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Graph displacement-time

LESSON 1
Vibrations and Waves
Introduction
A wave is produced by a source of vibration.
Mechanical waves need a material medium or their
propagation.
Examples of mechanical waves include water waves ,sound
waves, shock waves as in earthquakes and waves in strings,
springs and rods.
Electromagnetic waves do not need a material medium for
their propagation.
Examples of electromagnetic waves are radio waves , light
waves , infra-red (IR) and ultra-violet ( UV).
As a wave travels through a medium, there is no transfer of
matter but only transfer of energy from a vibrating source.

Example 1
A pendulum makes 20 complete oscillations in 24.0 s.
Calculate
(a) the period
(b)the frequency
Solution
Example 2

Common terminology of vibrations


Vibration:
A periodic motion where the system performs a repeated
to-and-fro motion about an equilibrium position.
Equilibrium position:
The position of the object where is no resultant force acts
on the object.

Based on he graph above, determine the


(a) amplitude
(b) period
(c) frequency

One oscillation:
To-and-fro motion from the equilibrium position.

Solution
Natural Frequency:
The frequency of the free oscillation of a system without
any external forces are exerted to the system.
Factors affecting the natural frequency of the vibration
systems.

Amplitude :
The maximum displacement of the objects from their
equilibrium position.

Vibration system
Oscillation of a
pendulum
Oscillation of a spring
hang with a mass
Oscillation of a jigsaw
blade fixed with
plasticine

Period, T
The time taken for one complete oscillation.
The S.I. unit is second (s)
T= t
n

The number of complete oscillations per second.


The S.I. unit is Hertz (Hz)
Or

Formula

Transformation of energy in a vibration system

t = time
n = number of oscillations

Frequency, f

f= 1
T

Factors affecting

T= n
t

What is meant by Resonance

Example 6 :
Microwave ovens use resonance. The frequency of
microwaves almost equals the natural frequency of
vibration of a water molecule. This makes the water
molecules in food resonate . This means they take in energy
from the microwaves and so they get hotter. This heat
conducts and cooks the food.

A phenomenon that a system vibrates with a maximum


amplitude.
It occurs when the frequency of the system same as its
natural frequency.
Experiment to show a phenomenon of resonance

Example 7 :
The picture showing the insides of the body was produced
using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Our bodies
contain a lot of hydrogen , mostly in water. The proton in a
hydrogen spins . A spinning charged particle has a magnetic
field, so the protons act like small magnets. These are
normally aligned in random directions. Placing a patient in
a strong magnetic fields keeps these mini magnets almost
in line. Their field axis just rotates , a bite like a spinning
top. This is called precessing.

The pendulum B ( driver pendulum) is pulled well aside an


released so that it oscillates in plane perpendicular.
All the pendulums oscillate but with different amplitudes.
The pendulum D whose length equals that of the driver
(pendulum B) has the greatest amplitude because its
natural frequency of oscillation is the same as the
frequency of the driving pendulum.
Examples of Resonance in Everyday Life

Damping
Damping is a word used to describe how movement and
vibrations are reduced or slowed down.
Damping is a process whereby oscillations die down due to
a loss of energy to friction forces.
When a system is damped , the amplitude of the of
oscillation decreases slowly until the system stops
oscillating.
Damping is usually caused by external frictional forces
such as air resistance . It can also be caused by internal
forces , where energy is lost from the system in form of
heat.

Example 1:
A car or a washing machine may vibrate quite violently at
particular speeds. In each case ,resonance occurs when the
frequency of a rotating part ( motor, wheel, drum etc.) is
equal to a natural frequency of vibration of the body of the
machine. Resonance can build up a vibration to a large
amplitude.
Example 2:
The story is told of an opera singer who could shatter a
glass by singing a note at its natural frequency.
Example 3:
The wind ,blowing in gusts, once caused a suspension
bridge to sway with increasing amplitude until it reached a
point where the structure was over-stressed and the bridge
collapsed.
Example 4:
Wind instruments such as flute, clarinet, trumpet etc.
depend on the idea of resonance. Longitudinal pressure
waves can be set up in the air inside the instrument. The
column of air has its own natural frequencies at which it
can vibrate. When we blow, we use the mouthpiece to start
some vibrations. Those which happen to match exactly the
natural frequencies of the instrument are picked out and
magnified.

In daily use ,e.g. shock absorbers in cars cause


oscillations to die down after a car has gone over a
bump in the road.
For another example, damping is introduced
intentionally in measurement instruments such as
galvanometer , spring balance etc. to overcome the
problem of taking a reading from an oscillating
needle.

Example 5 :
The another example of useful resonance is the tuning
circuit on a radio set. Radio waves of all frequencies strike
the aerial and only the one which is required must be
picked out. This is done by having a capacitanceinductance combination which resonates to the frequency
of the required wave . The capacitance is variable; by
altering its value other frequencies can be obtained.

Base on the figure above, which distance represents


the amplitude?

TUTORIAL 1
1

The figure shows a bob of a simple pendulum is


swinging between point A and point C.

The diagram shows how displacement varies with


time.

One oscillation is counted when it oscillating from


A
B
C
D
2

Which of the following is true?

A to B
A to C
A to C and back C to B
A to C and back C to A

Amplitude/ m
A
B
C
D

The figure shows a bob of a simple pendulum is


swinging between point P and point Q. It takes 13.8 s
to swing from P to Q and back to P twenty times
7

0 .1
0.2
0.1
0.2

Period / s

Frequency / Hz

0.50
0.50
0.25
0.50

2
1
4
2

The period of oscillations of a simple pendulum


increases when the ________________________
increases.

What is the period of the pendulum?


A
C
3

0.69 s
1.45 s

B
D

A
B
C
D

1.38 s
27.6 s

The figure shows a pendulum is swinging. The time


taken from the rest position M to its maximum
displacement N is 2.0 s.

length of the pendulum


mass of the bob of the pendulum
acceleration due to gravity
amplitude of the oscillations of the pendulum

The figure shows P,Q,R and S are four pendulums of


different lengths and masses of the bob.

What is the period of the pendulum?

Which pendulum swings the slowest?

A
C

A
C

2.0 s
6.0 s

B
D

4.0 s
8.0 s

A child on a swing makes 20 complete swings in 30


seconds.
What is the frequency of the oscillation?
A
C

1
Hz
3
2
Hz
3

B
D

1
Hz
2
3
Hz
2

P
R

B
D

Q
S

Pak Abu has a pendulum clock as shown in the


diagram below.

Every day it was observed that the clock was slow


about 2 minutes.
To correct the clock Pak Abu

A
B
C
D

raised the position of the bob


lowest the position of the bob
increased the mass of the bob
decreased the mass of the bob

10

The figure shows a simple pendulum.


15

The figure shows a pendulum is swinging.

Which of the following is true?


A
B
C

The amplitude of oscillation is 20 cm


The period of oscillation is the taken to
move from A to C
The frequency of oscillation increases when
the length of pendulum decreases

At which point does the bob of the pendulum have


both of kinetic energy and gravitational potential
energy?
16

11

Which of the following arrangements of springs


produces the highest frequency?
[ All the springs are identical ]

The figure shows a simple pendulum of length 40


cm.
A metal rod R is clamped at R to make OR = 20 cm.

Which of the following is not true when the bob is


displaced and released ?
12

13

C
D
17

The vibration frequency of a piece of jigsaw blade


with plasticine ball at its end is not depends on
A
B
C
D

14

A
B

A spring is loaded with a weight of 40 g takes 0.6 s


to make a complete swing. What is the time of a
complete swing of the spring , when the spring is
carried out to the surface of the Moon?
( g earth = 1 g moon )
6
A
0.1 s
B
0.6 s
C
3.6 s
D
4.2 s

At point B ,the bob has the highest velocity


The time taken to move from to A to B same as
from B to C.
The gravitational potential energy at A same as
at C
The gravitational potential energy at A same as
the kinetic energy at B

The figure shows five pendulums that are hung from


the wire MN. The pendulum P is displaced and
released.

the length of the jigsaw blade


the stiffness of the jigsaw blade
the mass of the plasticine ball
the acceleration due to gravity

What energy changes take place when a load hang at


the end of a spring is displaced downwards and
released to make vertical vibrations?
A
B
C
D

Which of the pendulums will oscillate with the


highest amplitude?

Gravitational Potential Energy Kinetic


energy Elastic Potential Energy
Kinetic energy Gravitational Potential
Energy Elastic Potential Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy Kinetic
energy Gravitational Potential Energy
Elastic Potential Energy Kinetic energy
Elastic Potential Energy

A
C
18

B
D

Pendulum X
Pendulum Z

Which of the following physical quantities has a


maximum value when resonance occurs?
A

Pendulum W
Pendulum Y

frequency

period

19

C
amplitude
D
acceleration
A spring vibrates at a natural frequency 50 Hz.
Resonance occurs when the frequency of forced
vibrations on the spring is
A
C

20

0 Hz
50 Hz

B
D

25 Hz
100 Hz

The figure shows the arrangement of the apparatus to


show the phenomenon of resonance but the
resonance not occurs.

Which of the following graph shows the vibrations


the spring ?

To improve the experiment ,


A
B
C
21

Which of the following phenomenon is not caused by


resonance ?
A
B
C
D

22

25

The figure shows a paper cone filled with water


attached to spring. The paper cone has a hole at its
end.

Which of the following graph shows the vibrations the


spring while the water droplet drop from the hole?

It remains constant
It decreases
It increases

As the amplitude decreases the ______________


decrease.
A
C

24

The violent vibrations of a washing machine at


some spin speeds
The tuning circuits in TV and radio sets work
at the frequency of the station you select
The wind instruments produce sound by
forcing the air inside the tube
The shock absorbers in cars cause oscillations
to die down after a car has gone over a bump in
the road

A system is oscillating at its natural frequency


without damping.
What happens to the total energy of the oscillating
system?
A
B
C

23

the pendulums are oscillated with a maximum


speed
the iron rod is replaced by a string
increase the mass of the bobs

period
energy

B
D

frequency
number of
oscillations

The figure shows a mass hanging from a spring is


immersed in water.
26

Diagram shows a simple pendulum which consists of


a bob of mass 40.0 g at the end of a light inelastic
string of length 20.0 cm. The pendulum makes 20
complete oscillations in 5.0 s.

natural frequency when it is pulled aside and


released.

(a)

(a)

By using the letters A,B and C in the diagram


above state the

(b)

(i)

(b)

equilibrium position
...........................................................
(ii) the meaning of period
..
What is the frequency of the oscillations of the
pendulum ?

(i)

(c)

(c)

What is the frequency of the oscillations of the


pendulum when a bob of mass 50.0 g is used?

(d)

What happens to the frequency of the


oscillations of the pendulum when the length of
the pendulum is 80.0 cm ?
............................................................................
After a while the pendulum stops to oscillate .
(i) Explain why?
...................................................................
...................................................................

