~ Design,Drilling, and Testing of a Deviated

HTHP Exploration Well in the North Sea

K.P. Seymour,

SPE, Ranger

Oil (U.K.) Ltd., and Robert MacAndrew,

Summary

Significant quantities of hydrocarbon reserves ze contained in

North Sea high-temperature, high-pressure (HTHP) resemoirs, Development of these reserves will require deviated wells. This paper
outlines the planning, drilling, and testing of the fust deviated
HTHP well in the U.K. sector of the North Sea.
Introduction

Witfin the oil industry, the gcttcral term HTHP drilling has slightly vaying definitions in different areas. In this paper, we use the definition of the U, K. Heatth & Safety Executive, which has the stmutory responsibility for safety in the U.K. This definition, contained i
Continental Shelf Operations Notice 59,1 states an HTHP well must
have an undisturbed bottomhole temperature > 300F ad that the
pore-pressure gradient must exceed 0.8 psilft or require the use of
well-control equipment at > 10,000-psi working pressure.
These wells may be characterized by (1) a rapidly rising pore.
presmre protile, (2) convergence of pore and fracture pressures, (3)
high gas levels from source recks, (4) lostigain phenomena, (5) potentially long sections that lead to high overbalances, and (6) elevated temperatures.
The high temperature requires mud systems, downhole equipment, and tools designed to work at elevated temperatures. TIN?COIN
vergence of pore and fracture pressures (Fig. 1) leads to problems
owing to the narrow band of mud weight between inducing losses
and inducing a kick. This aspect of these wells probably causes the
most trouble. The high mud weights required for well control leads
to a situation where, owing to the large difference between fommtie.- fluid and mud pressure gradients (X&. 2), mud overbalance becomes so high at the bottom of long permeable hole sections that differential sticking becomes likely. These problems are magnified
when drilling small-diameter directional holes, The most important
single factor in controlling these problems is the mud system design.
Well Background

and

Design

Well 22/22b-2 was a fare-i exploration well. The objective was to

test a Jurassic fault block by drilling to 16,000 ft. The well was
planned to penetrate the Jurassic in an updip location on the upthmwn side of the large fault; therefore, the well had to be deviated
(E!g. 3).
Casing, The casing design was conventional by North Sea standards (Fig. 4 and Table 1). Knts and Pricu12 have described the factors in HTHP well design in U.K. watms.
Despite its conventional appearance, two major points had to be
addressed. The fust was pbtcemem of the 13V%-in.ca.singshoe. The
question was whether to place the shoe above or betow the Paleocene sands. TWOschools of thought exist on this. One is that the shoe
should be placed above the Paleocene sand with tbe top of the deep
casing cement below the bottom of the sand, An argument for this
is that any overpressure in the annulus caused by rhermal expansion
in the 133/8X9Y8-in.mmulus can be relieved into the permeable Paleocene sands during te$ting with a semisubmersible rig, The alternative view is that the 133/8-in.shoe should be placed in a competent
formation below the Paleoceng this provides superior protection
from potential losses if the mud weight is raised when approaching

Oti@dSPE manusmiPtmceived
Io,reviewMayS,l 953. PaPeramptedfo,p, btiaHonJu)y
1, 1994, PaPer (SPE 2&S74]firstPresentadat the 1993 ObhOm TWhOIOWConference
heldin Houston,May w,
244

SPE, Consultant

~,

--,.

or entering the transition zone. After reviewing these options, we

placed the 133/8-in.shoe above the Paleocene sand,
The original intention was to place the ,95/*-in.casing shoe in the
Lower C~taceous Cromer Knoll group before entering the transition zone in the Upper Jurassic. However, examination of offset
leakoff data indicated that a casing shoe in the Cmmer Knoll group
would probably nocbe wrong enough to allow the transition zone to
be penetrated and the top taget sands to be reached without a drilIiig liner. With a long section (3,760 ft) below the 978-in. casing to
the predicted total depth (TD), we realized that eady recourse to a
drilling liner would jeopardize the attaimnem of the plamed TD because conrin~ency hole sizes would be extremely small for this
depth of de.nated hole (lIg. 5). While we recognized that the porepressurc transition zone at the top of the Jurassic could be extremely
shoct, we decided to attempt to place the 9V8-in.casing in the top of
rbe Upper Jurassic Kinuneridge clay group.
Directional Program. The directional program was constrained by
several factor% (1) the need to deviate tie wellbore deep enough to
come in under the major bounding fault, (2) the med to have all
planned directional work completed before downhok temperatures
approached the operating limits of measurement.whiie. driiiing
(MWD) equipment, and (3) ths desire to ha. a well profile with inclinations that would be relatively easy to maintain without being
too high.
The simplest directional well design is a %uild-and.hold design,
and this was selected with the kickoff pliacedin the Ekofisk chalk at
the base of the Paleocene sequence. Fig. 5 shows the well plan. This
plan resulted in a maximum 32 inclination, The build section was
therefore completed long before the tempcrarmc operating timit of
the MWD took was reached,
Well Operations

