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LESSON 1
Vibrations and Waves
Introduction
A wave is produced by a source of vibration.
Mechanical waves need a material medium or their
propagation.
Examples of mechanical waves include water waves ,sound
waves, shock waves as in earthquakes and waves in strings,
springs and rods.
Electromagnetic waves do not need a material medium for
their propagation.
Examples of electromagnetic waves are radio waves , light
waves , infra-red (IR) and ultra-violet ( UV).
As a wave travels through a medium, there is no transfer of
matter but only transfer of energy from a vibrating source.
Example 1
A pendulum makes 20 complete oscillations in 24.0 s.
Calculate
(a) the period
(b)the frequency
Solution
Example 2
One oscillation:
To-and-fro motion from the equilibrium position.
Solution
Natural Frequency:
The frequency of the free oscillation of a system without
any external forces are exerted to the system.
Factors affecting the natural frequency of the vibration
systems.
Amplitude :
The maximum displacement of the objects from their
equilibrium position.
Vibration system
Oscillation of a
pendulum
Oscillation of a spring
hang with a mass
Oscillation of a jigsaw
blade fixed with
plasticine
Period, T
The time taken for one complete oscillation.
The S.I. unit is second (s)
T= t
n
Formula
t = time
n = number of oscillations
Frequency, f
f= 1
T
Factors affecting
T= n
t
Example 6 :
Microwave ovens use resonance. The frequency of
microwaves almost equals the natural frequency of
vibration of a water molecule. This makes the water
molecules in food resonate . This means they take in energy
from the microwaves and so they get hotter. This heat
conducts and cooks the food.
Example 7 :
The picture showing the insides of the body was produced
using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Our bodies
contain a lot of hydrogen , mostly in water. The proton in a
hydrogen spins . A spinning charged particle has a magnetic
field, so the protons act like small magnets. These are
normally aligned in random directions. Placing a patient in
a strong magnetic fields keeps these mini magnets almost
in line. Their field axis just rotates , a bite like a spinning
top. This is called precessing.
Damping
Damping is a word used to describe how movement and
vibrations are reduced or slowed down.
Damping is a process whereby oscillations die down due to
a loss of energy to friction forces.
When a system is damped , the amplitude of the of
oscillation decreases slowly until the system stops
oscillating.
Damping is usually caused by external frictional forces
such as air resistance . It can also be caused by internal
forces , where energy is lost from the system in form of
heat.
Example 1:
A car or a washing machine may vibrate quite violently at
particular speeds. In each case ,resonance occurs when the
frequency of a rotating part ( motor, wheel, drum etc.) is
equal to a natural frequency of vibration of the body of the
machine. Resonance can build up a vibration to a large
amplitude.
Example 2:
The story is told of an opera singer who could shatter a
glass by singing a note at its natural frequency.
Example 3:
The wind ,blowing in gusts, once caused a suspension
bridge to sway with increasing amplitude until it reached a
point where the structure was over-stressed and the bridge
collapsed.
Example 4:
Wind instruments such as flute, clarinet, trumpet etc.
depend on the idea of resonance. Longitudinal pressure
waves can be set up in the air inside the instrument. The
column of air has its own natural frequencies at which it
can vibrate. When we blow, we use the mouthpiece to start
some vibrations. Those which happen to match exactly the
natural frequencies of the instrument are picked out and
magnified.
Example 5 :
The another example of useful resonance is the tuning
circuit on a radio set. Radio waves of all frequencies strike
the aerial and only the one which is required must be
picked out. This is done by having a capacitanceinductance combination which resonates to the frequency
of the required wave . The capacitance is variable; by
altering its value other frequencies can be obtained.
TUTORIAL 1
1
A to B
A to C
A to C and back C to B
A to C and back C to A
Amplitude/ m
A
B
C
D
0 .1
0.2
0.1
0.2
Period / s
Frequency / Hz
0.50
0.50
0.25
0.50
2
1
4
2
0.69 s
1.45 s
B
D
A
B
C
D
1.38 s
27.6 s
A
C
A
C
2.0 s
6.0 s
B
D
4.0 s
8.0 s
1
Hz
3
2
Hz
3
B
D
1
Hz
2
3
Hz
2
P
R
B
D
Q
S
A
B
C
D
10
11
13
C
D
17
14
A
B
A
C
18
B
D
Pendulum X
Pendulum Z
Pendulum W
Pendulum Y
frequency
period
19
C
amplitude
D
acceleration
A spring vibrates at a natural frequency 50 Hz.
Resonance occurs when the frequency of forced
vibrations on the spring is
A
C
20
0 Hz
50 Hz
B
D
25 Hz
100 Hz
22
25
It remains constant
It decreases
It increases
24
23
period
energy
B
D
frequency
number of
oscillations
(a)
(a)
(b)
(i)
(b)
equilibrium position
...........................................................
(ii) the meaning of period
..
What is the frequency of the oscillations of the
pendulum ?
(i)
(c)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
27
Diagram 27
What is meant by the natural frequency ?
............................................................................
What will happen to the nature frequency of the
both springs when
28
Diagram 28
The jigsaw blade is displaced horizontally to one side
and then released so that it oscillates. The time for 20
oscillations ,t is taken by a stop watch. The
experiment is repeated by using plasticine balls with
different masses.
The results of the experiment are shown in the table
below.
Mass,
Time for 20
Period
T2 / s2
m /k g
oscillations, t / s
T/s
0.1
28.0
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
40.0
50.0
56.0
64.0
70.0
29
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Wave terminology
Introduction
Oscillations can produce waves. Waves transfer energy
from one place to another without permanently displacing
the medium through which they travel.
When we drop a stone into a pond, the kinetic energy of the
stone makes the water surface move up and down near
where the stone lands; ripples spread out outwards and if
an floating object on the water some distance away will
start to bob up and down. It is becaused the original energy
of the moving stone has been transferred to the object by
the wave motion on the water surface.
When we are at the seaside, we can see large as well as
small waves reaching the shore. These waves arise because
of the strong winds in the middle of the sea.The energy of
the winds is carried by the waves to the shore. The water
from the middle of the sea does not reach the shore.
The wave motion is regular and repetitive (i.e. periodic
motion)
There are two main types mechanical waves such as
sound waves and electromagnetic waves.
Amplitude:
The maximum displacement of the medium particles from
the equilibrium position.
Period , T:
The time for one complete oscillations of each particle in
the wave.
Frequency, f :
The number of oscillations of each particle in the wave in
one second.
f=1
T
Wavelength ,
The distance between two consecutive points which are
vibrating in phase.
Or
The distance from one wave crest to the next.