(e)

(f)

(g)

27

Diagram 27
What is meant by the natural frequency ?
............................................................................
What will happen to the nature frequency of the
both springs when

28

the steel springs are replaced by the


cooper springs.
............................................................
(ii) the number of trolley is increased.
............................................................
(iii) the experiment is conducted at the
surface of the Moon.
............................................................
When the amplitude of the vibrations remain
constant, draw, using the same axes shown
below, two displacement- time graphs to
compare the vibrations of the springs with one
trolley and then with two trolleys are used.

A student carries out an experiment to find out the


relationship between mass, m and the oscillation
period, T of a piece of jigsaw blade. The jigsaw blade
is clamped at one end and a plasticine ball with mass,
m is fixed at the other end as shown in Diagram 28

Plot a graph displacement time to show why


the pendulum stops to oscillate.

Diagram 28
The jigsaw blade is displaced horizontally to one side
and then released so that it oscillates. The time for 20
oscillations ,t is taken by a stop watch. The
experiment is repeated by using plasticine balls with
different masses.
The results of the experiment are shown in the table
below.
Mass,
Time for 20
Period
T2 / s2
m /k g
oscillations, t / s
T/s

State the form of energy when the pendulum


(i) at B
............................................................
(ii) between B and C
............................................................
Diagram 27 shows a trolley rests on a horizontal
frictionless surface and is connected to two walls
by two steel springs. The trolley vibrates with its

0.1

28.0

0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6

40.0
50.0
56.0
64.0
70.0
29

(a)
(b)

Complete the table above.


Base on the graph paper above plot a graph T2
against m.

(c)

Based on your graph state the relationship


between T and m.
.....................................................................
Determine the value of
(i) m when T = 2.2 s

(d)

Each figure below shows a boxer punches the


punch-ball with two different sizes. The big punchball vibrates more slowly than the small punch-ball.

Observe the vibrations of each of the punch-ball.


Based on the observations:
(ii)

(e)

T when m = 0.72 kg.

(a)
(b)
(c)

State one precaution that should be taken


during this experiment.
..

State one suitable inference that can be made.


State one appropriate hypothesis for an
investigation.
With the use of apparatus such as spring,
slotted mass and other apparatus , describe an
experimental framework to test your
hypothesis.
In your description , state clearly the following:
(i) Aim of the experiment
(ii) Variables in the experiment
(iii) List of apparatus and materials
(iv)
Arrangement of the apparatus
(v)

The procedure of the experiment

which include the method of controlling


the manipulated variable and the method
of measuring the responding variable.
(vi) Way you would tabulate the data
(vii) Way you would analysis the data

An example of transverse waves is sound waves.

LESSON 2 - Understanding waves

Wave terminology

Introduction
Oscillations can produce waves. Waves transfer energy
from one place to another without permanently displacing
the medium through which they travel.
When we drop a stone into a pond, the kinetic energy of the
stone makes the water surface move up and down near
where the stone lands; ripples spread out outwards and if
an floating object on the water some distance away will
start to bob up and down. It is becaused the original energy
of the moving stone has been transferred to the object by
the wave motion on the water surface.
When we are at the seaside, we can see large as well as
small waves reaching the shore. These waves arise because
of the strong winds in the middle of the sea.The energy of
the winds is carried by the waves to the shore. The water
from the middle of the sea does not reach the shore.
The wave motion is regular and repetitive (i.e. periodic
motion)
There are two main types mechanical waves such as
sound waves and electromagnetic waves.

Amplitude:
The maximum displacement of the medium particles from
the equilibrium position.
Period , T:
The time for one complete oscillations of each particle in
the wave.
Frequency, f :
The number of oscillations of each particle in the wave in
one second.
f=1
T
Wavelength ,
The distance between two consecutive points which are
vibrating in phase.
Or
The distance from one wave crest to the next.
Or
The distance from one wave trough to the next.

Transverse waves
Waves in which the direction of vibration of the particles is
perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation called a
transverse wave.

Or

Wavespeed , v
The distance moved by a wave in one second.
The wavespeed depends only the medium the waves are
traveling through.

The examples of transverse waves are water waves and


electromagnetic waves (radio waves ,microwaves , infrared (IR) light waves , ultra-violet ( UV), X-rays and
gamma
rays )

Wavefront
The locus of points which vibrates in phase.

Longitudinal waves
Waves in which the direction of vibration of the particles is
parallel to the direction of wave propagation called a
longitudinal wave.

For water waves there are two types of wavefront i.e


circular wavefront and plane wavefront.

Crest
The point where a wave causes maximum positive
displacement of the medium.

Example 3
A long rope is stretched out on the floor. One end of the
rope is then shaken. The graph shows the rope at a
particular moment in time. The rope vibrated at a frequency
8 Hz.

Trough
The point where a wave causes maximum negative
displacement of the medium
Compression
Region along a longitudinal wave where the pressure and
density of particles are higher than when no wave is
passing.
Rarefaction
Region along a longitudinal wave where the pressure and
density of particles are lower than when no wave is passing

Determine
(a) the amplitude
(b) the wavelength
(c)
the speed

The wave equation

Solution

Wavespeed = frequency x
wavelength
v = f
Example 4
The figure shows the sound waves produced by a tuning
fork.

Example 1
A student moves the end of a long spring from side to side
4 times per second . The wavelength of the wave on the
spring is 0.6 m. With what speed do the waves moves along
the spring?
Solution
(a)
(b)
Example 2
Radio waves travel at a speed 3 x 108 ms-1. What is the
wavelength of FM radio waves received at 200 MHz on
your radio dial?

Base on the figure determine,


(i) the amplitude
(ii) the wave length
What is the frequency of the sound if the speed of
sound is 330 ms-1.

Solution

Solution

waves same as the frequency of the stroboscope the pattern


will appear stationary.
Stroboscope frequency = number of slits x rotation
frequency of stroboscope
or
f = np

Waves on water- Ripple tank

Example 5
A mechanical stroboscope has 8 slits and rotates at a
frequency 5 Hz. The stroboscope is used to observe water
waves. The observer notes there are 6 successive bright
bands at a distance 12 cm. Calculate the speed of the water
waves.
Solution

In laboratory, to produce water wave we use a ripple tank.


A shallow tray of clear plastic holds the water, and a light
above the water surface projects the wave patterns on a
sheet of white paper on the bench below the tank.
The bright and dark bands of the wave pattern formed on
the screen because the surface of water acts as lenses.
The crest of water waves similar with convex lens and the
trough of water waves similar with concave lens.

Determination of wavelength in ripple tank


The a.c.power supply is switched on to vibrate the motor.
The stroboscope is rotated until the waves freeze.
The distance between 10 consecutive bright bands in
measured on the screen , L
The wavelength is calculated , = L
10

Plane waves are produced by a straight bar which hangs


by two elastic bands from supports near one end of the
tank.
Circular waves are produced by using dippers fixed to the
bar.
When a continuous stream of waves is used , it is
sometimes easier to see by using a mechanical stroboscope
to freeze the wave pattern. When the frequency of the

10

A
B
C
D

Parallel
Perpendicular
Parallel
Perpendicular

Longitudinal
Longitudinal
Transverse
Transverse

In which of the following pairs is the first wave


motion transverse and the second wave motion
longitudinal?

A
B
C
D

Which of the following is the transverse wave


different from the longitudinal wave?
A
B
C
D

direction of the wave


propagation
compare with the
spring vibration

Transverse

T UTORIAL 2
1

Type of wave

speed
period
amplitude
direction of vibration of the particles and
direction of wave propagation

Longitudinal

Light
Infra-red
X-ray
Micro

Radio
Ultra-violet
Sound
Ripples

The figure shows a cross-section of a water wave.

The figure shows a cork floating in a water tank.


Which points are one wavelength apart?
A
C

P and R
Q and T

B
D

Q and S
P and T

6
The figure shows a model of a wave
produce by
a slinky spring.
Which figure shows the movement of the cork when
the wave passes?

What is the wavelength ?


A
C

15 cm
45 cm

B
D

30 cm
60 cm

The figure shows a slinky spring is moved backwards


and downwards to produce a model of a wave.

Based on the figure above , which of the following is


true?
Amplitude
Wavelength
A
6 cm
8 cm
B
6 cm
11 cm
C
3 cm
8 cm
D
3 cm
11 cm

Which of the following is true?

11

The figure shows a wavefront pattern produced by a


dipper vibrating at a frequency of 12 Hz in a ripple
tank.

water waves. The observer notes there are 6


successive bright bands at a distance 20 cm.
Calculate the speed of the water waves.
A
C

60 cms-1
180 cms-1

B
D

120 cms-1
240 cms-1

13

Which graph shows the relationship between


frequency, f and wavelength , of a wave?

14

A dipper moving up and down makes waves in a


ripple tank.
What will happen when the dipper frequency is
decreased?

What is the speed of the waves?


A
C
9

A
D

8 cm s-1
18 cm s-1

A dolphin emits an ultrasonic wave with a


wavelength of 0.01 m. The speed of ultrasonic wave
in water is
1 500 ms-1.
What is the frequency of the ultrasound?
A
C

10

2 cm s-1
12 cm s-1

1.5 x 101 Hz
1.5 x 105 Hz

B
D

A
B
C

3.0 x 101 Hz
3.0 x 105 Hz

The figure shows a transverse wave is produced a


long rope by a student. The students hand make 10
complete up and down movements in 1.0 s

15

A vibrator produces a water wave vibrates 20


vibrations per second. When the frequency of the
vibrator is increased by 2 times , what happen to the
wavelength of the water wave?
A
B
C
D

What is the speed of the wave?


A
C
11

0.5 ms-1
4.0 ms-1

B
D

16
2.0 ms-1
10 ms-1

The diagram shows the straight lines represent the


positions , at one instant , of successive crests of
plane waves traveling on water. The waves travel at
distance 45.0 cm in 3.0 s.

of its initial wavelength


same as its initial wavelength
2 times of its initial wavelength
4 times of its initial wavelength

A water wave of wavelength 6 cm travels with a


speed 12 cm s-1 from deep water to shallow water. At
the shallow water the speed of the wave is 20 cm s-1.
What is the wavelength of the wave at shallow water?
A
C

17

The waves will be far apart each other


The waves will be closer together
The wave peaks will be higher and the troughs
lower
The wave peaks will be lower and the troughs
higher

8 cm
12 cm

B
D

10 cm
16 cm

The figure shows a loudspeaker produces a sound


with a frequency 300 Hz

Which of the following is true?


What is the frequency of the water waves?
A
30 Hz
B
15 Hz
C
7.5 Hz
D
2.5 Hz
12

A
B
C
D

A mechanical stroboscope has 12 slits and rotates at a


frequency 5 Hz. The stroboscope is used to observe

12

The transverse wave is produced


X is a rarefaction region
The wavelength is 1.2 m
The speed of the sound is 250 ms -1

18

The figure shows a graph displacement- time of


water waves.
(d)

What is the speed of the wave when the


frequency is 25 Hz.

(f)

Give one example of the natural phenomenon


to show that a wave transfer energy.
............................................................................
............................................................................

Which of the following is true?