direcdonat work in the 12!4-in, hole was carded out as programmed. The section w? completed with angle-holding rotary
bottomhole assemblies (BHAs), setting the combination
10% X 9V8-in.casing 100 ft into the Kimmeridge clay fonnati.m. A
sh~ rise in gas levels (from 20% to 65%) accompanied the penetration of rbe Kimmeridge clay. Attempts to raise the mud weight from
14.0 lbmJgal to suppress the gas levels resulted in losses, probably
to the open Paleocene sands, at 14.4-ibm/gal nmd weight, This highlighted one of the problems of not casing the Paleocene sad$ if
losses are induced, establishing where they are .accurrhg is diftimlt.
The 10?? x 9V8-in.casing was drilled out wirh 16.5-ibm/gal mud.
A kick from a small sand stringer forced the mud weight up to 17.8
ibm/gal, which was higher than the predicted 17.6-lbm@d maximum pore pressure. Further signs of well instability resulted in the
mud weight being steadily increased until it reached 18.2 lbtigat.
A subsequent repeat- fonnati,on-tester reading indicated a pore pressure of 18.O-lbm/gal equivalent mud weight in the Kimmeridge.
Thk unexpected high overpressure in the Kimmetidge placed the
well in jeopardy. Tbe SIYz-in.BHA became stuck, and a 7-in. drilling
liner was subsequently set after sidetracking because of futier hole
problems. More than 2,500 ft of hole remained to be drilled. A
5S/g.i.hole was drilled out from the 7-in. liner, Losses were induced
when the equivalent circulating density (ECD) was higher thm expected despite a formation integri~ test of 19.2-lbm/gal equivalent
mud w,eight.
Problems occurred with the mud system that resulted in severe
losses being sustained on circulating bottoms up after bit trips.
These problems ultimately led to the entire system being displaced
with new mud, A second sidetrack had to be carried out after the
drillstring became differentially stuck at the stati of a bit trip became

The

SPE Drilling& Completion,December1994

.
.
,
,,
.
.
*

Fmum

,4
,,
,.
,7
,,
,,

Fig. lPore and fracture pressures.

of a problem with the rig top drive. After this sidetrack, the hole was
successfully drilled to TD by use of 4%in, turbines.
Drilling

the Slim Hole

This well was completed with an extensive 2,535-ft, 55/*-in.section,

The original well plan had not envisaged such a long section of this
sized hole, This is discussed in the Contingency Planning section.
Initially, the section was drilled by conventional rotary technique% a tapered drillstring of 5-in. drillpipe above the 7-ire drilling
liner and a3?-in, drillpipe with a short section of heavyweight drillpipe, 4Y~-in,drill collars, stabilizers, and bit below the liner. Hydraulic problems became apparent after drilling only 31 ft of holq
losses started occurring altb.mgh calculations indicated that the
ECD was 0.4 lbrnlgal below the fonnatio imegrhy of 192 Ibm/gal
obtained from the 7-in.-liner-shoe integrity test.
Later, whm the driller was preparing to go back cmbottom, we
noted that an increase in rotary speed caused m increase in pwnp
pressure for the same flow rate. By controlling rotary speed and flow
rate, drilling without losses was established. At high mud weights
(in W,s c=. >18.0 lb~gat), cuttings transport is not a problem because the cuttings density is generally less than the mud density,
However, problems with severe losses were experienced after bit
tripy these are described in the Mud Weight section,
After successfully establishing drilling parameten that allowed
steady progress (100 ND was achieved on occasion), 1,350 ft of
55/8.im bole (half the requirement) was drilled. The drillstring became stuck one stand off bottom at the begirming of a bit trip. The

lMO,Bow.ding
Rum
\

Fig. 3Well

bottom

TARGETS

location.

