TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS

PAGE NO.

CANDIDATE DECLARATION

ii

CERTIFICATE

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

iv

LIST OF FIGURES

v -vi

ABSTRACT

vii

CHAPTER 1. TRANSFORMERS BASICS

1. Voltage Transformer Basics

2. Single Phase Voltage Transformer

3. Transformer Construction (single-phase)

3.1 A Transformers Turns Ratio

3.2 Transformer Basics Example No1

3.3 Transformer Basics Example No2

3.4 Transformer Action

3.5 Transformer Basics Example No3

CHAPTER 2. Electrical Power in a Transformer

1. Introduction

1. Power in a Transformer

2. Transformer Basics Efficiency

3. Transformer Efficiency

4. Transformer Efficiency Triangle

10

5. Summary

10

6. Basic Representation of the Transformer

11

CHAPTER 3. Transformer Construction

12

1. Introduction

12

2. Transformer Construction of the Core

13

3. Transformer Core Construction

13

4. Transformer Laminations

14

5. Transformer Core Types

14

6. Transformer Winding Arrangements

15

7. Transformer Dot Orientation

16

7.1 Transformer Construction using Dot Orientation

17

7.2 Transformer Primary Tap Changes

18

8. Transformer Core Losses

18

8.1 Hysteresis Losses

18

8.2 Eddy Current Losses

18

8.3 Laminating the Iron Core

19

8.4 Copper Losses

19

CHAPTER 4. Transformer Loading

21

1. Introduction

21

2. Transformer No-load Condition

21

3. Transformer Loading Example No1

22

4. Transformer On-load

23

5. Transformer Ratio

24

6. Transformer Loading Current

25

7. Transformer Loading Example No1

26

8. Combining Transformer Impedances

28

9. Transformer Voltage Regulation

28

CHAPTER 5. TRANSFORMER TESTING

30

1. Open Circuit Test on Transformer

30

2. Short Circuit Test on Transformer

31

3. Type Test and Routine Test of Transformer

33

3.1 Type of Transformer Testing

33

3.2 Type Test of Transformer

33

3.2 Routine Tests of Transformer

33

3.3 Special Tests of Transformer

33

3.4 Pre Commissioning Test of Transformer

34

3.5 Transformer Winding Resistance Measurement

35

4. Transformer Ratio Test

35

5. Magnetic Balance Test of Transformer

36

6. Magnetizing Current Test of Transformer

37

7. Vector Group Test of Transformer

38

a. Insulation Resistance Test or Megger Test of Transformer

38

8. Dielectric Tests of Transformer

39

9. Induced Voltage Test of Transformer

39

10. Temperature Rise Test of Transformer

40

CHAPTER 6. DIFFERENT TEST ON TRANSFORMER

41

1. Vector Group Test of Transformer

41

2. Insulation Dielectric Test of Transformer

44

3. Separate Source Voltage Withstand Test of Transformer

44

4. Induced Voltage Test of Transformer

46

5. Impulse Test of Transformer

47

5.1 Lightning Impulse

47

5.2 Switching Impulse

48

5.3 Performance of Impulse Test

49

5.4 Connection of Impulse Test

50

REFERENCES

52