Or
The distance from one wave trough to the next.
Transverse waves
Waves in which the direction of vibration of the particles is
perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation called a
transverse wave.
Or
Wavespeed , v
The distance moved by a wave in one second.
The wavespeed depends only the medium the waves are
traveling through.
Wavefront
The locus of points which vibrates in phase.
Longitudinal waves
Waves in which the direction of vibration of the particles is
parallel to the direction of wave propagation called a
longitudinal wave.
Crest
The point where a wave causes maximum positive
displacement of the medium.
Example 3
A long rope is stretched out on the floor. One end of the
rope is then shaken. The graph shows the rope at a
particular moment in time. The rope vibrated at a frequency
8 Hz.
Trough
The point where a wave causes maximum negative
displacement of the medium
Compression
Region along a longitudinal wave where the pressure and
density of particles are higher than when no wave is
passing.
Rarefaction
Region along a longitudinal wave where the pressure and
density of particles are lower than when no wave is passing
Determine
(a) the amplitude
(b) the wavelength
(c)
the speed
Solution
Wavespeed = frequency x
wavelength
v = f
Example 4
The figure shows the sound waves produced by a tuning
fork.
Example 1
A student moves the end of a long spring from side to side
4 times per second . The wavelength of the wave on the
spring is 0.6 m. With what speed do the waves moves along
the spring?
Solution
(a)
(b)
Example 2
Radio waves travel at a speed 3 x 108 ms-1. What is the
wavelength of FM radio waves received at 200 MHz on
your radio dial?
Solution
Solution
Example 5
A mechanical stroboscope has 8 slits and rotates at a
frequency 5 Hz. The stroboscope is used to observe water
waves. The observer notes there are 6 successive bright
bands at a distance 12 cm. Calculate the speed of the water
waves.
Solution
10
A
B
C
D
Parallel
Perpendicular
Parallel
Perpendicular
Longitudinal
Longitudinal
Transverse
Transverse
A
B
C
D
Transverse
T UTORIAL 2
1
Type of wave
speed
period
amplitude
direction of vibration of the particles and
direction of wave propagation
Longitudinal
Light
Infra-red
X-ray
Micro
Radio
Ultra-violet
Sound
Ripples
P and R
Q and T
B
D
Q and S
P and T
6
The figure shows a model of a wave
produce by
a slinky spring.
Which figure shows the movement of the cork when
the wave passes?
15 cm
45 cm
B
D
30 cm
60 cm
11
60 cms-1
180 cms-1
B
D
120 cms-1
240 cms-1
13
14
A
D
8 cm s-1
18 cm s-1
10
2 cm s-1
12 cm s-1
1.5 x 101 Hz
1.5 x 105 Hz
B
D
A
B
C
3.0 x 101 Hz
3.0 x 105 Hz
15
0.5 ms-1
4.0 ms-1
B
D
16
2.0 ms-1
10 ms-1
17
8 cm
12 cm
B
D
10 cm
16 cm
A
B
C
D
12
18
(f)
21
Diagram 19
What is a longitudinal wave?
............................................................................
..
(ii) What are P and Q ?
P :.............
.........................................
Q:
.....................................................
(iii) What is the wavelength of the wave
(i)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Diagram 21
What type of wave is produced by the cord?
Determine
(i) the amplitude
(ii)
20
the frequency
22
Diagram 20
(a)
On diagram 20 ,mark
(i) the direction of vibration of the particles
and the direction of wave propagation .
(ii) two points vibrate in phase.
(b)
(c)
(ii)
(a)
Explain why
(i)
the wavelength
13
.
(ii)
the inner surface of the ripple tank is
lined with a layer of sponge?
(b)
14
(a)
15
TUTORIAL 3
4
1
16
wavelength
wave direction
B
D
speed of wave
frequency of
wave
A
B
C
D
Angle of
incidence
35o
55o
35o
55o
Angle of
reflection
55o
35o
35o
55o
11
20o
50o
B
D
40o
700
A
B
C
D
12
15o
45o
B
D
30o
600
A
B
C
D
17
a greater amplitude
a shorter wavelength
the same speed
the same velocity
Diagram 13.1
(a)
(b)
On Diagram 13.1,
(i) mark the direction of the propagation of
the water waves.
(ii) determine the wavelength of the waves.
Diagram 14
Based on the observations above ;
(a) State one suitable inference.
(b) State one suitable hypothesis .
(c) With the use of apparatus such as plane
mirror , ray box , white paper and other
apparatus, describe an experiment framework
to investigate the hypothesis stated in (b).In
your description, state slearly the following :
i)
Aim of the experiment.
ii)
Variables in the experiment.
iii) List of apparatus and materials.
iv) Arrangement of the apparatus.
v)
The procedure of the experiment which
include the method of controlling the
manipulated variable and the method of
measuring the responding variable.
vi) The way you would tabulate the data.
vii) The way you would analyse the data
(ii)
Diagram 13.2
14
18
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
LESSON 4 - Refraction of waves
Refraction of a wave occurs when the wave moves from
one medium to another which causes to travel at different
speed.
The refraction occur when a water wave moves from
deeper water to shallower water, a light wave moves from
air to water , and a sound moves from air to carbon dioxide
gas.
When the refraction of a wave happened , the frequency, f
does not change but the wavelength ,, the speed , v and the
direction of propagation of the wave change.
Shallow water
decrease
decrease
constant
Deep water
increase
increase
constant
If the waves meet the boundary between deep and shallow
water at an angle , then the direction of the waves changes.
The plane wavefronts will change to the curved wavefronts
if the waves move into the curved boundary.
To investigate the refraction of water waves a perspex plat
is placed on the bottom of a ripple tank to make a shallow
region of the water on the perspex plat.
The following figure shows two examples pattern of the
refraction of the water waves.
(a)
19
20
A
B
C
D
3
When the stopwatch is started , the listener can detects at a
point only beyond the balloon where the sound wave is
strongest.
It is because a balloon of carbon dioxide( denser than air)
acts like a convex lens ,focusing the sound wave.
Effects of refraction of a sound wave at night
Increases
Decreases
Increases
Decreases
Decreases
Increases
Increases
Decreases
No change
Decreases
No change
No change
speed
amplitude
frequency
TUTORIAL 4
1
21
refraction
interference
11
B
D
10
reflection
diffraction
12
22
Wave speed
vX > vY
vX > vY
vX < vY
vX < vY
Depth of water
X>Y
X<Y
X>Y
X <Y
16
17
2.25 cm
4.00 cm
B
D
3.00 cm
6.75 cm
A
C
Which of the following is true?
