25

CONNECTIONS

Total force below neutral axis is also equal to F and acts in the opposite direction. These two forces forms
a couple and resist the applied moment. Let M be the factored applied moment. Then
M = Force x Lever arm
M =

nP 2
IV
n
x nP
2 Pln-1 2 3

VPn3
6(n - 1 )
6M n - :
n =
VP n

M =

This approximation is on safer side. If there are two vertical lines of bolts, a value of 2V is used and
n obtained is the number pf bolts required in each vertical line. After arranging the bolts, the connection
is checked for its safety.

DESIGN OF BEARING BOLTS SUBJECTED TO ECCENTRIC LOADING CAUSING

MOMENT IN THE PLANE PERPENDICULAR TO THE PLANE OF GROUP OF BOLTS
The tensile force m a bolt Tbi xS proportional to its distance yi from the line of rotation.
i.e.
Tb = Kv, where K is constant

Total moment of resistance M' provided by bolts in tension.

Tu;
y>
Tbl

.-. Total tensile force in bolts

2>?

= ET t i

m%Yi
o
z ^
-

For equilibrium,
Total tensile force = Total compressive force
T - C
Taking moment about Neutral axis (N-A)

M'2>i
Zyf

2 h
M = M' + C x - x 3 7
M'Tyj
2 ,
M = M'+
' xh
21
I>f
M = M'
M'

F_:.S.. MASTER
Institute for Engineers

IFS/GATE/PSUs

1 +

2h X Z l
2i y ?

O f f i c e : F-126, Katwaria Sarai, New Delhi - 110 016

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S T E E L LIMIT STATES

26

This type of connection is shown below.

^et P be factored load at an eccentricity 'e\ Then the section is subjected to a direct shear force P and
moment M = P x e.
If there are n' number of bolts in the connection, direct design shear force on each bolt is given by

The moment causes tension in top portion of the connection and compression in the bottom portion. On
tension side, only bolts resist load but on compression side entire contact zone between the columns and
the connecting angle resist the load. Hence the neutral axis will be much below in these connections.
It is assumed to lie at a height of ~ t l j of the depth of the bracket measured from the bottom edge of
the angle. Hence M' is found, now tensile force Tb in extreme bolt can be found.
Then the interaction equation of shear and tension is checked
i.e.

VTdh )

<1.0

Steps to be followed in the Design

Step 1 : Select nominal diameter'd' of bolts.
Step 2 : Adopt a pitch (P) of 2.5 d to 3d for bolts.
Step 3 : Bolts are to be provided in two vertical rows. Number of bolts necessary in each row is
computed from the expression
n

6M

(2 V) P
where M is the moment on the joint and V is the design strength of bolt.
Step 4 : Find the direct shear and tensile forces acting on the extreme bolt. Check whether the
interaction formula is satisfied.

These are the bolts made of high tensile steel which are pretensioned and then provided with nuts. The
nuts are clamped also. Hence resistance to shear force is mainly by friction.
There are two types of HSFG bolts. They are parallel shank and waisted shank type.
F S MASTER
Institute for Engineers

lES/GATE/PSUs

O f f i c e : F-126, Katwaria Sarai, New Delhi - 110 016

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27

CONNECTIONS

Parallel shank HSFG bolts are designed for no-slip at serviceability loads. Hence they slip at higher
loads and slip into bearing at ultimate load. Hence such bolts should be checked for their bearing
strength at ultimate load.
Waisted shank HSFG bolts are designed for no slip even at ultimate load and hence there is no need
to check for their bearing strength.
IS 800-2007 recommends use of the following expression for finding nominal shear capacity of HSFG
(Parallel shank or waisted shank) bolts :
V

nsf

^lfneKhF0

where,
\i{ = Coefficient of friction (called slip factor) given in table below
ne = Number of effective interfaces offering frictional resistance to the slip
[Note : ne = 1 for Lap joints and 2 for double cover bult joints]
K^ = 1.0 for fasteners in clearance holes
= 0.85 for fasteners in oversized and short slotted holes and for long slotted holes loaded
perpendicular to the slot.
= 0.70 for fasteners in long slotted holes loaded parallel to the slot.
F0 = Minimum bolt tension at installation and may be taken as A nb f 0
2
A * = Net area of the bolt at threads (= 0.78 - d ).