A
B
C
D
19

21

The period of the water wave to vibrating is 25


s
The amplitude of the water wave is 0.4 m
The frequency of the water wave is 0.05 Hz
The wavelength of the water wave is 20 m

Diagram 21 shows a student setting up waves on a


long elastic cord . The students hand makes 5
complete up-and -down movement in 2. 5 s, and in
each up-and-down movement the hand moves
through a height of 0.4 m.
P , Q, R, S and T are the points marked on the cord.

Diagram 19 shows a longitudinal wave produced by a


slinky spring.

Diagram 19
What is a longitudinal wave?
............................................................................
..
(ii) What are P and Q ?
P :.............
.........................................
Q:
.....................................................
(iii) What is the wavelength of the wave
(i)

(a)
(b)
(c)

Diagram 21
What type of wave is produced by the cord?

State two points that out of phase.

Determine
(i) the amplitude
(ii)

20

Diagram 20 shows a graph displacement-distance for


a transverse wave.

the frequency

(iii) the speed of the wave


(d)

22

What happens to distance of PR when


frequency of the waves increase?

Diagram 22 shows a ripple tank is set up to produce a


water wave.

Diagram 20
(a)

On diagram 20 ,mark
(i) the direction of vibration of the particles
and the direction of wave propagation .
(ii) two points vibrate in phase.

(b)

Give one example of the transverse wave .


.....................................................................
Determine
(i) the amplitude

(c)

(ii)

(a)

Explain why
(i)

the wavelength

the depth of water in ripple tank be


uniform throughout?

13

Manipulated variable: Angle of incidence


Responding variable: Angle of reflection
Constant variable: depth of water in ripple tank
List of apparatus and materials:
Ripple tank, lamp, motor ,wooden bar , power supply
white paper , protractor ,plane reflector and mechanical
stroboscope.

.
(ii)
the inner surface of the ripple tank is
lined with a layer of sponge?

(b) Draw a ray diagram in the and indicate the


positions of the bright and dark bands in the
figure above.
(c)

A mechanical stroboscope has 4 slits and rotates at a


frequency 5 Hz. The stroboscope is used to observe
the water waves. The observer notes there are 6
successive bright bands at a distance 12 cm.
Calculate the speed of the waves.

LESSON 3 - Reflection of waves


Introduction
Reflection of a wave occurs when a wave strikes an
obstacle such as barrier, plane reflector , mirror and wall.
The reflection of waves obeys the law of reflection :
(a) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection.
(b) The incident wave, the reflected wave and the
normal lie in the same plane.
Velocity, v
Frequency ,f
Wavelength, Angle
unchanged
Unchanged
Unchanged
i=r

Arrangement of the apparatus:

To investigate the reflection of water waves a metallic


plane reflector is placed at the centre of a ripple tank. The
motor with a wooden bar attached is switched on to
produce plane waves which propagate towards the
reflector. The reflector repositioned to produce different
angles of incidence.
The following figure shows two examples pattern of the
reflection of the water waves.
(a)

The procedure of the experiment which include the


method of controlling the manipulated variable and the
method of measuring the responding variable.
The power supply is switched on to produce plane waves
which propagate towards the reflector.
The incident waves and the reflected waves are freeze by a
mechanical stroboscope.
The waves are sketched on the screen.
By using a protractor , the angle of incidence is measured =
i and the angle of reflection = r
The experiment is repeated 5 times for the other angles of
incidence.
Tabulate the data:
i
r
Analysis the data:
Plot the graph r against i

(b)

The experiment to investigate the relationship between


the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection of a
water wave.
Hypothesis:
The angle of reflection increases as the angle of incidence
increases.
Aim of the experiment :
To investigate the relationship between the angle of
incidence and the angle of reflection.
Variables in the experiment:

Reflection of light waves


When rays of light strike any surface the rays are reflected ,
unless the surface is black, when they are absorbed.
The reflection depend on how smooth the surfaces are.
Good mirrors reflect well over 90% of the light that reaches
them, with only a small amount being absorbed.
A plane mirror is a flat smooth surface which reflects
regularly most of the light falling on it.
The phenomenon of reflection of light obeys the law
of reflection.

14

(a)

The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of


reflection.
(b) The incident wave, the reflected wave and the
normal lie in the same plane.
It also can be seen that
(a) The size of the image = the size of the object
(b) The distance of the image = the distance of the
object
The experiment to investigate the relationship between
the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection of a
light wave.
Hypothesis:
The angle of reflection increases as the angle of incidence
increases.
Aim of the experiment :
To investigate the relationship between the angle of
incidence and the angle of reflection.
Variables in the experiment:
Manipulated variable: Angle of incidence
Responding variable: Angle of reflection
Constant variable: position of the plane mirror
List of apparatus and materials:
Ray box, plane mirror, plasticine, protractor and white
paper
Arrangement of the apparatus

The experiment to investigate the relationship between


the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection of a
sound wave.
Hypothesis:
The angle of reflection increases as the angle of incidence
increases.
Aim of the experiment :
To investigate the relationship between the angle of
incidence and the angle of reflection.
Variables in the experiment:
Manipulated variable: Angle of incidence
Responding variable: Angle of reflection
Fixed variable: the position of stop watch from the smooth
wall.
List of apparatus and materials:
Cardboard tube, soft wood , stop watch, protractor and
smooth wall.
Arrangement of the apparatus:

The procedure of the experiment which include the


method of controlling the manipulated variable and the
method of measuring the responding variable.
By using a protractor , the angle of incidence is measured =
i
The stopwatch is started.
The cardboard tube B is moved around until the watch can
be heard most clearly.
By using the protractor , the angle of reflection is measured
=r
The experiment is repeated 5 times for the other angles of
incidence.
Tabulate the data:
i
r
Analysis the data:
Plot the graph r against i

The procedure of the experiment which include the


method of controlling the manipulated variable and the
method of measuring the responding variable.
A normal line ,ON is drawn on the white paper.
A ray of light from the ray box is directed to the plane
mirror.
By using a protractor , the angle of incidence is measured =
i and the angle of reflection = r
The experiment is repeated 5 times for the other angles of
incidence.
Tabulate the data:
i
r
Analysis the data:
Plot the graph r against i

Reflection of sound waves


The sound waves is reflected by walls and ceilings of
buildings, unborn baby or sea bed.
Echo is a phenomenon when a sound wave has been
reflected of a surface , and is heard after the original
sound.

15

Which figure shows the correct pattern of reflected


water waves?

TUTORIAL 3
4
1

The figure shows a set of a plane waves arriving at a


plane reflector placed in a ripple tank.

Which diagram shows the reflected wave pattern?

Which figure shows correctly the reflected waves?

Diagram shows plane water waves travelling


towards an L-shaped barrier in a ripple tank.

Which diagram shows how water waves would be


reflected by a plane barrier?

The figure shows a set of a plane waves arriving at a


plane reflector placed in a ripple tank.

Which of the following will change?


A
C
6

16

wavelength
wave direction

B
D

speed of wave
frequency of
wave

The diagram shows a single ray of light being


directed at a plane mirror.

What are the angles of incidence and reflection?

A
B
C
D

Angle of
incidence
35o
55o
35o
55o

Angle of
reflection
55o
35o
35o
55o

What is the new angle of reflection of the ray of


light?
A
20
B
30
C
40
D
50
10

The figure shows the apparatus is used to investigate


the reflection of sound waves. At what position of
the cardboard tube is adjusted until a loud ticking
sound of the stopwatch is heard?

11

Echo is a phenomenon caused by

The diagram shows a mirror is titled at an angle of


50o to the bench. A ray of light is directed so that it
hits the mirror at an angle of 20o to the surface of the
mirror.

What is the angle of reflection?


A
C
8

20o
50o

B
D

40o
700

A
B
C
D

The figure shows two mirrors X and Y inclined to


each other at 900 . A ray of light falls upon miror X.

12

the refraction of sound waves


the reflection of sound waves
the diffraction of sound waves
the polarization of sound waves

The figure shows a sound wave is reflected from a


brick wall.

What is the value of the angle of the incidence upon


mirror Y ?
A
C
9

15o
45o

B
D

Compared with the incident wave, the reflected wave


has

30o
600

A
B
C
D

Diagram shows a ray of light being reflected by a


plane mirror PQ. The mirror is then rotated 10
anticlockwise.
13

17

a greater amplitude
a shorter wavelength
the same speed
the same velocity

Diagram 13.1 shows plane water waves is produced


by a vibrating wooden bar vibrates at a rate 15 waves
per second.

Diagram 13.1
(a)

(b)

On Diagram 13.1,
(i) mark the direction of the propagation of
the water waves.
(ii) determine the wavelength of the waves.

(iii) calculate the speed of the water waves.

Diagram 14
Based on the observations above ;
(a) State one suitable inference.
(b) State one suitable hypothesis .
(c) With the use of apparatus such as plane
mirror , ray box , white paper and other
apparatus, describe an experiment framework
to investigate the hypothesis stated in (b).In
your description, state slearly the following :
i)
Aim of the experiment.
ii)
Variables in the experiment.
iii) List of apparatus and materials.
iv) Arrangement of the apparatus.
v)
The procedure of the experiment which
include the method of controlling the
manipulated variable and the method of
measuring the responding variable.
vi) The way you would tabulate the data.
vii) The way you would analyse the data

A plane reflector is placed at different inclined


angle in front of the water waves as shown in
Diagram 13.2. Draw the pattern of the reflected
wave in the Diagram 13.2
(i)

(ii)

Diagram 13.2
14

Diagram 14 shows a photograph of reeds growing


in a pond. The image of the reeds can be seen in the
water.

18

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)
LESSON 4 - Refraction of waves
Refraction of a wave occurs when the wave moves from
one medium to another which causes to travel at different
speed.
The refraction occur when a water wave moves from
deeper water to shallower water, a light wave moves from
air to water , and a sound moves from air to carbon dioxide
gas.
When the refraction of a wave happened , the frequency, f
does not change but the wavelength ,, the speed , v and the
direction of propagation of the wave change.

The experiment to investigate the relationship between


the depth of water and the wavelength of a water wave.
Hypothesis:
The depth of water increases as the wavelength of water
waves increases.
Aim of the experiment :
To investigate the relationship between the depth of water
and the wavelength of water waves.
Variables in the experiment:
Manipulated variable: depth of water
Responding variable: wavelength
Constant variable: frequency
List of apparatus and materials:
Ripple tank, lamp, motor ,wooden bar , power supply
white paper , protractor ,plane reflector , perspex plate ,
metre rule and mechanical stroboscope.
Arrangement of the apparatus:

Refraction of water waves


The refraction of water waves occur when the water waves
move into different depth of water.
Medium
v
f

Shallow water
decrease
decrease
constant
Deep water
increase
increase
constant
If the waves meet the boundary between deep and shallow
water at an angle , then the direction of the waves changes.
The plane wavefronts will change to the curved wavefronts
if the waves move into the curved boundary.
To investigate the refraction of water waves a perspex plat
is placed on the bottom of a ripple tank to make a shallow
region of the water on the perspex plat.
The following figure shows two examples pattern of the
refraction of the water waves.
(a)

The procedure of the experiment which include the


method of controlling the manipulated variable and the
method of measuring the responding variable.

