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r
, which are 10 for AES-128. Moreover, the last round n
does not make use of the MixColumn transformation, which
makes the encryption and decryption scheme symmetric. Each
transformation is brie?y described below.
Key Addition layer: A 128-bit round key, or sub kewhich has been derived from t
he main key in the keschedule, is XORed to the state.
Byte Substitution layer: Each element of the state non-linearly transformed usi
ng lookup tables with special
mathematical properties. This introduces confusion to the
data, i.e., it assures that changes in individual state bits
propagate quickly across the data path.
ShiftRows layer: it permutes the data on a byte level.
MixColumn layer: it is a matrix operation, which combines
(mixes) blocks of four bytes.
ShiftRows and MixColumn transformations perform diffusion
principle over all state bits.
For each round, Key Addition layer exploits a different sub