Proof stress = 0.70 fub

Typical Average Values for Coefficient of Friction (mf)
si
No,

Treatment o f S u r f a c e

CM

(2)

i)
m
ni)
iv)

Coefficient
of Friction,

Mt

(3)

Surfaces not treated

Surfaces blasted with short or grit with
any loose rust removed, no pitting
Surfaces blasted with shoe or grit and
hot-dip galvanized
Surfaces biasced with shot or grit and
spray-roeteUized with zinc (thickness

0.20
0.50

OJO

50-70 jum)

v)

Surfaces blasted with shot or grit and

painted with ethylene silicate mm
(thickness 3 0 - 6 0 f $ n )

Vi>
vii)

Sand blasted surface, after light rusting

Surfaces blasted with shot or grit and
painted with eihyfzinc

vm)

silicate

0.30
0.52
0.30

coat

(thickness 6 0 - 8 0 /um)
Surfaces blasted with shot or grit md

0.30

painted with a lea I? z i n c mlxmw coal

(thickness 6 0 - 8 0 / i m )
ix)

Surface blasted with shot or grit and

spray

.metallized

with

(thickness > 5 0 p m )
X)

xi)
xti)

E.S MASTER
Institute for Engineers

lES/GATE/PSUs

Clean mill scale

Sand blasted surface
Red lead painted surface

0.50

aluminium

0.33
0.48
0J
Office: F-126, Katwaria Sarai, New Delhi - 110 016
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Phone: 011-41013406, 7838813406, 9711853908

28

STEEL LIMIT S T A T E S

The slip resistance should be taken as

V

YmF
where ymf = 1.10, if the slip resistance is designed at service load (Parallel shank HSFG)
sf

= 1.25, if the slip resistance is designed at ultimate load (waisted shank HSFG)
It may be noted that the reduction factors for capacity of bolts in case of long joints, large grip length,
packing plate of more than 6 mm thickness, specified for bearing type of bolts also applies to HSFG
bolts.
For commonly used HSFG bolts (Grade 8.8) yield stress f b = 640 MPa arid ultimate stress fub = 800
MPa.
S
The expression for tensile strength of HSFG bolt is same as that for bearing type bolts i.e.,
rp __ Minimum 0.9f u b A n

f yb A sb
<m /

Ymb

where, An = Area of bolt at root of thread ^ 0.78

nd2

71 , 9
A sb = Shank area = dw
Ymb = 1 - 2 5 ,

Y m

= 1.1

f ub for bolts of grade 8.8 is 800 MPa and f yb = 640 MPa

INTERACTION FORMULA FOR COMBINED SHEAR AND TENSIO

If bolts are under combined action of shear and axial tension, the interaction formula to be satisfied is
Vsf
V.df )

VTdf J

<1.0

In the design of HSFG bolts subjected to tensile forces,

an additional force called as prying force Q is to be
considered. These additional forces are due to flexibility
of connected plates. Consider the connection of a T-section
to a plate as shown in figure below, subject to tensile
force 2Te.
As tensile force acts, the flange of T-section bends in the
middle portion and presses connecting plate near bolts.
It gives rise to additional contact forces known as prying
forces. According to IS 800-2007 the prying force (Q) is
given by
Nfpb.t 4
L
Q = 2L T 2
i.E S MASTER
mstiuie ror Enaineers

E S GATE

D~U

O f f i c e : F-126, Katwaria Sarai, New Delhi - 110 016

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Phone: 011-41013406. 7838813406. 9711853908

29

CONNECTIONS

where

Q = Prying force
2Te = Total applied tensile force.
lv - distance from the bolt centre line to the toe of the fillet weld or to half the root radius
for a rolled section.
I - distance between prying force and bolt centreline and is the minimum of either the end
distance or the value given by:
I =

Lit

p = 2 for non pre-tensioned bolt and 1 for pretensioned bolts.

r| = 1.5

bg = effective width of flange per pair of bolts

fjj = proof stress in consistent units
t = thickness of the end plate
Note : that prying forces do not develop in case of ordinary bolts, since when bolt failure takes place contact
between the two connecting plates is lost

Grade and properties of bolts

TSiHi"

XT

4.6

210 MPa

400 MPa

4.8

320 MPa

420 MPa

5.6

300 MPa

500 MPa

5.8

400 MPa

520 MPa

8.8

640 MPa

800 MPa

EFFICIENCY OF A JOINT
It is defined as the ratio of strength of joint and strength
of solid plate in tension. It is usually expressed in
percentage. Thus,
S t r e n g t h fj o i n t
Efficienc
iciency r\ = Strength of solid
plate-100

i.E.S MASTER
Institute for Engineers

lES/GATE/PSUs

/Strength of solid plate:

/is in general governed(
>by yielding of plate

O f f i c e : F-126, Katwaria Sarai, New Delhi - 110 016

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30

STEEL LIMIT STATES

Welding consists of joining two pieces of metal by establishing a metallurgical bond between them. The
elements to be connected are brought closer and the metal is melted by means of electric arc or
oxyacetylene flame alongwith weld rod which adds metal to the joint. After cooling the bond is established
between the two elements.