19

The depth of water on a perspex is measured by using a


metre rule = d
The power supply is switched on to produce plane waves
which propagate onto the perspex plate .
The waves are freeze by a mechanical stroboscope.
The waves are sketched on the screen.
The distance between 11 successive bright bands is
measured by the metre rule = x
The wavelength is calculated i.e. = x
10
The experiment is repeated 5 by increasing the number of
perspex plate to change the depth the water.
Tabulate the data:
d

Analysis the data:


Plot the graph against d

Experiment to investigate the relationship between the


angle of incidence and the angle of refraction.
Hypothesis:
The angle of refraction increases as the angle of incidence
increases.
Aim of the experiment :
To investigate the relationship between the angle of
incidence and the angle of refraction.
Variables in the experiment:
Manipulated variable: Angle of incidence
Responding variable: Angle of refraction
Fixed variable: Refractive index
List of apparatus and materials:
Glass block, ray box, white paper , protractor, power supply
.
Arrangement of the apparatus:

Refraction of water wave of the sea water

When the water waves propagated from the sea to the


beach , the water waves follow the shape of the beach.
It is because the water waves propagate from the deep
water to the shallow water. The speed and wavelength
decrease as the waves approach the beach and hence the
water wave is refracted towards the normal.
The water in the bay stationary compared to the water at
the cape.
It is because the depth of water varies slowly across the
area of the bay and the energy of the water wave spreads to
a wider area compared to the region near the cape. The
amplitude of the water wave near the bay is low and hence
the water at the bay is comparatively still.

The procedure of the experiment which include the


method of controlling the manipulated variable and the
method of measuring the responding variable.
The glass block is placed on a white paper.
The outline of the sides of the glass block are traced on the
white paper and labeled as ABCD.
The glass block is removed.
The normal ON is drawn.
By using a protractor , the angle of incidence is measured =
i
The glass block is replaced again on its outline on the
paper.
A ray of light from the ray box is directed along incidence
line.
The ray emerging from the side CD is drawn as line PQ.
The glass block is removed again.
The point O and P is joined and is drawn as line OP.
The experiment is repeated 5 times for the other angles of
incidence.
Tabulate the data:
i
r
Analysis the data:
Plot the graph r against i

Refraction of light waves


Refraction of light waves is a phenomenon where the
direction and speed of light are changed ( change in
velocity) when it crosses the boundary between two
materials of different optical densities
When a light waves travels from optically less dense
medium to optically denser medium , the ray is bent
towards the normal.
After entering the denser medium the speed of light
decreases.

When a light wave travels from optically denser


medium to optically less dense medium , the ray is bent
away from the normal.
After entering the less dense medium the speed of light
increases.

Refraction of sound waves


Refraction of sound waves occurs when the sound passes
through layers of air at different densities or temperatures.
Sound waves can be refracted by a balloon filled with
carbon dioxide.

20

A
B
C
D
3
When the stopwatch is started , the listener can detects at a
point only beyond the balloon where the sound wave is
strongest.
It is because a balloon of carbon dioxide( denser than air)
acts like a convex lens ,focusing the sound wave.
Effects of refraction of a sound wave at night

Increases
Decreases
Increases
Decreases

Decreases
Increases
Increases
Decreases

No change
Decreases
No change
No change

The figure shows a water waves in a ripple tank


with a sloping base.

Which of the following physical quantity


increases?
A
B
C

Distant sounds often appear louder and clearer at night.


At night the air near the ground is often cooler than the air
higher up, because it is close to the cold ground. The sound
waves travel faster through the warmer , less dense layers
of air , and this refracts the sound wave back toward the
ground.

speed
amplitude
frequency

The diagram shows a plane water waves pass from


deep water into shallow water.

Which of the following is true?


A
B
C
D

TUTORIAL 4
1

Which figure shows water waves travelling on the


surface of the water in a ripple tank?

The direction of the wave propagation


unchanged
The frequency of the waves unchanged
The wavelength of the waves increases
The speed of the waves increases

Diagram shows water waves propagate in an area of


different depths.

Which of the following diagrams show the


propagation of the waves correctly?

When water waves pass from deep water into shallow


water, how do the speed, wavelength and frequency
change?
Speed
Wavelength
Frequency

21

The diagram shows water waves travel from region


P to region Q.
Which of the following phenomenon involved?
A
C

Which of the following is true?


A
B
C
D
7

The density of water in P greater than in Q


The depth of water in P greater than in Q
The speed of water waves in Q greater than in
P
The amplitude of water waves in Q greater than
in P

refraction
interference

A set straight water ripples in a ripple tank travels


over a thick, triangular perspex sheet.
Which figure shows the wave pattern?

11

Diagram shows the propagation of water waves


from region X to Y.

The figure shows a plane wave are made in a ripple


tank with a sloping base to make the depth of water
at X and Y is different.

The figure shows a stone is thrown by a boy in a


pond with a sloping base.

Which is the correct comparison of the wave speed


and depth of water in X and Y?
A
B
C
D

Which of the following figure shows the


pattern of water waves after the stone is
thrown?

B
D

10

Which of the following shows the pattern of the wave


when it reaches at P?

reflection
diffraction

12

The figure shows the arrangement of apparatus to


shows a wave phenomenon.

22

Wave speed
vX > vY
vX > vY
vX < vY
vX < vY

Depth of water
X>Y
X<Y
X>Y
X <Y

Diagram shows the propagation of water waves from


deep area to shallow area. The velocity of water
waves in deep area is 36 cm s -1 and in shallow area is
27 cm s-1.

16

A light ray travels from medium P to medium Q.


Which of the following diagrams correctly shows the
path of the light ?
[ Medium P denser medium and Medium Q
less dense ]

17

The sound of a moving train at a distant is clearer at


night than that in the day time.
This is due to the effects of the ________________
of sound waves.

What is the wavelength of the water waves in


shallow area ?.
A
C
13

2.25 cm
4.00 cm

B
D

3.00 cm
6.75 cm

Diagram shows water waves pass from deep water


into shallow water. The distance PQ = 5 cm , RS = 3
cm and the speed of the water waves in deep water is
4 cm s-1 .

A
C
Which of the following is true?
A
B
C
D

14

B
D

Refraction
Diffraction

18

Which of the following figure shows the refraction


of the sound waves at night?

19

The figure shows a phenomenon shows by sound


waves.

The wavelength in deep water is 5 cm


3
The frequency of the water waves in shallow
water is 8 Hz
5
The speed of the water waves in shallow water
is 8 cm s-1
3
The period of the water waves in deep water is
5 s
2

When the water waves propagated from the sea to


the beach , the water waves follow the shape of the
beach. The phenomenon involved is
A
C

15

Reflection
Interference

reflection
diffraction

B
D

refraction
interference

A ray of light passes from water to air.


Which labeled arrow shows the direction of the ray in
air?

23

22

Diagram 22.1 shows a water waves in a ripple tank


travels over a perspex plat.
Diagram 22. 2 shows a water waves propagated from
the sea to the beach.

What is phenomenon involved?


A
C
20

B
D

Interference
Reflection
(a)

Which one of the following is true regarding the


refraction of the sound waves?
A
B
C
D

21

Diffraction
Refraction

When watching a hockey game , we often hear


the stick hitting the ball after w actually see the
hit
Clicking sound is heard clearly when two rocks
is clicked together under water
A pilot wears noise- canceling earphones to
reduce the noise effects.
At night sound can be heard over considerably
longer distances

Diagram 22.1
Diagram 22.2
Based on Diagram 22. 1 and Diagram 22. 2
(i) state the change in wavelength of the
water waves from A to B.
..
..
(ii)

(b)

Diagram 21 shows a plane wave propagate towards


two plane barriers.

(c)
(d)

Diagram 21
(a) Draw the wave pattern after passing through
the barriers gap.
Name the wave phenomenon above.

(c) Given is the wave velocity before passing the


gap is 4 cms 1 , calculate the wave
frequency after passing through the small gap.

compare the depth of water between A


and B.
.......
...
(iii) name a physical quantity is unchanged .
..
Relate your answer in (a)(i) and (a)(ii) to
deduce a wave phenomenon.

Name the phenomenon in (b)


..
The water waves with a wavelength of 1.5 m
travels with velocity 2.0 ms-1 from the sea to
the beach. The velocity of the waves when
reach near the beach is 1.2 ms-1 .
Calculate ,
(i) the frequency of the waves

(b)

]
(ii)
(e)

24

the wavelength of the waves near the


beach

Explain why when the water waves propagated


from the sea to the beach , the waves follow
the shape of the beach.

23

LESSON 5 - Diffraction of waves

Diagram 23 shows water waves propagated from the


sea towards the shore.

Meaning of Diffraction
The spreading and bending of waves as they pass through
an aperture or round the edge of a barrier.
The amount the wave bends depends on the size of the
aperture or barrier. The smaller the aperture by
comparison , the more wave bends.
When the diffraction of a wave happened , the
wavelength ,,the frequency, f and the speed , v do not
change but the amplitude of the waves decrease.
The direction of propagation and the pattern of the wave
change.

Diagram 23
Observed the wave pattern and the sea-bed.
Based on the observations:
(a) State one suitable inference that can be
made.
(b) State one appropriate hypothesis for an
investigation.
(c) With the use of apparatus such as ripple tank
and other apparatus, describe an experimental
framework to test your hypothesis.
In your description, state clearly the following:
(i) Aim of the experiment
(ii) Variables in the experiment
(iii) List of apparatus and materials
(iv) Arrangement of the apparatus
(v) The procedure of the experiment which
include the method of controlling the
manipulated variable and the method of
measuring the responding variable
(vi) Way you would tabulate the data
(vii) Way you would analysis the data

Diffraction of water waves


To investigate the diffraction of water waves an obstacle is
placed at the centre of a ripple tank..
The following figure shows two examples pattern of the
diffraction of the water waves.
(a) Size of aperture >

(b)

Size of aperture

(c)

Edge of a obstacle

(d)

Small obstacle

The factors affected size of bending


(1) Size of aperture : The bigger the size of aperture the
smaller the size of bending
(2) Wavelength : The longer the wavelength , the bigger the
size of bending
The experiment to investigate the relationship between
the size of aperture and the angle of bent
Hypothesis:
The angle of bent increases as the size of aperture
decreases

25

Aim of the experiment :


To investigate the relationship between the angle of bent
and the size of aperture
Variables in the experiment:
Manipulated variable: size of aperture
Responding variable: angle of bent
Fixed variable: frequency of vibrator

The experiment to investigate the relationship between


the size of slit and the wide of the middle bright fringe
Hypothesis:
The wide of the middle bright fringe increases as the size
of slit decreases
Aim of the experiment :
To investigate the relationship the wide of the middle
bright fringe increases and the size of slit decreases
Variables in the experiment:
Manipulated variable: size of slit
Responding variable: the wide of the middle bright fringe
Fixed variable: the monochromatic light (one wavelength
only)
List of apparatus and materials:
Monochromatic light source, single slit plate, metre rule
Arrangement of the apparatus:

List of apparatus and materials:


Ripple tank, lamp, motor ,wooden bar , power supply
white paper , two pieces metal bar ,metre rule protractor
and mechanical stroboscope.
Arrangement of the apparatus:

The procedure of the experiment which include the


method of controlling the manipulated variable and the
method of measuring the responding variable.
By using a metre rule , the width of the slit is measured = a
The power supply is switched on to produce plane waves
which propagate towards the aperture.
The waves are freeze by a mechanical stroboscope.
The waves are sketched on the screen.
By using a protractor , the angle of bent =
The experiment is repeated 5 times for with different
widths of slit.
Tabulate the data:
a

Analysis the data:


Plot the graph against a

The procedure of the experiment which include the


method of controlling the manipulated variable and the
method of measuring the responding variable.
The width of the slit is recorded = a
The light beam from the source is directed towards the slit..
By using a metre rule , measure the wide of the middle
bright fringe = x
The experiment is repeated 5 times for with different
widths of slit.
Tabulate the data:
a
x
Analysis the data:
Plot the graph x against a

Diffraction of light waves


The diffraction of light waves occur when the light waves
pass through a small slit or small pin hole.
Diffraction occurs at all edges where waves can spread
round into the shadow region. Thus a narrow object like a
fine wire or a human hair can show the diffraction fringes
at its edges similar to those produced by a small single slit.
The diagram shows the diffraction fringes.