SPE Drilling& Ccmpktim, December 1994

Fig. 2Differential pressure changes across a bcmdensate res.

ervoir with 18.5-ibm/gal mud.
rig was following standard practice pumping out of the hole when
a problem with the top drive resulted in the string becoming stationary, without circulation, acxoss permeable sands for =20 minutes.
Tbjs illustrates the potential detrimental consequence of surface
equipment failures while drilling a deviated well.
The hole was subsequently sidetracked by use of a twbine assem.
bly. The resultant sidetrack was 883 ft above the TD of the old hole.
This offered an ideal opportunity to compare turbine drilling with
rotary drilling over the same interval. A 43/Ain.turbine was therefore run in the hole. The turbine drilling proved significantly faster
than the rotary drilling, with penetration rates up to four times those
achieved by rotary drilling (Fig. 6).
The problem of losses on bit trips was solved at the time of the
sidetrack (discussed Paler), and the hole was completed by the turbines. One bit drilled a total of 1,544 ft in 308 hours (5 ft/br). To
monitor hole cmditiom, wiper trips were made after every 24 hours
of drilling. Generally, the hole stayed in good condition, although
the onset of differential sticking was reported near TD, probably because of the dlffemmcein hydrostatic gradient between the mud and
formation fluids (Fig. 2).
Mud Weight

wellbore with it mumw mmgin between pore and fracture

pressure, mud weight is a potential problem. Excess mud weight
that causes lost circulation, generally more difficult m deal with than
a kick, can lead to quite severe weU-conbcd problems.
High trip and comection gases were seen in tbe 8tA-in. bole, This
was probably the result of the mud flushing the hydrocarbons out of
exposed sands because of good wxticd permeability in the sand imd
the great difference in pmsmxe 8radLmt between the mud ad hydrocarbon. The difference i differemial pressure between the top
and bottom of the sand sets up a system with the mud invading the
bottom of the sand ad displacing hychocwbon formation fluids at
the top, giving rise m the umxplairmd high gas peaks after cirmla.
tion had been stopped,
In any

sidetracking
The main

directional work was carried out above the HTHP section

of the hole. However, two successful sidetracks were drilled, one
each in the 8!%-and 5V*-in.sections. Assemblies used to sidetrack
were conventional in amangemenc a bit, motor, bent sub, universal
bottomhole orientation (UBHO) sub, crossover, collars, and jars.
Bent subs were 1.5and 1 for the 8% and 55/8-in.holes, respectively.
In place of the more-common positive-displacement motor used for
such purposes, a turbine was used it both cases. The turbine was seIected for two principal reasom its inherent abilhy to withstand
higher tempertm.ues than a positive-displacement motor (which re245

subsea

:
II

36 Shoe

20%hoe

I 3~ Codaor

J 120-ww

33 Ywsiloe

7 Tieba&

7 tier Hanger
9 7/8- shoe

7- Shoe J

Fig. 4-Casing

design for Well 22122b-2.

lies on elastomers to function) and its ability to detect bottomhole

pressures (BHP) in a weO-cordrolsituation. Because downholc temperatures am at or beyond the operating limits of MWD tools at
32S oF, hot-hole steering tools, nm on wireline and landed in the
UBHO sub, were used to provide directional information for the
sidetrack. Directional survey information was obtained by hot-hole,
single-shot surveys and hot-hole, electronic-multishot surveys.
Contingency

Planning

AftertAe 7-in. drilling liner was commi~ted in the Kimmeridge clays

and before the upper target sands were penetrated, we realized that
the 5S/*-in,hole could not be considered the find contingency hole
size, as had been assumed in the original well plan. A 41A-in.,
15.l-lbm/ft contingency liner had been procured for running in the
5S/8.i,hole. This 4,A.in. limr now became a potential drilling liner
in additim to its original role m a contingency testing liner (Fig. 7).
The 4Y,-im Iimr had Atlas Bradford ST-L inteuml-joint connections, which provided a drift d~ameter large enough to allow a
3++in.hole to be drilled below. New float equipment that could be
drilled by polycrystaltine-diamond-compact (PDC) bits was oEdered and manufactured to ensure that a 33A-in.hh coutd pass
thrcmgh, We expected thata 3%-in. bole would be necess~ below
14,500 ft. Rotary drilling with a tapered string (5, 3%, and Z318in.)
was not considered practical, and tbe contingency was to use stimhole motors andPDC bits. lltrhines are not available in sizes smaller
than 4% in., so 27/q-in.hot-hole, positive-displacement motors were
found. As it tmmpired, tbe 3%-in. hole was not requiree however,
experiencegainedin drilling the 57*-in. hole indicated that a 33/,-in.
hole could have been drilled successfully with careful planning.
Openhole