A
B
C
D
14
B
D
Refraction
Diffraction
18
19
15
Reflection
Interference
reflection
diffraction
B
D
refraction
interference
23
22
B
D
Interference
Reflection
(a)
21
Diffraction
Refraction
Diagram 22.1
Diagram 22.2
Based on Diagram 22. 1 and Diagram 22. 2
(i) state the change in wavelength of the
water waves from A to B.
..
..
(ii)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Diagram 21
(a) Draw the wave pattern after passing through
the barriers gap.
Name the wave phenomenon above.
(b)
]
(ii)
(e)
24
23
Meaning of Diffraction
The spreading and bending of waves as they pass through
an aperture or round the edge of a barrier.
The amount the wave bends depends on the size of the
aperture or barrier. The smaller the aperture by
comparison , the more wave bends.
When the diffraction of a wave happened , the
wavelength ,,the frequency, f and the speed , v do not
change but the amplitude of the waves decrease.
The direction of propagation and the pattern of the wave
change.
Diagram 23
Observed the wave pattern and the sea-bed.
Based on the observations:
(a) State one suitable inference that can be
made.
(b) State one appropriate hypothesis for an
investigation.
(c) With the use of apparatus such as ripple tank
and other apparatus, describe an experimental
framework to test your hypothesis.
In your description, state clearly the following:
(i) Aim of the experiment
(ii) Variables in the experiment
(iii) List of apparatus and materials
(iv) Arrangement of the apparatus
(v) The procedure of the experiment which
include the method of controlling the
manipulated variable and the method of
measuring the responding variable
(vi) Way you would tabulate the data
(vii) Way you would analysis the data
(b)
Size of aperture
(c)
Edge of a obstacle
(d)
Small obstacle
25
26
TUTORIAL 5
1
A
B
C
4
Frequency
increase
decrease
unchanged
Wavelength
increase
decrease
unchanged
27
D
6
11
Refraction
Diffraction
B
D
12
13
Interference
Reflection
A
B
C
Refraction
Diffraction
B
D
Interference
Reflection
14
Reflection
Diffraction
B
D
B
C
Diagram 14
(a)
Refraction
Interference
(b)
(c)
28
(i)
15
Diagram 15.1
Diagram 15.2
(a)
16
17
(a)
Diagram 16
(a) Radio waves are a type of
..waves
(b) (i) Name the wave phenomenon which
enables the policemen to communicate
with each other.
............................................................
(ii) Name two factors that affect the
effectiveness of the above phenomenon.
...................................................................
...................................................................
Table 16 shows a few radio frequencies suggested by
the policemen.
(c)
Table 16
Calculate the wavelengths of each of the radio
waves suggested by assuming the speed of
radio waves in air is 3.0 x 108 ms1.
Diagram 17.1
Diagram 17.2
Based on Diagram 17.1 and Diagram 17.2,
(i)
what happens to the wave after
passing round the log and the corner
of the building?
(ii)
what happens to the amplitude of the
waves after passing round the log
and the corner of the building?
Explain your answer.
...
(iii)
name the wave phenomenon that is
related to
Suggested frequencies
Diagram 17.1
50 MHz
and Diagram
500 MHz
17.2.
5 GHz
(iv)
29
...
(b)
18
investigation
(c) With the use of apparatus such as ripple
tank, stroboscope and other apparatus, describe
an experimental framework to test your
hypothesis.
In your description, state clearly the following:
(i) Aim of the experiment
(ii) Variables in the experiment
(iii) List of apparatus and materials
(iv) Arrangement of the apparatus
(v) The procedure of the experiment which
include the method of controlling the
manipulated variable and the method of
measuring the responding variable
(vi) Way you would tabulate the data
(vii) Way you would analysis the data
Diagram 19
.As a consultant you are asked to give suggestions on
the proposed project based on the following aspects:
The location of the resort
Features to reduce the erosion of the shore
Features to enable children to enjoy swimming
in calm water.
Principle of superposition
Principle of superposition state that When two waves
move simultaneously and coincide at a point the sum of
the displacements at that point is equal to the sum of the
displacements of the individual waves by vector method.
(a) Superposition of two crests
20
(b)
Diagram 20
Diagram 20 shows the sea water waves passing
through two different gates at a harbour .
Based on the observations:
(a) State one suitable inference that can be made.
(b) State one appropriate hypothesis for an
30
Constructive interference
Antinode is a point at which
constructive interference occurs.
Superposition of two troughs
(c)
Constructive interference
Antinode is a point at which
constructive interference occurs.
Superposition of a crest and a trough
Destructive interference
Node is a point at which
destructive interference occurs.
...interference occurs
Interference of water waves
To produce the interference pattern of the water waves in a
ripple tank we can use:
(a) Two dippers operated from the same motor,
(b)
Or
A plane water waves passing through two slits.
31
The experiment to
investigate the
relationship between
the distance between to
coherent sources and
the distance between
two consecutive nodal
lines
Hypothesis:
The distance between
two consecutive node
lines
increases as the
distance between to
coherent sources
decreases
Aim of the
experiment :
To investigate the
relationship between the
distance between to
coherent sources and
the distance between
two consecutive node
lines
Variables in the
experiment:
Manipulated variable:
the distance between to
coherent sources
Responding variable: the
distance between two
consecutive node lines
Fixed variable:
frequency of vibrator or
the wavelength
List of apparatus and
materials:
Ripple tank, lamp,
motor ,wooden bar ,
power supply ,white
paper , spherical dippers
,metre rule and
mechanical stroboscope.
Arrangement of the
apparatus:
As increases , x increases
As a increases , x decrease
32
Interference fringes
produce by using
Double-slit
interference Youngs
experiment.
For all practical
purposes,
monochromatic light is
used.
Monochromatic light
which is light of only
one colour
or one wavelength.
The formula for
interference of light
waves is,
= ax
D
Where,
= wavelength of
light waves
a = slit separation
x = distance
between two successive
bright or
dark fringes
D = distance
between double slit and
screen.
Example 2
In a double-slit
interference experiment
with blue light the
distance between the
screen and double slit is
1.2 m and slit separation
is 2 x 10-4 m . Six
successive bright fringes
at a distance 1.2 x 10 -2
m is formed on the
screen. Calculate the
wavelength of the blue
light.
x
Analysis the data:
Plot the graph x against
The experiment to
investigate the
relationship between
the wavelength of the
light waves distance
and the distance
between two
consecutive bright
fringes
Hypothesis:
The distance between
two consecutive bright
fringes
increases as the
wavelength of light
waves increases.
