15US$
High
Poor/
medium
farmers
30US$
High
High
Yes
No
increase
Idealassingle
optionor
combinedwith
improvedstove
Medium/
wealthier
farmers
50US$
Medium
Medium
No
No
increase
Notrecommended
Poor/
medium
farmers
withland
ownership
Poor/
medium
farmers
withland
ownership
60100US$
High
High
Yes
No
increase
Highly
recommendedas
adaptationoption
60US$
High
Medium
Yes
Marginal
increase
Recommendedas
adaptationoption
withsecured
irrigation(from
minipond)
Poor
(share
cropper)
farmers
20US$
High
Medium
Yes
Poor/
medium
farmers
withland
ownership
90US$
High
High
Yes
53
(useof
energy
irrigation)
No
increase
No
increase
Recommendation
(remarks)
Recommendedfor
furthertrialwith
littlechangesin
technology
Highly
recommendedas
adaptationoption
Highly
recommendedas
adaptationoption
Cultivationof
chickpeaafter
T.Aman
Rice
Wheat/
Pulse
25,26
Drought
spells;
lossofcrops
Rainfed
Highandlow
barindtract
Homestead
vegetable
gardening
Jujube
gardening
Cultivationof
papaya
Cultivationof
maize
Vegetables/
fruittree/
timber
tree/
livestock/
Poultry
Rice
Wheat/
Fruittree/
Fallow
25,26
Rice
Wheat/
Fruittree/
Fallow/
Poultry
Rice
Rice/Wheat
25,26
Drought
spells;
lossofcrops
Irrigated/
rainfed
Highandlow
barindtract
25,26
Drought
spells;
lossofcrops
Rainfed
Highandlow
barindtract
Drought
spells;
lossofcrops
Irrigated/
rainfed
Highandlow
barindtract
25,26
Drought
spells;
lossofcrops
Irrigated
Highbarind
tract
Establishment
ofmininursery
Mango
gardening
Improved
stove
Rice
Wheat/
Vegetables/
Fruittree/
Fallow
Rice
Wheat/
Vegetables/
Fruittree/
Fallow
25,26
Drought
spells;
lossofcrops
Irrigated/
rainfed
Highandlow
barindtract
25,26
Drought
spells;
lossofcrops
Rainfed
Highbarind
tract
Poor/
medium
farmers
withland
ownership
Poor/
medium
farmers
withland
ownership
60US$
Poor/
medium
farmers
withland
ownership
2560US$
Small/
medium
farmers
withland
ownership
Small/
medium
farmers
withland
ownership
Poor/
small
farmers
withland
ownership
Small/
medium
farmers
withland
ownership
Allcategory
offarmers
130US$
High
High
Yes
54
Highly
recommendedas
adaptationoption
20US$
High
High
Yes
No
increase
Highly
recommendedas
adaptationoption
High
High
Yes
No
increase
Highly
recommendedas
adaptationoption
Medium
Low
No
No
increase
Notrecommended
No
increase
Notrecommended
No
increase
Recommended
withassured
watersupplyand
marketpotential
No
increase
Notrecommended
No
increase
Idealfor
promotioninany
areaofthe
country
25US$
No
No
Yes
125US$
High
High
Yes
225US$
Medium
No
Medium
15US$
High
High
Yes
No
increase

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