Fig. 5-We[l plan.

darts were pumped ahead and behind the cement. The darts were
caught in the sump of the cementing stinger below the perforations.
The darts used were standard 5-in. drillpipe wiper darts moditied on
the rig. The modifications to the darts were(1) turning down the ahtminium nose so that it would pass through the smallest ID in the cementing string, the 3Y~-in.tool joints, and (2) bimmirig back al fins
except the top ones so the plug would pass through the 3A-in.drillpipe. The modifications were checked on the rig to ensure that the
plugs would go through the 3%-in. drillpipe.
In small-diameter holes, the volumes of slurries required for quite
large plugs are small (10 bbl equates to 325 ft of plug in a 55/8-in.
hole), Also, pullinga stinger out of theplugafterit has been laid will
dtnost always result in such severe contamination that the plug will
not be successful.
The openhole plugs were laid on the run. Wlen the cement
reached the stinger, the drillstring was pumped out of the hole, displacing the cement under the stinger. The rate the pipe was pulled
was calculated m match tie displacing pump rate to prevent overor underdkplacement of cement. The wiper dams helped with thk
because they could be seen entering the 3]h-in. pipe from the 5-in.
pipe (pressure increase) and clearing the perforations in the stinger
(pccssure decrezte). These indications helped to give a measure of
control over the cement placement, and the final pressure drop confined the position of the top of cement.

i......
B ,...,t,i
:,,... .-..

Cementing

Stinger Technique. Laying cement plugs in small, angled holes is

a problem. The method used on this well was a cement sdnger made
on tbe rig from 3%-in. drillpipe (Fig. 8). To prevent contamination
of the cement while it was being pumped down tbe drillpipe, wiper
TABLE I-CASING
Size
(in,)
F

20
133/8
103/4
95/8
7

Weight
(ibm/ft)
310

Grade

Connection

X-52
X-56

ST2

53.5
41
46

P-no
c-95
P-no
Q-125
c-95

VLS-2
New Vam
NK-HWSL
New Vam
New Vam
New Vam

41/2

15.1

P-110

ST-L

246

72
101

s
s
$

Comments

For sour sewice

Liner/tieback
Sour service top,
8,000 n of tieback
Contingency finer

:
L

Cementing Tbmugh the Bit. This had to be done once on this well
in the 8]A-in.hole to allow the drillstring to be pulled and tbe 7-in.
liner mm Att bits were run without nozzles to allow the pumping of
lost-circulation material (LCM) and cement if required. The cement

i..\,...,..

mj:
_!
~
;\/;/;

,,

.,................/ .................{$1.;,.4
;, I , ,

,,

.. ..t.p . . ...+....

b,

---f-

I
. .. f...-

\,-;

.*

I
.......

4-W

.-1!0

C.mp?w. F..f.w

Fig. S-Turbine/rotary rates of penetration.

SPEDrilting& Completion,December1994

Testing

The testing program was successtil and trouble-free. The test string
design philosophy was to use the minimum number of downhole
tools. Tubing-conveyed pctiorating ~Qnswere used for perforating.
A flex run was made with the tubing. This was done by running
in the hole with only the tubing and a tester valve to perform a pressure test on the test string and m clear the tub,ng before nmning the
test string into the hole with the guns, gauges, and tools.
Testing is the one phase where a semisubmersible rig is at a distinct disadvantage to a jackup rig. The reasons are the use of elastomers in the subsea test tiee and blowout preventer stack and their
temperature limitations. Generally, presence of elastomers restricts
tbe allowable maximum temperature at tbe subsea wellhead to
230F. Low and Seymour? and Ross eral.4 repmted that installation
of a flowhead system with all metal-to-metal seals is possible with
a jackup, which can enhance the tempemture rating to 350 to 400F.
Drilting Fluids
Fig. 7Hok-size contingencies,