Aim of the
experiment :
To investigate the
relationship between the
wavelength of the light
waves distance and the
distance between two
consecutive bright
fringes
Variables in the
experiment:
Manipulated variable:
The wavelength of the
light waves( colour of
light)
Responding variable: the
distance between two
consecutive bright
fringes
Constant variable: slit
separation and the
distance between double
slit and screen.
List of apparatus and
materials:
Source of light,colour
filter, screen, single slit,
double slit and metre
rule.
Arrangement of the
apparatus:
The arrangement of
colour of light in order
of wavelength
Interference of sound
waves
Like other types of
waves ,sound waves can
also give interference
effects. Interference of
sound waves produce
regions of louder sound
by constructive
interference and regions
quiet by destructive
interference.
When two similar
loudspeakers are
connected to the same
audio-frequency
generator they will
Solution
33
produce interference
effects.
The formula for
= ax
interference of D
sound waves is,
Where,
= wavelength of
sound waves
a = distance
between two
loudspeakers
x = distance
between two successive
loud
regions or
quiet region.
D = distance
between the
listener from the
loudspeaker.
Example 3
In an experiment on the
interference of sound
wave a listener at
distance 5.0 from the
loudspeaker. The
distance between two
loudspeakers is 2.0 m.
The loudspeakers are
connected to an audiofrequency generator to
produce sound waves at
a frequency of 0.8 kHz.
Calculate
(a) the wavelength of
sound waves when
the speed of sound
is 320 ms-1
(b) the distance
between two
successive loud
regions
Solution:
The experiment to
investigate the
relationship between
distance of the listener
from the loudspeaker
and the distance
between two successive
loud regions
Hypothesis:
the distance between
two successive loud
regions increases as
distance between the
listener from the
loudspeaker increases .
Aim of the
experiment :
To investigate the
relationship between
distance between the
listener from the
loudspeaker and the
distance between two
successive loud regions
Variables in the
experiment:
Manipulated variable:
Responding variable:
distance between the
listener from the
loudspeaker
Responding variable: the
distance between two
successive loud regions
Constant variable: the
wavelength of sound
waves , distance
between two
loudspeakers
List of apparatus and
materials:
Two loudspeakers,
audio-frequency
generator ,connection
wires and metre rule.
Arrangement of the
apparatus:
Which of the
following figure
shows when both
waves meet at the
point P?
Which of the
positions A,B,C or
D, does the
amplitude of the
water waves is
zero.
5
TUTORIAL 6
1
Which of the
following figure
shows the pattern
of the impulse
waves after
passed through
point O.
34
X and Z
C
Z
W and
B
Y and
D
W and Y
6
The phenomena
involved are
A
refraction
and reflection
B
reflection
and diffraction
C
refraction
and interference
D
diffraction
and interference
P
Q
R
5x10-7 m
C
2.5
x10-6 m
C
7.5x10-6 m
D
5 x 10 - 8 m
A
7
Monochromatic
light which is light of
only one ____
phase
B
colour
C
amplitude
D
intensity
A
B
10
Which of the
following formed on the
screen?
In an experiment
of light
interference using
green light of
wavelength 5 x
10 - 7 m , two
consecutive bright
fringes formed on
the screen are 0.4
mm apart.
When the
experiment is
repeated using red
light two
consecutive bright
fringes formed
0.48 mm are apart.
What is the
wavelength of the
red light ?
A
two bright
bands
B
of light
C
a spectrum
a pattern of
alternating
bright and
dark regions
10 - 7 m
C
A
slit
separation increases
B
the width of
slit increases
C
the distance
between the
screen and
the doubleslit plat
decreases
D
the green
filter is
replaced by
a red filter.
2.4 x 10 - 7 m
B
4.2 x
13
5.0 x 10 - 7 m
D
6.0 x
10 - 7 m
11
In an experiment
of light
interference , the
distance two
successive bright
or dark fringes
depends on
Which of the
following is the
correct filter for
respective patterns
of interference?
35
14
In an experiment
of light
interference the
distance between
two consecutive
bright fringes ,x
varies with
distance between
double slit and
screen, D.
Which of the
following graphs
shows the correct
relationship
between x and D?
15
In experiment of
the interference of
waves, two
loudspeakers are
placed at a
distance of 1.5 m
from each other.
The distance
between two
consecutive soft
sounds is 6.0 m
and the listener at
a distance 4.5 m
from the
loudspeakers.
What is the
wavelength of the
sound waves is
used?
A
width of slit
B
colour of
light is used
C
intensity of
the source of light is
used
12
The distance
between two
consecutive bright
fringes increases
when
red
blue
green
blue
red
green
green
blue
red
green
red
blue
(i)
A
C
16
1.25 m
B
1.50 m
2.00 m
D
3.00 m
(ii) Give
the reason for your
answer in (d)(i).
(d)(i).
....................
........................................
................
....................
........................................
................
1
7
The distance
between two
consecutive loud
sounds increases
as
A
the diameter
of the loudspeaker
increases
B
the
frequency of
the audiofrequency
generator
increases
C
the distance
between two
loudspeaker
s increases
D
the distance
between the
loudspeaker
and the line
XY
increases
17
Diagram 17 shows
an experiment to
determine the
wavelength of
monochromatic
light waves by
using a red light
source.
What
happe
n to
distanc
e
betwee
n two
consec
utive
dark
fringes
.
(a) What is
meant by
monochromatic light?
..
..
(b) Why are red
fringes formed on the
screen ?
....................
........................................
................
(c) The distance
between the
Young
double slit
and the
screen is 3.0
m. The
double slit
used has the
slit
separation is
5 x 10-4 m.
Calculate
the wave length of the
red light.
18
Diagram 18.1
Diagram 18.2
(a) What is the
meaning of
monochromatic light?
........
36
.......
.......
(c) Using
Diagram
18.1 and
Diagram
18.2
,compare
(i) the
distance between
the slits, a.
(ii) the
wavel
ength
of the
light,
, that
passes
throug
h the
double
slits.
...
(iii) the
distan
ce
betwe
en the
double
slits
and
the
screen
, D.
(ii)
...
(iv) the
distance between
the fringes, x.
...
(d) Using your
answers in 6 (c) state the
relationship
between x and a .
19
Diagram
19.1 shows
two identical
loudspeaker
s, L and M
connected to
an audio
signal
generator
which
produces a
note of
constant
frequency.
The
loud
sound is
heard by
the
observer
at
P.
Explain
what
happens
at point
P.
.
.
loud sounds
are heard in
terms of the
distance
between two
loud speakers
and
the
frequency of
the
audio
signal
generator.