Diffraction of sound waves


Sound diffracts very readily. This is why we can hear sound
round a corner , or behind an obstacle. The reason is the
sound waves have long wavelengths in air, ranging from a
few centimetres up to several metres. As we have already
seen, long wavelength waves diffract more readily than
those with short wavelengths.
To investigate the diffraction of sound waves the following
experiment can be done:

The wider middle bright fringe shows that the light


waves diffracted after pass through a small slit.

26

TUTORIAL 5
1

Which of the following figure is true to show the


diffraction of a water wave?

Which of the following diagrams shows the wave


pattern correctly when plane waves pass through a
gap?

How do the frequency and wavelength change when


waves in a ripple tank pass through a narrow gap in a
barrier?

A listener is requested to stand on the other side of the


corner of the wall so that the radio is beyond his vision.
The listener is able to hear the sound of the radio although
it is behind the wall.
It is because the sound of the radio spreads around the
corner of the wall due to diffraction of sound.

A
B
C
4

Frequency
increase
decrease
unchanged

Wavelength
increase
decrease
unchanged

Diagram shows plane waves moving towards a slit.

The motion of the waves through the slit will cause


a change in the
A
amplitude
B
wavelength
C
wave speed
D
frequency
5

Diagram shows plane water waves approaching a slit


between two obstacles.

The angle of increases when________________


A
B
C

27

the size of slit increases


the frequency of the wave increases
the wavelength of the wave increases

D
6

11

A driver is able to hear the sound of another car


although the car beyond his vision . The phenomenon
involved is
A
C

Refraction
Diffraction

B
D

The figure shows the pattern of formed on a screen


when a monochromatic light is passed through a slit.

Which of the following diagram occurs when the size


of the slit is decreased?

When the sea waves approach the barrier, the boat


is seen moving up and down. This is because the sea
waves undergo
A
reflection
B
refraction
C
diffraction
D
interference
7

12

Which of the following diagram shows the patterns


of diffraction of light waves when a monochoromatic
light source is passed through a small pin hole.

13

Sound waves are more easily diffracted in


comparison to the light waves because

Interference
Reflection

The figure show a listener a student is requested to


stand the other side of the corner of the wall of high
building.
The student is able to hear the sound of the radio.

A
B
C

The phenomenon involved is


A
C
9

Refraction
Diffraction

B
D

Interference
Reflection

14

Diagram shows the waves transmitted by the


transmission station are block by the hill.

Which the following phenomenon explain that the


television set in the house can still
received the transmission.
A
C
10

the size of slit is decreased

Diagram shows a boat behind a concrete barrier.

Reflection
Diffraction

B
D

B
C

Diagram 14 shows the pattern of water waves


moving towards a gap between two walls at a watertheme park. Frequency of the water wave is
5 Hz.

Diagram 14
(a)

Refraction
Interference

The effect of diffraction of a light waves passes


through a slit is very obvious when
A

the amplitude of sound wave is much bigger


than the amplitude of light wave
the frequency of sound wave is much higher
than the frequency of light waves
the wavelength of sound wave is much bigger
than the wavelength of light waves

(b)
(c)

the distance between the source of light and


the slit is increased
the distance between the source of light and
the slit is decreased
the size of slit is increased

28

(i)

On Diagram 14, draw the pattern of


water waves after passing through
the gap.
(ii) Name the wave phenomenon involved

Calculate the velocity of the water waves.


Explain how this phenomenon occurs.
..
..

15

Diagram 15.1 shows a plane water waves of passing


through a small slit.
Diagram 15.2 shows a plane water waves passing
through a small obstacle.

Diagram 15.1

3.0 x 108 = (50000000 )()


=6m
3.0 x 108 = (500000000)()
= 0.6 m
x 108 = (5000000000()
= 0.06
(d)

Diagram 15.2

(a)

16

Observe Diagram 15.1 and Diagram 15.2 and


state two similarities of the wave patterns.

(b) Relate your answers in (a) to deduce a relevant


physics concept and name the concept.

Diagram 16 shows the positions of two policemen A


and B standing behind the two tall buildings. The
policemen are holding a walkie-talkie each. The two
buildings are 4 m apart.

17

Diagram 17.1 shows a water waves passing through a


log that floats in water.
Diagram 17.2 shows a student standing at one corner
of a building at B who can hear the sound from a
loudspeaker at A.

(a)
Diagram 16
(a) Radio waves are a type of
..waves
(b) (i) Name the wave phenomenon which
enables the policemen to communicate
with each other.
............................................................
(ii) Name two factors that affect the
effectiveness of the above phenomenon.
...................................................................
...................................................................
Table 16 shows a few radio frequencies suggested by
the policemen.

(c)

Table 16
Calculate the wavelengths of each of the radio
waves suggested by assuming the speed of
radio waves in air is 3.0 x 108 ms1.

Based on your answer in (c), which is the most


suitable radio frequency to be used by the
policemen. Explain your answer.
.......................................................................
.......................................................................

Diagram 17.1
Diagram 17.2
Based on Diagram 17.1 and Diagram 17.2,
(i)
what happens to the wave after
passing round the log and the corner
of the building?

(ii)
what happens to the amplitude of the
waves after passing round the log
and the corner of the building?
Explain your answer.

...
(iii)
name the wave phenomenon that is
related to
Suggested frequencies
Diagram 17.1
50 MHz
and Diagram
500 MHz
17.2.
5 GHz

(iv)

29

what will happen to the speed of the


water waves after passing through
the log?

...

(b)

18

Referring to Diagram 17.1, what will happen


to a floating object that is placed at
(i)
P .....................................
(ii)
Q......................................
(c)
Name one other wave phenomenon that
occurs in Diagram 17.1.

The figure shows the bright and dark bands of the


wave patterns formed on the screen when plane
waves pass through narrow and wide slits.

investigation
(c) With the use of apparatus such as ripple
tank, stroboscope and other apparatus, describe
an experimental framework to test your
hypothesis.
In your description, state clearly the following:
(i) Aim of the experiment
(ii) Variables in the experiment
(iii) List of apparatus and materials
(iv) Arrangement of the apparatus
(v) The procedure of the experiment which
include the method of controlling the
manipulated variable and the method of
measuring the responding variable
(vi) Way you would tabulate the data
(vii) Way you would analysis the data

Observe the figure. Compare the wave patterns and


the wavelengths of the waves before and after they
pass through the slits.
Relate the size of slits, the wave patterns and the
wavelengths to deduce a relevant physics concept.
Name the wave phenomenon shown in the figure.

LESSON 6 - Interference of waves


Meaning of Interference
Interference is the superposition of two waves originating
from two coherent sources.
Two waves are in coherent if they are of the same
frequency, same amplitude and in phase (same phase)
There are two types of interference :
(a) Constructive interference occurs when the crests
or troughs of both waves coincide to produce a
wave with maximum amplitude.
(b) Destructive interference occurs when the crests
of one wave coincide with the trough of the
other waves to produce a wave with zero
amplitude.
Interference of the waves is a result or obeys the principle
of superposition.

19 To attract more tourist to the island in Diagram 19


, a contractor wants to build a beach resort

Diagram 19
.As a consultant you are asked to give suggestions on
the proposed project based on the following aspects:
The location of the resort
Features to reduce the erosion of the shore
Features to enable children to enjoy swimming
in calm water.

Principle of superposition
Principle of superposition state that When two waves
move simultaneously and coincide at a point the sum of
the displacements at that point is equal to the sum of the
displacements of the individual waves by vector method.
(a) Superposition of two crests

20

(b)

Diagram 20
Diagram 20 shows the sea water waves passing
through two different gates at a harbour .
Based on the observations:
(a) State one suitable inference that can be made.
(b) State one appropriate hypothesis for an

30

Constructive interference
Antinode is a point at which
constructive interference occurs.
Superposition of two troughs

(c)

Constructive interference
Antinode is a point at which
constructive interference occurs.
Superposition of a crest and a trough

Destructive interference
Node is a point at which
destructive interference occurs.

The figure shows the interference pattern produced by two


sources of water P and Q.
To analyse the interference pattern of water waves ,please
follow this instructions:
1.
Mark with a cross (x) in the figure the points where
the crests coincide crests .
2.
Mark with a star (*) in the figure the points where
the troughs coincide troughs .
The points (x) and (*) is called as _____________.
_______________ is a point where the total
displacement is ______________or ____________.
At the points ______________interference occurs.
3.
Mark with a circle () in the figure the points where
a crest coincide with a trough.
The points () is called as _____________.
_______________ is a point where the total
displacement is ______________.
At the points ______________ interference occurs.
4.
Connect the points (x) and (*) to produce several
lines that we call as _____________________ lines
5.
Connect the points () to produce several lines that
we call as _____________________ lines
6.
Draw a straight line parallel to sources. We can the
line as ____________________line
7.
Measure the distance between the two sources, a
= ................................ cm
8.
Measure the distance between the sources and the
detector line,D =................................cm.
9.
Measure the distance between two successive node
lines, x =................................cm
10. Calculate the value of a x = .................cm
D
11. Measure the wavelength of the water waves,
=..............................
12. Compare the value of with a x
D
Hence = a x
D

...interference occurs
Interference of water waves
To produce the interference pattern of the water waves in a
ripple tank we can use:
(a) Two dippers operated from the same motor,

(b)

Or
A plane water waves passing through two slits.

Analysing Interference pattern of water waves

31

The experiment to
investigate the
relationship between
the distance between to
coherent sources and
the distance between
two consecutive nodal
lines

Where , = the wavelength of the water


waves
a = the distance between two
dippers
x = the distance between two
successive nodal or
antinodal line
D = the distance between dippers
and detector line

Hypothesis:
The distance between
two consecutive node
lines
increases as the
distance between to
coherent sources
decreases
Aim of the
experiment :
To investigate the
relationship between the
distance between to
coherent sources and
the distance between
two consecutive node
lines
Variables in the
experiment:
Manipulated variable:
the distance between to
coherent sources
Responding variable: the
distance between two
consecutive node lines
Fixed variable:
frequency of vibrator or
the wavelength
List of apparatus and
materials:
Ripple tank, lamp,
motor ,wooden bar ,
power supply ,white
paper , spherical dippers
,metre rule and
mechanical stroboscope.
Arrangement of the
apparatus:

How to change the pattern of interference of waves?