plug was laid on the mu with the annular preventer closed to prevent
U-tubing of cement when the pipe was siation~ as stands were be.
ing racked. While this plug was not very competent, it stopped loss/
gain situations on the well and allowed the bk to be pulled without
trouble.
Logging
The S%-in. hole section was logged with a supercombination log-

ging string =11 8.7 ft long with induction, sonic density, compen.
sated-neutron, ad ganma ray log@g tools. This logging mn was
made without significant incident.
Owing to the combination of the hole angle (32), high mud
weight, and small clearance between the wellbore and tools, logging
the 55/@. hole on wireline proved impossible. The logs were obtained successfully by running the logging tools on drillpipe, pump.
ing the cable down tbe drillpipe by means of a side-entry drillpipe
sub, and latching onto a special wet connector at the top of the drill.
pipe-to-toolstrin.g crossover when the logging tools were at the
deepest casing shoe (Fig. 9).
Standad lagging tad upper temperature operating limits are in
the 3fKIto 3500F range. Logging suites therefore must be selected
from the tools available for high-temperature work, Generally, the
main services all can be covered by tools with maximum temperature ratings of 500 F and BHP ratings of 25,000 psi, Exceptions at
present are inductiomkesistivity, sampling, and dipmeter tools that
are limited to 400 or450 F and 20,000 psi. The major d,fflculty with
the high-temperature tools is that they maybe in short supply,

I
3 1/2 OP

selection and maintenance of the fluids to be used for drilling,

p$cking, and perforating are very important.
This hole was chilled with low-toxicity oil-based mud from the
17Yz-in.hole to TD. O!l-based muds originally were developed for
this type of well because of their srabilhy at elevated temperatures.
They Me generally stmightforvmd to tun in the field and perform
better than water-based muds, However, persistem losses after tips
in the 55/g-in.hole eventually led to close examination of what was
coming out of the hole on the fust circulation after remming to bottom. Evew time losses had been experienced, light mud had been
observed in the returns just before the losses started, Laboratory
work revealed that barite sag probably was taking place. Neither a
laboratory nor a field solution to the problem could be found with
the existing mua therefore, the entire system was changed out. The
difference in performance was dramatic. Trips could be made without spending days curing losses before resuming drilling. Losses
were induced when the first turbite was run in the hole after the md
changeout. These losses were from high shrinkage that the new mud
exbibitecl when cooling at the top of the hole during trips that resulted in a 0.1- to 0.2-lbm/gal density increaie. fThe losses resulted
in LCM being pmpcd through the turbim before it had started drilling). The problem was overcome by stopping on the way in on trips
at 8,000 ft and displacing the hole to correct-density mud at ambient
Iemperanm% no further losses were experienced after trips.

Tke

Packer Fluid. The oil-based mud was used as the packer fluid for
the drillstem testing. Its performance was trouble-free in this function. Pilot tests and a treatment to improve suspension properties
without excessive gelation were carried out.

Top ml.
,

L
El

UPPerDart
Kelly Cock
valve

~mt
Lum

\Non

,qe,u,n

Lower Dart

V.be

Kel [y Cock

!1
WI
CEMENT

1.
Slwcm

Fig. S-Cement.stinger and wiper.dati launching arragemet.

SPEDrilling& Completion,December1994

Fig. +fkillpipe

logging schematic.
247

PerforaCmg Fluid. When perforating through oil-based muds. One

problem is that the gases generated by the explosive charges destroy
the mud. Thk can result in considerable damage to the perforation
tunnels by mud solids. Because the oil-based mud was being used
as the packer fluid, we sought a suitable clean perforation fluid. We
found a clean fluid that was compatible with the mud system. This
was a densitled, clean, oil-based salt fluid stable to 425 F.The fluid
could not he densified above 15.2 Ibm/gal, but this did not create a
problem because it was used only across the zone to be perforated
and therefore did not reduce the hydrostatic balance significantly.

Shell U.K. E&P Ltd., Oryx U.K. Energy Co., and Brasoil U.K. L@.,
for extensive and open cooperation during the planning and drilling
of the well. We also thank tbe chairman and management committee
of Ranger Oil for permission m publish this paper.
References

Health& SafetyExecw
five,OffshoreSafetyDIV.,London(May 1992)1.
2, KNS,H. and Pde.r, 1.M,: High-Pressure Well Desigm SPEDE (Dec.
1.Comin.mtd Shelf Operatims Notice No. 59.