Explain your
answer.
(i) the
distance between two
loud speaker
(i)
.
Explanation :
...
(ii)
the
frequency of the
audio
signal
generator
.
(c) The observer
then
walks
slowly along
ST. He hears
loud
sound
and
weak
sound
alternately.
Diagram 19.2
shows
the
positions
of
the loud and
weak sounds.
Explanation :
...
Diagram 19.1
(a) (i) Name
the phenomenon shown
in
Diagram 19.1.
.
.
.............
Diagranm 19.3
Diagram 19.2
State how to
decrease the
distance
between two
points where
37
State the
phenome
non that
is used to
reduce
the noise
by the
computer
and the
micropho
ne in the
headphon
e.
...
(ii)
Dra
wa
wav
e
form
diag
ram
to
expl
ain
your
ans
wer
in
7(d)
(i).
20
A student carries
out an experiment
to investigate the
interference of
sound waves. Two
loudspeakers are
connected to an
audio signal
generator. The
student measured
the distance
between two
adjacent loud
sounds, x, for
different values of
frequency, f. The
student then plots
a graph of f
against
freque
ncy, f,
when
the
distan
ce
betwe
en two
adjace
nt
loud
sounds
, x, is
2.0 m.
Show
on the
graph
how
you
determ
ined f.
1
as
x
shown in Diagram
20
the
grad
ient,
m,
obtai
ned
in
(a)
(iii)
and
the
expr
essio
n in
(b),
calc
ulate
the
velo
city
of
soun
d in
air
whe
nD
=
2.8
m
and
a=
1.2
m.
(iii)
Calculate the
gradient of the graph, m.
Show
on the
graph
how
you
determ
ined
the
gradie
nt.
...
21
Diagrams 21.1
and 21.2 show
interference patterns
using coherent
sources of waves, .
ax
D
and v = f,
write an
expression
of v in terms
of D, f, a,v
and x.
Deter
mine
the
State two
precautions
that should
be taken
during this
experiment.
Diag
ram
20
..
(ii)
(d)
(c)
Given that x
f = m.
By
usin
g the
valu
e of
38
Diagram
21.1
Diagram
21.2
(a) What is meant by
coherent waves ?
(b) Compare
Diagram 21.1 and 21.2 .
Relate and x to
make a deduction
regarding the
relationship of
both quantities.
22 A student who
moves his ear near a
vibrating tuning
fork hears loud
and soft sounds
alternately.
Diagram 22.1
shows the
positions of loud
sounds are
closer together.
Diagram 22.2
shows the
positions of loud
sound are further
apart.
Diagram 22.1
Diagram 22.2
Based on the
information and
observation:
(a) State one suitable
inference.
[1 mark]
(b) State one suitable
hypothesis.
[1 mark]
(c) With the use of
apparatus such as
two loudspeakers,
signal generator
and other
apparatus,
describe one
experiment to
investigate the
hypothesis stated
in (b) In your
description, state
clearly the
following:
(i) Aim
of the
experiment
(ii)
experi
ment
which
includ
e the
metho
d of
control
ling
the
manip
ulated
variabl
e and
the
metho
d of
measu
ring
the
respon
ding
variabl
e
(vi) Way
you
would
tabulat
e the
data
(vii) Way
you would
analysis the
data
Variables in
the
experiment
(iii) List of
apparatus
and
materials
(iv)
Arrangemen
t of the
apparatus
(v) The
proced
ure of
the
39
Speed of sound
Sounds travels quickly,
but not nearly as fast as
light. The speed of
sound waves depends on
the medium. Sound
travels fastest in solids,
and slowest in gases.
Sound travels more
quickly through medium
Quality or timbre of
sound
The quality of sound
depends on the wave
form.
Different musical
instruments of the same
pitch are distinguished
from each other by their
quality.
Application of Sound
Waves
Medicine
(1) Ultrasonic
scanning in
medicine
involves
sending
ultrasound
waves into
the patients
body and
detecting the
echoes
which come
back. This
can be used ,
for example,
to see the
40
position of
an unborn
baby inside
its mothers
womb. The
whole
process is
completely
painless and
much safer
than using
X-rays.
(2) Sound
waves of
high energy
are directed
to the
kidney
stones to
destroy them
in the cavity
of the
kidney. The
disintegrated
particles are
removed
during
urination by
the patient.
(3) Dentist use
ultrasonic
waves to
remove
plaque from
the teeth.
(4) Ultrasound
spectacles
help blind
persons to
estimate the
distance
away of
something in
front of
them.
Industry
(1)
Ultrasonic
scanning is
used to
detect cracks
in metal
structures .
This is how
aircrafts
parts are
checked for
hidden
cracks
which might
prove
(2)
(3)
dangerous
later.
A goldsmith
uses high
frequency
sound waves
to dislodge
dirt particles
adhering to
jewellery and
precious
stones.
Ships use
echosounding
equipment to
find how
deep the
water is. The
time interval
is measured
between a
pulse of
sound and its
echo from the
sea bed.
If the echosounders
measures an
interval of
time ,t , and
the speed of
sound wave
in water is v,
the depth , d
can be
calculated as
follows;
Distanced
travelled by
pulsed =
speed x time
2d= v x t
(4)
In modern
fishing
trawlers,
echo
-sounding
Produces
SONAR
( Sound
Navigation
and
Ranging) is
used to
detect shoals
of fish. The
equipment
can detect
the reflected
pulse from
the shoal,
and work
out its
position and
depth
(5) Geologists
also use
echo
sounding
methods to
locate
boundaries
between
rock layers
far below
the surface.
This is
useful, for
example in
finding
places
where it
might worth
drilling for
oil. A small
explosion on
the surface
sends a
sound wave
downwards
into the
Earth , and
some of the
sound is
reflected
from the
boundaries
between
rock layers.
The detector
d = vmeasures
xt
the2time
interval
between the
sound and
the echoes.
From this,
the depth of
the rock
layers can
be
measured.
of the air
molecules
2
Solution
A
Explosions
cannot occur in
space
B
Sound
cannot travel
through a vacuum
C
Sound is
reflected from the
space-ship
D
Sound travel
too quickly
through
space to
affect the ear
drum
Example 2
A man stands in front of
a fairly large flat wall at
a distance 50 m. He
claps his hands and the
time for 20 intervals
between claps is 12 s.
What is the speed of the
sound ?
Solution
3
TUTORIAL 7
1
Which of the
following is not
true about the
sound waves ?
A
Is a
longitudinal waves
B
Is a
mechanical waves
C
Can travel
through a vacuum
D
Produce
from the
compression
s and
rarefactions
Example 1
41
Astronauts are in a
space-ship
orbiting the moon.