The pattern of interference depends on the distances
between two consecutive nodal or antinodal lines , x.
How to change x ?
From the formula = a x
D
Hence x = D
a
Conclusion : As increases , x increases
As D increases , x increases
As a increases , x decreases

As increases , x increases

As a increases , x decrease

The procedure of the


experiment which
include the method of
controlling the
manipulated variable

32

and the method of


measuring the
responding variable.
By using a metre rule ,
the distance between
two dippers is measured
=a
The power supply is
switched on to produce
two circular waves from
the dippers
The waves are freeze by
a mechanical
stroboscope.
The waves are sketched
on the screen.
By using the metre rule ,
the distance between
two consecutive nodal
lines is measured = x
The experiment is
repeated 5 times for with
different distances
between two dippers
Tabulate the data:
a
x
Analysis the data:
Plot the graph x against
a
Example 1
In an experiment to
investigate the pattern
interference of a water
waves, the distance
between two spherical
dippers is 2.5 cm and the
distance between two
consecutive antinodal
lines is 5.0 cm. What is
the wavelength of the
water waves if when the
distance from two
dippers to the point of
measurement is 10 cm.
Solution
Interference of light
waves
When light from the
same source passes
through two
narrow slits which are
close together the effect
known as interference
can be seen as the bright
and
dark fringes.
The bright fringes to be
formed by constructive

Interference and the


dark fringes to be
formed by
destructive interference.

Interference fringes
produce by using
Double-slit
interference Youngs
experiment.
For all practical
purposes,
monochromatic light is
used.
Monochromatic light
which is light of only
one colour
or one wavelength.
The formula for
interference of light
waves is,
= ax
D
Where,
= wavelength of
light waves
a = slit separation
x = distance
between two successive
bright or
dark fringes
D = distance
between double slit and
screen.
Example 2
In a double-slit
interference experiment
with blue light the
distance between the
screen and double slit is
1.2 m and slit separation
is 2 x 10-4 m . Six
successive bright fringes
at a distance 1.2 x 10 -2
m is formed on the
screen. Calculate the
wavelength of the blue
light.

The procedure of the


experiment which
include the method of
controlling the
manipulated variable
and the method of
measuring the
responding variable.
A green filter is placed
between the light source
and the slits.
The source of light is
switched on.
The interference pattern
formed on the screen is
observed and drawn.
By using a metre rule
the distance across 6
consecutive bright
fringes is measured.
The distance between
two consecutive bright
fringes is calculated , x
=L
5
The experiment is
repeated 5 times for with
different colour filters
Tabulate the data:

x
Analysis the data:
Plot the graph x against

The experiment to
investigate the
relationship between
the wavelength of the
light waves distance
and the distance
between two
consecutive bright
fringes
Hypothesis:
The distance between
two consecutive bright
fringes
increases as the
wavelength of light
waves increases.
Aim of the
experiment :
To investigate the
relationship between the
wavelength of the light
waves distance and the
distance between two
consecutive bright
fringes
Variables in the
experiment:
Manipulated variable:
The wavelength of the
light waves( colour of
light)
Responding variable: the
distance between two
consecutive bright
fringes
Constant variable: slit
separation and the
distance between double
slit and screen.
List of apparatus and
materials:
Source of light,colour
filter, screen, single slit,
double slit and metre
rule.
Arrangement of the
apparatus:

The arrangement of
colour of light in order
of wavelength

Interference of sound
waves
Like other types of
waves ,sound waves can
also give interference
effects. Interference of
sound waves produce
regions of louder sound
by constructive
interference and regions
quiet by destructive
interference.
When two similar
loudspeakers are
connected to the same
audio-frequency
generator they will

Solution

33

produce interference
effects.
The formula for
= ax
interference of D
sound waves is,
Where,
= wavelength of
sound waves
a = distance
between two
loudspeakers
x = distance
between two successive
loud
regions or
quiet region.
D = distance
between the
listener from the
loudspeaker.
Example 3
In an experiment on the
interference of sound
wave a listener at
distance 5.0 from the
loudspeaker. The
distance between two
loudspeakers is 2.0 m.
The loudspeakers are
connected to an audiofrequency generator to
produce sound waves at
a frequency of 0.8 kHz.
Calculate
(a) the wavelength of
sound waves when
the speed of sound
is 320 ms-1
(b) the distance
between two
successive loud
regions
Solution:
The experiment to
investigate the
relationship between
distance of the listener
from the loudspeaker
and the distance
between two successive
loud regions
Hypothesis:
the distance between
two successive loud

regions increases as
distance between the
listener from the
loudspeaker increases .
Aim of the
experiment :
To investigate the
relationship between
distance between the
listener from the
loudspeaker and the
distance between two
successive loud regions
Variables in the
experiment:
Manipulated variable:
Responding variable:
distance between the
listener from the
loudspeaker
Responding variable: the
distance between two
successive loud regions
Constant variable: the
wavelength of sound
waves , distance
between two
loudspeakers
List of apparatus and
materials:
Two loudspeakers,
audio-frequency
generator ,connection
wires and metre rule.
Arrangement of the
apparatus:

The procedure of the


experiment which
include the method of
controlling the
manipulated variable
and the method of
measuring the
responding variable.
By using a metre rule
the distance between the
listener from the
loudspeaker is
measured= D
The audio-frequency
generator is switched on.
The listener is requested
to walk in a straight path

and the distance


between two successive
loud regions is measured
by a metre rule = x
The experiment is
repeated 5 times for with
different distances
between the listener
from the loudspeaker
Tabulate the data:
D
x
Analysis the data:
Plot the graph x against
D

Which of the
following figure
shows when both
waves meet at the
point P?

Which of the
positions A,B,C or
D, does the
amplitude of the
water waves is
zero.
5

TUTORIAL 6
1

The figure shows


two impulse
waves traveling
towards each other
along the length of
a rope.
Which of the
following figure
shows the pattern
of the impulse
waves after
passed through
point O.

The figure shows


the wave pattern
formed by waves
from two coherent
sources.

The figure shows


two impulse
waves travelling
towards each other
with a speed 2
cms-1 respectively.
Antinode
points are
A
X
Which of the
following shows
the pattern of the
impulse waves
after 1 s?

Which of the
following figure
shows the pattern
of the impulse
waves after
passed through
point O.

Figure shows two


impulse waves
travelling towards
each other.

34

The figure shows


an interference
pattern of two
coherent water
waves of sources,
P and Q.

X and Z
C
Z

W and
B
Y and
D

W and Y
6

The figure shows


plane water waves
approaching two
slits between
three obstacles.

The phenomena
involved are
A
refraction
and reflection
B
reflection
and diffraction

C
refraction
and interference
D
diffraction
and interference

What is the length


of the monochromatic
light ?

P
Q
R

5x10-7 m
C
2.5
x10-6 m
C
7.5x10-6 m
D
5 x 10 - 8 m
A

7
Monochromatic
light which is light of
only one ____
phase
B
colour
C
amplitude
D
intensity

A
B

10

The figure shows


a monochromatic
light is passed
through a double
slit.

Which of the
following formed on the
screen?

In an experiment
of light
interference using
green light of
wavelength 5 x
10 - 7 m , two
consecutive bright
fringes formed on
the screen are 0.4
mm apart.
When the
experiment is
repeated using red
light two
consecutive bright
fringes formed
0.48 mm are apart.
What is the
wavelength of the
red light ?
A

two bright

bands
B
of light
C

a spectrum
a pattern of
alternating
bright and
dark regions

The figure shows


the fringe pattern
obtained in a
double slit
experiment when
a monochromatic
light is used. The
slits are 3 x 10-4 m
apart and the
screen is 3.0 m
away from the
slits.

10 - 7 m
C

A
slit
separation increases
B
the width of
slit increases
C
the distance
between the
screen and
the doubleslit plat
decreases
D
the green
filter is
replaced by
a red filter.

2.4 x 10 - 7 m
B
4.2 x

13

5.0 x 10 - 7 m
D
6.0 x

10 - 7 m
11

In an experiment
of light
interference , the
distance two
successive bright
or dark fringes
depends on

The figure shows


the arrangement of
apparatus in
Youngs double
slit experiment.

Which of the
following is the
correct filter for
respective patterns
of interference?

35

14

In an experiment
of light
interference the
distance between
two consecutive
bright fringes ,x
varies with
distance between
double slit and
screen, D.
Which of the
following graphs
shows the correct
relationship
between x and D?

15

In experiment of
the interference of
waves, two
loudspeakers are
placed at a
distance of 1.5 m
from each other.
The distance
between two
consecutive soft
sounds is 6.0 m
and the listener at
a distance 4.5 m
from the
loudspeakers.
What is the
wavelength of the
sound waves is
used?

The figure shows


are the patterns of
interference by
using red filter,
green filter and
blue filter which
are not arranged in
order.

A
width of slit
B
colour of
light is used
C
intensity of
the source of light is
used
12

The distance
between two
consecutive bright
fringes increases
when

red
blue
green
blue
red
green
green
blue
red
green
red
blue

(i)
A
C
16

1.25 m
B
1.50 m
2.00 m
D
3.00 m

The figure shows


the arrangement of
apparatus the
interference of
sound waves
experiment.
D
i
a
g
r
a
m

(ii) Give
the reason for your
answer in (d)(i).
(d)(i).
....................
........................................
................
....................
........................................
................

1
7
The distance
between two
consecutive loud
sounds increases
as
A
the diameter
of the loudspeaker
increases
B
the
frequency of
the audiofrequency
generator
increases
C
the distance
between two
loudspeaker
s increases
D
the distance
between the
loudspeaker
and the line
XY
increases
17

Diagram 17 shows
an experiment to
determine the
wavelength of
monochromatic
light waves by
using a red light
source.

What
happe
n to
distanc
e
betwee
n two
consec
utive
dark
fringes
.

(a) What is
meant by
monochromatic light?
..

..
(b) Why are red
fringes formed on the
screen ?
....................
........................................
................
(c) The distance
between the
Young
double slit
and the
screen is 3.0
m. The
double slit
used has the
slit
separation is
5 x 10-4 m.
Calculate
the wave length of the
red light.

18

Diagram 18.1 and


Diagram 18.2
show fringes are
formed when
identical
monochromatic
lights pass through
the double slits.

Diagram 18.1
Diagram 18.2
(a) What is the
meaning of
monochromatic light?

........

(d) The red light


is replaced by the green
light.

36

(b) Explain how


fringes are formed on
the screen?

.......

.......
(c) Using
Diagram
18.1 and
Diagram
18.2
,compare
(i) the
distance between
the slits, a.

(ii) the
wavel
ength
of the
light,
, that
passes
throug
h the
double
slits.