1991) 240.
3,

Conclusions

Well 22122b-2 achieved its objectives and showed that directional

wells can be drilled and tested successfully in HTHP reservoim of
the Central graben of the North Sea.
Mud weight and the mud system are the most impomtt facto~
to reconsidered and maintained. Every effort should be made to
keep the mud weight as low as possible.
HTHP wellbore conditions severely restrict the directional d,rilIiig techniques available. The well tmjectory design should therefore be as simple as possible (i.e., build and hold where possible),
with the main directional work completed before entering the HTHF
section of the well. While successful directiomd work is possible,
the techniques have to be those of the 1970s (single-shot surveys,
wireline steering tools, etc.).
OverPressured sands in the Kimmeridge may require the early
commitment of a drilling liner and limit the potential TD of a well.
A key variable in HTHPwell design is the length of HTHP section
to be drilled. In assessing the length of this section that can be drilled
before the likely onset of differential sticking, several factors have
to be accounted foc potential differential pressures, anticipated
lengths of permeable sections, hole size and inclination, and BHA
geometry.

If long sections of high-pressure hole arerequued, inmeasing

hole sizes in tbe upper, non-high-pressure section of the well may
be necessary to allow sufficient contingency hole sizes to get the
well to the desired TD, Alternatively, the planned TD may have to
be adjusted to meet the available hole sizes.
Welldesignsthatset
13V*-in. casing shoe above the Paleocene
sands create problems if high mud weights are required in the
12%-in. section. Because of the additional dlfticulties associated
with directional drilling, deviated HTHP wells should set the
13+8.in. casing shoe below the Paleocene sands.
Logging on drillpipe provides a practical means of logging deviated HTHPin hole sizes <6 in.
The use of turbines should be considered for drilling small-dianteter HTHP sections.
Acknowledgments

material p=sented here was developed from work by Ranger

Oil (U.K.) Ltd. as operator of Well 22122b-2. We thank our colleagues for their help. comments, and suggestions in the preparation
of this paper and the Well 22/22b-2partners, Esso E&P U.K. Ltd.,

The

248

Low,E. and Seymour K.P.: The Drilling and Testing of H,gh-Preswffi

Gas-Condensate Wells in tie North Se% paper SPE 17224 presented at

tie 1988 IADCISPE Drilling Conference, Dallas, Feb. 28-Mamh2.
4. Ross,1.,Seymour,K,P., andwhyte, B.: The RoIeof Jack-Ups and Perman..t Completions in Central Graben Exploxatio Drilling, PnY. PSTI
Seminar on the Central Graben, Edinburgh (1990) 1.
S1 Metric Conversion

Factors

bbl X 1.589873
ft x3.048*
F (F-32)/LS
gal x3.785412
in. x2.54*
lbm x4.535924
psi x6.894 757
fa.w
Covemln

E01 = m3
E01 = m
= c
E03 = m3
E+OO= cm
E01 = kg
E+OO = kpa
SPEDC

k end.

of U.K. operations for Ranger

Ken Seymour is general manager
Oil (U.K.) Ltd. in Guildford respomible for dtilflng, development
and production
operofions.
His previous assignments with
Ranger
were manGging
drilling operations
in Aberdeen and
GreGt Yarmouth Gnd of the COmpORyS first Well in PakEtQn. In
1990,he becGmedrilting manager, responsible fOr all U.K. dhlling
ac fivl~. Before joining Ranger, he worked as a drillng engineer
for British Petroleum
in Aberdeen,
ShGnghai,
and Great
vnrnm ,th cmrl for Donbu!v Dtilling, Seymour holds a BS degree
,hn cfearee
(n-mlfi;g ;ig;ri;e;~g~;d
aii..
_.=. -. in rock mechanics,

both from the U. of Leeds, and an MBA degree from Aberdeen

U. Robert MacAndrew is currently working as a consultant in the
Far East. Before that, he was drilfino superintendent
in the central Graben Drilllng Group for RC
~djYo;ow
(Shipbuilders)
for Chevron, Marathon 01. Lith$&fi;
Ltd., and Kingstone Marine Technology Ltd. He holds a 8S degree in naval architecture from the U. of Strafhclyde and a posfgraduofe diploma inoffshore
engineering fram Robelt Gordon$ Inst. of Technology.

L2!
!i!!
e-k

s p.

-t&

Seymour

MacAndrew

SPEDrilting& Completion,December1994