They see an
explosion on the
surface of the
Moon.
Why can the not
hear the
explosion?
A place where
sound waves
cannot travel
would be
A
through a
balloon filled with
helium
B
from one
spaceship to another one
nearby
C
from a
surface ship to a
submarine
D
along a
railway line
4
Which of the
following medium
gives the highest
speeds of sound
waves?
A
Vacuum
B
Water
C
Steel
D
Air
5
railroad track
allows you to hear
the approach of a
train long before
you can hear it in
the air?
The speed of
sound waves
travel in air
greater than
in the steel
B
The speed of
sound waves
travel in
steel greater
than in air
C
Sound
cannot travel
through air
D
Sound
cannot travel
through steel
The speeds of
sound in air, in
steel and in water
are different.
Which of the
following gives
the speeds in
increasing order?
A
B
C
D
8
Slowest
Air
Steel
Water
Water
sound wave
depend?
Pitch
Water
Water
Air
Steel
Air
Oxygen
Aluminium
Iron
Lead
10
Speed of
sound
waves/ ms
330
320
5 100
5 000
1 200
Which conclusion
about the speed of
sound can be
drawn from this
information?
6
A timekeeper for a
sprint event starts
the stopwatch as
he sees the smoke
from the pistol
instead of hearing
the shot. This
action is taken
because
A
sound
produces echoes
B
light travels
in a straight line
C
light travels
faster than sound
D
surrounding
temperature
affects the
speed of
sound
13
Amplitude
The table
shows how the
speed of sound
varies with
substances of
different
densities.
Substance
Loudness
A
Amplitude
Frequency
B
Frequency
Fastest
Amplitude
C
Frequency
Speed
D
Speed
11
The speed
increases as
the density
of the
substances
increases
The speed is
greater in
less dense
substances
The speed is
greater in
metals than
in gases
The speed is
greatest in
the densest
metal
12
On what do the
pitch and the
loudness of a
42
Which of the
following
corresponds to the
highest pitch of
sound?
Which of the
following is true?
A
The quality
of the note
Q is better
than note P
Note Q is
played on a
guitar and
note P is
played on a
violin
C
The
loudness of
note Q is
higher than
note P
D
The pitch of
note Q is higher than
note P
14
What is the
approximate range
of audible
frequencies for a
young person?
A
1 Hz - 20 Hz
20 Hz - 20
kHz
C
20 kHz 200 kHz
D
1 000 kHz
20 000 kHz
15
heard by a healthy
human car?
Ahmad shouts in
front of a high
wall. He hears the
echo of his voice
1.2 seconds later.
The velocity of
sound in air is 340 m s-1.
What is the
distance between
Ahmad and the
wall?
18
16
A
C
330
B
990
D
Calculate
the speed of the
wave.
(d)
m
660 m
m
1 980
375 m
B
750 m
1 500 m
D
3 000
If the
density of
the air
surrounding
the
loudspeaker
is increased,
what will
happen to
the speed of
the sound.
(b) Determine
the speed of the sound
waves.
(c)
When the
distance
between two
high walls
are
increased
what
happen to
(i) the
speed of the sound
waves.
m
19
Diagram 19 shows
the sound waves
produced by a
loudspeaker.
17
204 m
B
283 m
C
340 m
D
408 m
The figure shows
an ultrasonic
waves transmitted
from a boat to the
seabed to
determine the
depth, D, of the
sea. The speed of
the ultrasonic
waves in water is
1 500 m s-1. The
echo of the waves
is received 2.0 s
after the
transmission.
During a
thunderstorm, an
observer sees a
lightning flash 6
seconds later he
hears the thunder.
The speed of
sound is 330 m s-1.
How far away is
the observer from
the lightening?
20
Diagram
19
(a) What is
meant by wavelength?
(b) In sound
waves, the
particles of
the medium
vibrate
parallel to
the direction
of
propagation
of the
waves. What
is the name
given to this
type of
waves?
Diagram 20 shows
a boy stands at
point P between
two high walls P
and Q. The
distance between
P and T is 100 m
and the distance
From T and Q is
500 m. He shouts
in front of the high
walls. He hears
the echo of his
voice from the
high wall P and
2.5 seconds later
he hears the echo
of his voice from
the high wall Q.
Diagram 20
(a) What is
meant by echo?
(c) If the
frequency of the wave is
170 Hz.
43
...
(ii) the
time taken to hear the
echo
..
21 (a) The siren is
located 20 m from a
large building,
as shown in
Diagram 21.1.
The siren
with the
frequency
1000 Hz, is
briefly
sounded
once. A
short time
later, the
sound is
heard again.
Diagram 21.1
(i) Why
is this second sound
heard?
....................................
...........................
(ii) What
is the
freque
ncy of
this
second
sound?
Tick
one
box.
less
than 1000
Hz
(b)
A student
found it is
difficult to
measure the
speed of
sound inside
the building
using only a
stopwatch
and a metre
rule. Give
two reasons.
is shown in
Diagram
21.3.
1000
Hz
..
more
than 1000 Hz
(iii) What
is the
amplit
ude of
this
second
sound
? Tick
one
box.
Diagram 21.3
..
(c) Diagram
21.2 shows
the correct
method used
by a student
to measure
the speed of
sound .
Diagram 21.4
shows the trace
observed at the
screen of CRO.
less
than the
original
sound
the
same
as the
origin
al
sound
more
than the
original
sound
(iv) Why
the
second
sound
is soft
than
the
origin
al
sound
?
....................................
............................
Diagram 21.4
The timebase setting
on the CRO
is 1.0
ms/cm.
Diagram 21.2
The sound is
received by
two
microphones
placed at
different
distance in
front of the
loud
speaker. The
separation
between the
two
microphones
is, d. The
time
interval, t,
between the
sounds
received by
the two
microphones
is recorded.
The results
of the
experiment
(i)
Determine
the time
interval, t,
from the
trace in
Diagram
20.4.
(ii) Using the
answer in (a)(i),
determine the
distance, d,
from the graph.
22
44
Traditional
fishermen often
have difficulties to
detect shoals of
fish. To overcome
this problem, they
use a modern
technology to
.
.................
....................
....................
....................
....................
........
(c) Explain the
technique
used by this
technology
to detect a
shoal of
fish..
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
........
(d) Diagram 22
shows the
trace
displayed on
the screen of
a cathode
ray
oscilloscope.
A pulse is
transmitted
from a boat
into the
water to
detect
the presence
of fish shoals.