...
(iii) the
distan
ce
betwe
en the
double
slits
and
the
screen
, D.

(ii)

...
(iv) the
distance between
the fringes, x.

...
(d) Using your
answers in 6 (c) state the
relationship
between x and a .

19

Diagram
19.1 shows
two identical
loudspeaker
s, L and M
connected to
an audio
signal
generator
which
produces a
note of
constant
frequency.

The
loud
sound is
heard by
the
observer
at
P.
Explain
what
happens
at point
P.
.
.

(b) Given that the


frequency of
the
audio
signal
generator
is
2000 Hz and
the velocity of
sound in air is
340 m s-1.
Calculate the
wavelength of
the sound
wave.

loud sounds
are heard in
terms of the
distance
between two
loud speakers
and
the
frequency of
the
audio
signal
generator.
Explain your
answer.
(i) the
distance between two
loud speaker

(i)

.
Explanation :
...

(ii)
the
frequency of the
audio
signal
generator

.
(c) The observer
then
walks
slowly along
ST. He hears
loud
sound
and
weak
sound
alternately.
Diagram 19.2
shows
the
positions
of
the loud and
weak sounds.

Explanation :
...

(d) Diagram 19.3


shows
a
headphone
which is used
by an air
traffic officer
at the airport
to
reduce
incoming loud
noise.
The
incoming
noise
is
detected
by
the
microphone
and
is
processed by a
system of a
computer and
speakers
inside
the
headphones.

Diagram 19.1
(a) (i) Name
the phenomenon shown
in
Diagram 19.1.
.
.
.............

Diagranm 19.3

Diagram 19.2
State how to
decrease the
distance
between two
points where

37

State the
phenome
non that
is used to
reduce
the noise
by the
computer
and the
micropho
ne in the
headphon
e.

...
(ii)
Dra
wa
wav
e
form
diag
ram
to
expl
ain
your
ans
wer
in
7(d)
(i).

20

A student carries
out an experiment
to investigate the
interference of
sound waves. Two
loudspeakers are

connected to an
audio signal
generator. The
student measured
the distance
between two
adjacent loud
sounds, x, for
different values of
frequency, f. The
student then plots
a graph of f
against

freque
ncy, f,
when
the
distan
ce
betwe
en two
adjace
nt
loud
sounds
, x, is
2.0 m.
Show
on the
graph
how
you
determ
ined f.

1
as
x

shown in Diagram
20

the
grad
ient,
m,
obtai
ned
in
(a)
(iii)
and
the
expr
essio
n in
(b),
calc
ulate
the
velo
city
of
soun
d in
air
whe
nD
=
2.8
m
and
a=
1.2
m.

(iii)
Calculate the
gradient of the graph, m.
Show
on the
graph
how
you
determ
ined
the
gradie
nt.

...

21
Diagrams 21.1
and 21.2 show
interference patterns
using coherent
sources of waves, .

ax
D

and v = f,
write an
expression
of v in terms
of D, f, a,v
and x.

(a) Based on the


graph on Diagram 20,
(i) State
the relationship between
x and f.

Deter
mine
the

State two
precautions
that should
be taken
during this
experiment.

(b) Given that

Diag
ram
20

..

(ii)

(d)

(c)

Given that x

f = m.
By
usin
g the
valu
e of

38

Diagram
21.1

Diagram
21.2
(a) What is meant by
coherent waves ?
(b) Compare
Diagram 21.1 and 21.2 .
Relate and x to
make a deduction
regarding the
relationship of
both quantities.
22 A student who
moves his ear near a
vibrating tuning
fork hears loud
and soft sounds
alternately.
Diagram 22.1
shows the
positions of loud
sounds are
closer together.
Diagram 22.2
shows the
positions of loud
sound are further
apart.

Diagram 22.1
Diagram 22.2
Based on the
information and
observation:
(a) State one suitable
inference.
[1 mark]
(b) State one suitable
hypothesis.
[1 mark]
(c) With the use of
apparatus such as
two loudspeakers,
signal generator
and other
apparatus,
describe one
experiment to
investigate the
hypothesis stated
in (b) In your
description, state
clearly the
following:
(i) Aim
of the
experiment
(ii)

experi
ment
which
includ
e the
metho
d of
control
ling
the
manip
ulated
variabl
e and
the
metho
d of
measu
ring
the
respon
ding
variabl
e
(vi) Way
you
would
tabulat
e the
data
(vii) Way
you would
analysis the
data

LESSON 7- Sound waves


Producing sounds
Sound waves are
longitudinal waves that
are transmitted through
almost any substance i.e
solid , liquid or gas.
The waves are produced
by any mechanism
which produces
compressional
vibrations of the
surrounding medium.
Some examples are the
vibrating string of a
guitar, exploding gas in
firecracker and the
vibrating diaphragm of a
loudspeaker.
Vibrations in a vacuum
Sound cannot travel
through a vacuum
because in a vacuum
there is no material to
transmit the
compressions. A
common demonstration
of this to show that is a
ringing bell cannot be
heard if the bell is in a
vacuum chamber. The
bell is vibrating , but
there is no surrounding
material to carry the
vibration to our ears.
Similarly we cannot
hear the nuclear
explosions on the sun
because there is no
medium in space.
Astronauts cannot speak
to each other on the
moon without using
radio waves, because
there is no air on the
moon through which
sound waves can travel.

Variables in
the
experiment
(iii) List of
apparatus
and
materials
(iv)

Sound waves in air

Arrangemen
t of the
apparatus
(v) The
proced
ure of
the

39

Sound waves are


longitudinal waves. The
sound waves from a
loudspeaker produce
compressions and
rarefactions of the air
molecules. When
molecules pushed
forwards (to the right)
meet molecules
bouncing backwards(to
the left) , after collisions
with other molecules in
front, a region of
compression is produced
where the air pressure is
higher. In between the
compressions are
rarefactions where the
number of molecules is
reduced and air pressure
is lower.
Thus we may describe
a progressive wave
sound in air as a
travelling pressure wave
in which regions of
increased air pressure
travel along where the
air molecules are
compressed together
separated by regions of
reduced air pressure at
the rarefactions.

Speed of sound
Sounds travels quickly,
but not nearly as fast as
light. The speed of
sound waves depends on
the medium. Sound
travels fastest in solids,
and slowest in gases.
Sound travels more
quickly through medium

in which the atoms are


strongly bound together.
If you imagine that in a
solid all the atoms are
joined together by
springs then the stronger
the springs the faster the
sound travels. The
strong binding between
atoms in solids means
that sound will travel
much more quickly
through solids than
through gases.
The speed of sound
waves in gases increase
when the density of the
gases decrease. When
the density of the gases
decrease ,the frequency
of the vibrations
increase ,so the speed of
the sounds increase ( v =
f)
The speed of the sound
waves also increase as
the temperature the
gases increase. It is
because when the
temperature of the gases
increase the density of
the gases decrease.
The speed of sound
waves in a gas not
affected by changes of
pressure.
Typical values for speed
of sound are given in the
following table.
Medium
Air (0oC)
Oxygen (0oC)
Helium (0oC)
Hydrogen (0oC)
Water (0oC)
Water (20oC)
Water (50oC)
Aluminium (0oC)
Copper (0oC)
Iron (0oC)
The frequency
spectrum of sound
waves
If a signal generator is
connected to a
loudspeaker , not all the
frequencies of the sound
wave is produced ca be
heard by the human
hear.

The human hear is


capable of hearing
sounds with frequencies
in the range of 20 Hz to
20 000 Hz.
The following figure
shows the frequency
spectrum of sound
waves:

Quality or timbre of
sound
The quality of sound
depends on the wave
form.
Different musical
instruments of the same
pitch are distinguished
from each other by their
quality.

Below about 20 Hz the


vibrations are felt rather
than heard e.g. earth
quakes and are called
subsonic.
We are able to hear
sounds with frequencies
from around 20 Hz to
almost 20 000Hz.
Sounds above the upper
hearing limit are called
ultrasound.
Dogs, bats and dolphins
are all known to be able
to hear sounds whose
frequency is well above
the limits of human
hearing.

Sound and Noise


Our ear can also tell the
difference between
musical sounds and
noises. The waveforms
produced by musical
instruments are regular,
whilst those produced
by noises are jagged
and irregular.

Application of Sound
Waves

Loudness and Pitch of


sound
The loudness of a sound
depends on the
amplitude of vibrations.
As the amplitude of
vibrations increase, the
loudness of a sound
increases.

Medicine
(1) Ultrasonic
scanning in
medicine
involves
sending
ultrasound
waves into
the patients
body and
detecting the
echoes
which come
back. This
can be used ,
for example,
to see the

The pitch of a sound


depends on the
frequency of vibrations.
As the frequency of
vibrations increase , the
pitch of a sound
increases.

40

position of
an unborn
baby inside
its mothers
womb. The
whole
process is
completely
painless and
much safer
than using
X-rays.
(2) Sound
waves of
high energy
are directed
to the
kidney
stones to
destroy them
in the cavity
of the
kidney. The
disintegrated
particles are
removed
during
urination by
the patient.
(3) Dentist use
ultrasonic
waves to
remove
plaque from
the teeth.
(4) Ultrasound
spectacles
help blind
persons to
estimate the
distance
away of
something in
front of
them.
Industry
(1)

Ultrasonic
scanning is
used to
detect cracks
in metal
structures .
This is how
aircrafts
parts are
checked for
hidden
cracks
which might
prove

(2)

(3)

dangerous
later.
A goldsmith
uses high
frequency
sound waves
to dislodge
dirt particles
adhering to
jewellery and
precious
stones.
Ships use
echosounding
equipment to
find how
deep the
water is. The
time interval
is measured
between a
pulse of
sound and its
echo from the
sea bed.
If the echosounders
measures an
interval of
time ,t , and
the speed of
sound wave
in water is v,
the depth , d
can be
calculated as
follows;
Distanced
travelled by
pulsed =
speed x time
2d= v x t

(4)

In modern
fishing
trawlers,
echo
-sounding
Produces
SONAR
( Sound
Navigation
and
Ranging) is
used to

detect shoals
of fish. The
equipment
can detect
the reflected
pulse from
the shoal,
and work
out its
position and
depth
(5) Geologists
also use
echo
sounding
methods to
locate
boundaries
between
rock layers
far below
the surface.
This is
useful, for
example in
finding
places
where it
might worth
drilling for
oil. A small
explosion on
the surface
sends a
sound wave
downwards
into the
Earth , and
some of the
sound is
reflected
from the
boundaries
between
rock layers.
The detector
d = vmeasures
xt
the2time
interval
between the
sound and
the echoes.
From this,
the depth of
the rock
layers can
be
measured.

A Sonar signal sent


vertically downwards
from a ship is reflected
from the ocean floor and
detected by a
microphone on the keel
0.8 s after transmission .
If speed of sound in
water is 1 500 ms-1, what
is the depth of the
ocean?

of the air
molecules
2

Solution

A
Explosions
cannot occur in
space
B
Sound
cannot travel
through a vacuum
C
Sound is
reflected from the
space-ship
D
Sound travel
too quickly
through
space to
affect the ear
drum

Example 2
A man stands in front of
a fairly large flat wall at
a distance 50 m. He
claps his hands and the
time for 20 intervals
between claps is 12 s.
What is the speed of the
sound ?
Solution
3

TUTORIAL 7
1

Which of the
following is not
true about the
sound waves ?