There are three types of welded joints :

1.

Butt weld 2. Fillet weld

3. Slot weld and Plug weld

1. Butt Weld
Butt weld is also known as groove weld. Depending upon the shape of groove made for welding butt
welds.
Types of Butt Welds
(i) Square Butt weld on one side

(ii) Square butt weld on both side

(iii)

Single V butt joint

(iv)

Double V-butt joint

(v) Single U-butt joint

(vi)

Single bevel butt joint

(vii)

Single J-butt joint

2. Fillet Weld
Fillet weld is a weld of approximately triangular cross-section joining two surfaces approximately at
right angles to each other in lap joint, tee joint or corner joint.
I.E.S MASTFR
Institute for Engineers

iES/GATE/PSUs

O f f i c e : F - 1 2 6 , Katwaria Sarai, New Delhi - 110 016

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Phone: 011-41013406. 7838813406. 9711853908

CONNECTIONS

31

yToe

1
X
Leg
T
Root'

- r

- 7K\

M
Leg
size

Toe

kl
Leg size

When the cross-section of fillet weld is isoceles triangle with face at 45. It is known as standard fillet
weld. In special circumstances 60 and 30 angle are also used.
A fillet weld is known as concave fillet weld, convex fillet weld or as mitre fillet weld depending upon
the shape of weld face.

s Concave

s K

s N-

Mitre

Convex

3, Slot We!d and Plug Weld

Figure below shows a typical slot weld in which a plate with circular hole is kept with another plate
to be joined and then fillet welding is made along the periphery of the hole.
Fillet

'MM
Slot weld

Figure below shows typical plug welds in which small holes are made in one plate and is kept over
another plate to be connected and then the entire hole is filled with filler material.

Plug welds

E.S MASTER
Institute for Engineers

IFS/GATE/PSUs

O f f i c e : F-126, Katwaria Sarai, New Delhi - 110 016

Website: www.iesmaster.org, E-mail: ies_master@yahoo.co.in
Phone: 011-41013406, 7838813406, 9711853908

32

STEEL LIMIT STATES

PECIFiCATIONS FOR WELDING

Important specifications regarding butt weld, fillet weld and plug and slot weld as per IS 800-2007 are:
Butt Weld
1. The size of butt weld shall be specified by the effective throat thickness. In case of a complete
penetration butt weld it shall be taken as thickness of the thinner part joined. Double U, double
V, double J and double level butt welds may be generally regarded as complete pentration butt
welds.
The effective throat thickness in case of incomplete penetration butt weld shall be taken as the
minimum thickness of the weld metal common to the parts joined excluding .reinforcement. In the
absence of actual data it may be taken as 5/8th of thickness of thinner material.
2. The effective length of butt weld shall be taken as the length of full size weld.
3. The minimum length of butt weld shall be four times the size of the weld.
4. If intermittent butt welding is used, it shall have an effective length of not less than four times the
weld size and space between the two welds shall not be more than 16 times the thickness of the
thinner part joined.

1. Size of Fillet Weld

(a) The size of normal fillet weld shall be taken as the minimum weld leg size.
(b) For deep penetration welds with penetration not less than 2.4 mm, size of weld is minimum leg size
+ 2.4 mm.
(c) For fillet welds made by semi automatic or automatic processes with deep penetration more than
2.4 mm, if purchaser and contractor agree
S = minimum leg size + Actual penetration
2. Minimum size of fillet weld specified in 3 mm.
To avoid the risk of cracking in the absence of preheating the minimum size specified are :
For less than 10 mm thickness plate 3 mm
For 10 to 20 mm thickness palte 5 mm
For 20 to 32 mm thickness plate 6 mm

For 32 to 50 mm thickness plate 8 mm

3. Effective throat thickness : It shall not be less than 3 mm and shall not generally exceed
0.7 t (or t under special circumstances) where t is the thickness of the thinner plate at the elements
being welded.
If the face of plates being welded are inclined to each other, the effective throat thickness shall be
taken as K times the fillet size where K is as given in table below :
Values of K for Different Angles Between Fusion Faces
Angle Between Fusion Faces
Constant. K
Constant,

I.ES MASTER
Institute for Engineers-

lES/GATE/PSUs

o -f)0
6()-90
60

91-100
91M00 6

101-106

107-113

114-120
114-120

0.70

0.65

0.60

0.55

0.50

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