The time
base of the
oscilloscope
in Figure 7.2
is set at 0.4 s
cm-1 and the
speed of
sound in
water is 1
200 m s-1.
Calculate
the distance
between the
boat and the
shoal of fish.
.
4.
The electromagnetic
spectrum
The electromagnetic
spectrum is a continuous
spectrum , with no gaps
in it and no frequencies
anywhere in the range
which do not exist. Like
the spectrum of light ,
the different kinds of
radiation gradually
change from one to
another as their
properties gradually
change. So there is no
sharp boundary between
one type of radiation and
the next. There is often a
large overlap at the
boundaries.
The following diagram
shows all the members
of the electromagnetic
family of waves.
to sterilise
equipment
c
osmic
rays
Special
Properties :
very penetrating
The common
properties of the
electromagnetic waves
1.
2.
3.
v
e
r
y
They all
transfer
energy from
one place to
another.
They all
transverse,
electromagneti
c waves
They all can
travel through
a vacuum
d
a
n
g
e
r
o
u
s
c
a
45
to control pest in
agriculture
(2)
Detector :
photographic film,
Geiger-Muller
T
ube
Introduction
Electromagnetic waves
are transverse waves
,consisting of oscillating
electric fields and
magnetic fields .
Energy resulting from
the acceleration of
electric charge and the
associated electric fields
and magnetic fields .The
energy can be regarded
through space involving
oscillating electric fields
and magnetic fields at
right angle to each other
to the direction of
propagation. In a
vacuum the waves travel
with a constant speed
i.e. speed of light , 3 x
108 m s-1.
to find flaws in
metal castings
Gamma rays
Sources
:
nuclei of
radioactive atoms
and
m
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
Uses
:
to kill cancerous
growth
u
s
e
s
c
a
n
c
e
r
a
n
d
X-ray
Sources
:
X-ray tubes
Detector :
p
h
o
t
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
f
i
l
m
,
F
l
u
o
r
e
s
c
e
n
t
s
c
r
e
e
n
Special
Properties :
very penetrating
v
e
r
y
d
a
n
g
e
r
o
u
s
,
d
a
m
a
g
e
t
o
c
e
l
l
s
Uses
:
to take X-ray
picture;
R
adiogr
aphy
t
o treat
skin
disord
ers
t
o
study
crystal
structu
res
r
i
e
s
to
scan
bagga
ge
(3)
Ultra-violet (UV)
Sources
:
the sun, very
hot objects , arcs
a
n
d
t
o
s
c
a
n
s
p
a
r
k
s
m
e
r
c
u
r
y
c
r
a
c
k
s
i
n
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
v
a
p
o
u
r
l
a
m
p
s
,
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
t
o
d
e
t
e
c
t
a
r
t
f
o
r
g
e
t
u
b
e
Detector :
p
h
o
t
46
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
f
i
l
m
,
p
h
o
t
o
c
e
l
l
s
,
f
l
u
o
r
e
s
c
e
n
t
c
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
s
Special
Properties :
absorbed by
glass ,
c
a
u
s
e
m
a
n
y
c
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
r
e
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
,
d
a
m
a
g
e
s
a
n
d
k
i
l
l
s
l
i
v
i
n
g
c
e
l
l
s
,
c
a
u
s
e
s
s
u
n
b
u
r
n
,
c
a
u
s
e
s
b
l
i
n
d
n
e
s
s
s
k
i
n
(4)
Visible light
Sources
:
the
sun,
hot
object
s,
l
a
m
p
s
,
l
a
s
e
r
s
,
l
i
g
h
t
e
n
i
n
g
,
f
l
a
m
e
s
Uses
:
treatment of skin
complaints,
killing bacteria,
fluorescent
lighting
burglar alarms
automatic
counting in industry
washing powders
to identify
counterfeit notes
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
v
i
t
a
m
i
n
i
n
t
h
e
47
,
p
h
o
t
o
c
e
l
l
s
Special
Properties :
refracted by
glass and focused
b
y
t
h
e
e
y
e
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
p
h
o
t
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
r
a
t
e
s
o
f
p
r
e
m
a
t
u
r
e
Detector :
i
l
m
,
e
y
e
k
i
n
a
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
k
i
n
c
a
n
c
e
r
Uses
:
observation of
visible world,
e
s
s
e
n
t
i
a
l
f
o
r
p
h
o
t
o
s
y
n
t
h
e
s
i
s
a
n
d
p
l
a
n
t
g
r
o
w
t
h
l
a
s
e
r
a
n
d
c
h
e
m
i
s
t
r
y
f
l
a
s
h
t
h
e
r
m
o
p
i
l
e
,
p
h
o
t
o
i
n
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
f
i
b
r
e
s
f
l
a
m
e
(5)
t
e
s
t
t
o
c
a
m
e
r
a
Infra-red light (IR)
Sources
:
the sun,
warm and hot
objects
s
uch as
fires
and
people
,
Detector :
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
p
h
o
t
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
f
i
l
m
,
48
t
r
a
n
s
i
s
t
o
r
e
y
e
,
p
h
o
t
o
c
e
l
l
s
Special
Properties :
causes heating
when
a
b
s
o
r
b
e
d
,
m
a
k
e
s
s
k
i
n
f
e
e
l
w
a
r
m
,
s
k
i
n
b
u
r
n
s
Uses
:
night vision
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
i
m
a
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
p
h
y
s
i
o
t
h
e
r
a
p
y
p
h
o
t
o
c
o
p
i
e
r
s
(
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
)
c
o
o
k
i
n
g
h
e
a
t
i
n
g
r
e
m
o
t
e
a
p
h
y
m
icrowa
ve
ovens
Detector :
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
w
a
v
e
g
u
i
d
e
h
a
z
e
t
u
b
e
a
n
d
Special
Properties :
spread round
hills and building
b
y
diffrac
tion
i
nternal
heatin
g of
body
tissues
Uses
:
cooking
f
o
g
c
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
a
n
d
h
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
f
o
r
T
V
p
h
o
n
e
radar system to
detect objects
(size ,form and
position)
satellite
transmissions
(7)
t
o
/
V
C
R
p
h
o
t
o
g
r
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
(6)
49
Microwave
Sources
:
microwave
transmitter ,
Radio waves
Sources
:
electrical
oscillating circuit
Detector :
a
e
r
i
a
l
s
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
T
V
o
r
r
a
d
i
o
Special
Properties :
harm body cells,
prevalence of
Uses
m
igraine
,
headac
he
disord
ers
:
telecommunications
(telephone)
broadcasting (TV
and radio)
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
f
t
s
,
s
h
i
p
s
a
n
d
A
B
radiation
C
D
wave
3
i
n
Radio wave
Ultrasonic
Which of the
following has the
lowest speed ?
A
B
radiation
C
D
wave
m
i
s
s
i
l
e
s
u
s
e
d
X-ray
Infra-red
White light
Ultra-violet
Radio wave
Sub-sonic
Which of the
following is the
common
properties of the
electromagnetic
waves?
A
They all
have the same
wavelength
B
They all
have the same frequency
C
They all
have the same speed in
vacuum
r
a
d
i
o
a
s
t
r
o
n
o
m
y
TUTORIAL 8
Which of the
following is not
an electromagnetic
waves?
A
Microwave
B
Sound wave
C
Radio wave
D
Light
wave
Which of the
following has a
wavelength
shorter than the
wavelength of
light wave ??
A
radiation
B
radiation
C
D
Ultra-violet
Infra red
Radio wave
Microwave
i
n
a
i
r
c
r
a
50
Which of the
following cannot
travels in vacuum?
The letter
I,U,R,X and V
represents the
electromagnetic
waves .
Letter
Electromagnetic
wave
I
Infra-red radiation
U
Ultra-violet
radiation
R
Radio wave
X
X-ray
V
Light wave
Microwaves
B
Sound
waves
C
Ultra-violet
radiation D
X-ray
10
Which of the
following
arrangement of the
electromagnetic
waves in
ascending order of
frequency?
X,V,R,U,I
B
R,U,I,X,V
C
V,R,I,U,X
D
R,I,V,U,X
Hair drier
D
Microwave oven
13
X and Y are
different wave
motions. In air, X
travels much
faster than Y but
has a much shorter
wavelength.
Which types of
wave motion
could X and Y be?
The contents in
the bag are examined by
using
A
B
C
D
8
X-ray
Longitudinal wave
High speed
Short wavelength
Can travels
through vacuum
11
Which of the
following ray
moves with the
speed of light?
A
Gamma ray
B
Beta
Alpha ray
ray
9
The figure shows
different regions of the
electromagnetic
spectrum.
Y
Microwave
Red
14
One of the
following devices
does not make use
of electromagnetic
waves in its
operation.
Which one is it?
Infra red
D
Sound
Which of the
following figure is
not relevant to
electromagnetic
waves?
18
Diagram 18 shows
ultrasound being
used to study an
unborn baby.
What type of
wave is used?
A
Radio wave
B
Microwave
C
Light wave
D
Sound
A
A
loudspeaker
B
A television
set
C
A camera
D
A
hand phone
12
Radio wave
B
Ultra
17
X-ray
B
gamma rays
C
ultraviolet
rays
D
infrared rays
light
B
Radio wave
Infrared
C
Red light
Sound
D
Sound
Ultraviolet
wave
Which of the
following is true
regarding the
What type of
wave is used?
violet
At an airport, a
passengers bag is
placed in the
baggage scanner.
(a)
wave
15
Which of the
following
equipment does
not use heating
element to
operate?
Bulb
B
Toaster
Infra-red
B
Light
Radio
Ultra-violet
51
(b)
Diagram 18
What is
meant by
ultrasound?
Explain how
the waves is
used to scan
the baby?
(c)
(d)
Why using
this method
to scan an
unborn
baby is safer
than using
X-rays?
Ultrasound
used in
medicine
has a
frequency
which is
about 100
times higher
than the
maximum
frequency
that can be
heard by
humans.
If the speed
of
ultrasound
in the
human body
is
1 500 ms-1,
determine
(i) the
freque
ncy
that
might
be
used
for
ultraso
und in
medici
ne.
(ii)
the
wavele
ngth of
the
ultraso
und in
the
human
body.
19
(c)
Diagram 19 shows
the
electromagnetic
spectrum.
(d)
(i)
(ii)
Name a
source to
produce Q.
(e) Name a
wave can
cause skin
burns
(f) Complete
the following table.
Uses
satellite
transmissions
to identify
counterfeit notes
Diagram 19
(a) Name the
waves mark by
P
20
(iii)
R
.
(b) What is the
speed of the
electromagn
etic waves
in vacuum?
Name an
apparatus to
detect
gamma rays.
(c)
The radar
detects the
same signal
after
reflection by
another aero
plane , Q.
The signals
from Q
arrives later
than the
signal from
P.
(i)
Comp
are the
distan
ces of
P and
Q
from
the
radar.
(ii)
Diagram 20
(a) Microwaves
are a type of
electromagn
etic waves.
(b)
52
The radar
transmits a
signal at a
velocity of
..
State
the
relatio
nship
betwe
en the
time
of the
receivi
ng
again
the
signal
and
the
distan
ce
betwe
en
airport
and
aero
plane..
..
21 Diagram 21
represents the
electromagnetic
spectrum.
(b)
.
Valuable
item can be
security
marked
using special
ink . The ink
can only be
seen in
ultraviolet
radiation
Table 22
22 (a) You
are assigned to
choose a suitable
design
ed of
parabo
lic
dish to
be
used
as
a
transm
itting
and
receivi
ng
dish
for
comm
unicati
on and
inform
ation
using
radio
waves.
Explain
what happen to
make this ink
visible?
Diagram 21
(a) Name the
type of
electromagn
etic
radiation
that is used
(I) to
sterilise
surgical
instruments.
(ii) to
send a
signal
to a
TV
from a
remote
contro
l.
and
Position of
sub reflector
Between
dish and
focal point
At focal
Q point
Between
R focal point
and centre of
curvature
At centre of
curvature
Beyond
T centre of
curvature
53
By referring
to the information given
in Table
22, explain
the
suitability of
each
characteristi
c and
suggest the
most
suitable
parabolic
dish to be
installed as
radar at
control
tower of an
airport.
(b) Radar has
very short range in
water, so ships use
ultrasound to
determine the depth of
the sea.
A ship send
out a pulse of
ultrasound and
detect
an echo 1.5
s later. The
Diameter of
dish
Low diameter
Wave
Long wave
length
narrow beam
radio waves
Surface
of dish
Smooth
and
metallic
Short
wavelength
narrow beam
radio wave
Smooth
and
metallic
Long
wavelength
wide beam
radio wave
Smooth
, black
and
opaque
Large
diameter
Short
wavelength
narrow beam
radio wave
Smooth
and
metallic
Large
diameter
Short
wavelength
wide beam
radio wave
Smooth
, black
and
opaque
Large
diameter
Low diameter
depth of the
sea is
1125 m.
(i) What
is meant by ultrasound?
(ii)
Calculate
the speed of
ultrasound
transm
itted in
water.
54