A
Is a
longitudinal waves
B
Is a
mechanical waves
C
Can travel
through a vacuum
D
Produce
from the
compression
s and
rarefactions

Example 1

41

Astronauts are in a
space-ship
orbiting the moon.
They see an
explosion on the
surface of the
Moon.
Why can the not
hear the
explosion?

A place where
sound waves
cannot travel
would be

A
through a
balloon filled with
helium
B
from one
spaceship to another one
nearby
C
from a
surface ship to a
submarine
D
along a
railway line
4

Which of the
following medium
gives the highest
speeds of sound
waves?
A

Vacuum
B

Water
C
Steel
D
Air
5

Why putting your


ear to a steel

railroad track
allows you to hear
the approach of a
train long before
you can hear it in
the air?

The speed of
sound waves
travel in air
greater than
in the steel
B
The speed of
sound waves
travel in
steel greater
than in air
C
Sound
cannot travel
through air
D
Sound
cannot travel
through steel

The speeds of
sound in air, in
steel and in water
are different.
Which of the
following gives
the speeds in
increasing order?

A
B
C
D
8

Slowest
Air
Steel
Water
Water

sound wave
depend?
Pitch

Water
Water
Air
Steel

Air
Oxygen
Aluminium
Iron
Lead

10

Speed of
sound
waves/ ms
330
320
5 100
5 000
1 200

Which conclusion
about the speed of
sound can be
drawn from this
information?
6

A timekeeper for a
sprint event starts
the stopwatch as
he sees the smoke
from the pistol
instead of hearing
the shot. This
action is taken
because

A
sound
produces echoes
B
light travels
in a straight line
C
light travels
faster than sound
D
surrounding
temperature
affects the
speed of
sound

13

The figure shows


two notes of sound
waves P and Q

Amplitude

The table
shows how the
speed of sound
varies with
substances of
different
densities.
Substance

Loudness
A
Amplitude
Frequency
B
Frequency
Fastest
Amplitude
C
Frequency
Speed
D
Speed

11

The speed
increases as
the density
of the
substances
increases
The speed is
greater in
less dense
substances
The speed is
greater in
metals than
in gases
The speed is
greatest in
the densest
metal

Two notes are


played on a guitar.
The second is
louder and has a
higher pitch. The
second note is
A
higher in
amplitude and
lower in frequency
B
higher in
both amplitude
and frequency
C
lower in
amplitude and
higher in
frequency
D
lower in
both amplitude
and frequency
What would a
drummer do to
make the sound of
a drum give a note
of lower pitch?
A
Hit the drum
skin with a larger
force
B
Hit the drum
skin with a smaller
force
C
Hit the drum
skin nearer the
edge
D
Loosen the
drum skin

12

On what do the
pitch and the
loudness of a

42

Which of the
following
corresponds to the
highest pitch of
sound?

Which of the
following is true?
A

The quality
of the note
Q is better
than note P
Note Q is
played on a
guitar and
note P is
played on a

violin
C
The
loudness of
note Q is
higher than
note P
D
The pitch of
note Q is higher than
note P
14

What is the
approximate range
of audible
frequencies for a
young person?
A

1 Hz - 20 Hz

20 Hz - 20

kHz
C
20 kHz 200 kHz
D
1 000 kHz
20 000 kHz
15

Which line on the


figure best
represents the
range of
frequencies of
sound that can be

heard by a healthy
human car?

Ahmad shouts in
front of a high
wall. He hears the
echo of his voice
1.2 seconds later.
The velocity of
sound in air is 340 m s-1.
What is the
distance between
Ahmad and the
wall?

18

16

A
C

330
B
990
D

Calculate
the speed of the
wave.
(d)

m
660 m
m
1 980

What is the value


of D?
A
C
m

375 m
B
750 m
1 500 m
D
3 000

If the
density of
the air
surrounding
the
loudspeaker
is increased,
what will
happen to
the speed of
the sound.

(b) Determine
the speed of the sound
waves.
(c)

When the
distance
between two
high walls
are
increased
what
happen to
(i) the
speed of the sound
waves.

m
19

Diagram 19 shows
the sound waves
produced by a
loudspeaker.

17

204 m
B
283 m
C
340 m
D
408 m
The figure shows
an ultrasonic
waves transmitted
from a boat to the
seabed to
determine the
depth, D, of the
sea. The speed of
the ultrasonic
waves in water is
1 500 m s-1. The
echo of the waves
is received 2.0 s
after the
transmission.

During a
thunderstorm, an
observer sees a
lightning flash 6
seconds later he
hears the thunder.
The speed of
sound is 330 m s-1.
How far away is
the observer from
the lightening?

20

Diagram
19
(a) What is
meant by wavelength?

(b) In sound
waves, the
particles of
the medium
vibrate
parallel to
the direction
of
propagation
of the
waves. What
is the name
given to this
type of
waves?

Diagram 20 shows
a boy stands at
point P between
two high walls P
and Q. The
distance between
P and T is 100 m
and the distance
From T and Q is
500 m. He shouts
in front of the high
walls. He hears
the echo of his
voice from the
high wall P and
2.5 seconds later
he hears the echo
of his voice from
the high wall Q.

Diagram 20
(a) What is
meant by echo?

(c) If the
frequency of the wave is
170 Hz.

43

...
(ii) the
time taken to hear the
echo

..
21 (a) The siren is
located 20 m from a
large building,
as shown in
Diagram 21.1.
The siren
with the
frequency
1000 Hz, is
briefly
sounded
once. A
short time
later, the
sound is
heard again.

Diagram 21.1
(i) Why
is this second sound
heard?

....................................
...........................
(ii) What
is the

freque
ncy of
this
second
sound?
Tick
one
box.
less
than 1000
Hz

(b)

A student
found it is
difficult to
measure the
speed of
sound inside
the building
using only a
stopwatch
and a metre
rule. Give
two reasons.

is shown in
Diagram
21.3.

1000
Hz

..
more

than 1000 Hz
(iii) What
is the
amplit
ude of
this
second
sound
? Tick
one
box.

Diagram 21.3

..
(c) Diagram
21.2 shows
the correct
method used
by a student
to measure
the speed of
sound .

Diagram 21.4
shows the trace
observed at the
screen of CRO.

less
than the
original
sound
the
same
as the
origin
al
sound
more
than the
original
sound
(iv) Why
the
second
sound
is soft
than
the
origin
al
sound
?

....................................
............................

Diagram 21.4
The timebase setting
on the CRO
is 1.0
ms/cm.

Diagram 21.2
The sound is
received by
two
microphones
placed at
different
distance in
front of the
loud
speaker. The
separation
between the
two
microphones
is, d. The
time
interval, t,
between the
sounds
received by
the two
microphones
is recorded.
The results
of the
experiment

(i)

Determine
the time
interval, t,
from the
trace in
Diagram
20.4.
(ii) Using the
answer in (a)(i),
determine the
distance, d,
from the graph.
22

44

Traditional
fishermen often
have difficulties to
detect shoals of
fish. To overcome
this problem, they
use a modern
technology to

locate the shoals


of fish.
(a) Name one
modern
technology
which
fishermen
use to detect
shoals of
fish.
....................
..............................
............................
(b) State two
reasons why this
technology is used
instead of
conventional
sound waves.

.
.................
....................
....................
....................
....................
........
(c) Explain the
technique
used by this
technology
to detect a
shoal of
fish..
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
........
(d) Diagram 22
shows the
trace
displayed on
the screen of
a cathode
ray
oscilloscope.
A pulse is
transmitted
from a boat

into the
water to
detect
the presence
of fish shoals.

The time
base of the
oscilloscope
in Figure 7.2
is set at 0.4 s
cm-1 and the
speed of
sound in
water is 1
200 m s-1.
Calculate
the distance
between the
boat and the
shoal of fish.
.

4.

They all travel


at a speed of
approximately
3 x 108 m s-1
5. They all show
the wave properties :
reflection,
refraction,
diffraction
and
interference
6. The all obey
the wave equation v = f
7. They all carry
no charge
8. They all can
be emitted and absorbed
by
matter

The electromagnetic
spectrum
The electromagnetic
spectrum is a continuous
spectrum , with no gaps
in it and no frequencies
anywhere in the range
which do not exist. Like
the spectrum of light ,
the different kinds of
radiation gradually
change from one to
another as their
properties gradually
change. So there is no
sharp boundary between
one type of radiation and
the next. There is often a
large overlap at the
boundaries.
The following diagram
shows all the members
of the electromagnetic
family of waves.

to sterilise
equipment
c

osmic
rays

Special
Properties :
very penetrating

The common
properties of the
electromagnetic waves
1.

2.

3.

v
e
r
y

They all
transfer
energy from
one place to
another.
They all
transverse,
electromagneti
c waves
They all can
travel through
a vacuum

d
a
n
g
e
r
o
u
s
c
a

45

to control pest in
agriculture
(2)

Detector :
photographic film,
Geiger-Muller
T
ube

Introduction
Electromagnetic waves
are transverse waves
,consisting of oscillating
electric fields and
magnetic fields .
Energy resulting from
the acceleration of
electric charge and the
associated electric fields
and magnetic fields .The
energy can be regarded
through space involving
oscillating electric fields
and magnetic fields at
right angle to each other
to the direction of
propagation. In a
vacuum the waves travel
with a constant speed
i.e. speed of light , 3 x
108 m s-1.

to find flaws in
metal castings

Gamma rays
Sources
:
nuclei of
radioactive atoms
and

LESSON 8 Electromagnetic waves

m
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
Uses
:
to kill cancerous
growth

Detecting and using


the electromagnetic
spectrum
(1)

u
s
e
s
c
a
n
c
e
r
a
n
d

X-ray
Sources
:
X-ray tubes
Detector :
p
h
o
t
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
f
i
l
m
,
F
l

u
o
r
e
s
c
e
n
t
s
c
r
e
e
n
Special
Properties :
very penetrating
v
e
r
y
d
a
n
g
e
r
o
u
s
,
d
a
m
a
g
e
t
o
c
e
l
l
s
Uses
:
to take X-ray
picture;
R
adiogr
aphy
t
o treat
skin
disord
ers
t
o

study
crystal
structu
res

r
i
e
s

to
scan
bagga
ge

(3)

Ultra-violet (UV)
Sources
:
the sun, very
hot objects , arcs
a
n
d

t
o
s
c
a
n

s
p
a
r
k
s
m
e
r
c
u
r
y

c
r
a
c
k
s
i
n
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g

v
a
p
o
u
r
l
a
m
p
s
,
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e

s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
t
o
d
e
t
e
c
t
a
r
t
f
o
r
g
e

t
u
b
e
Detector :
p
h
o
t

46

o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
f
i
l
m
,
p
h
o
t
o
c
e
l
l
s
,
f
l
u
o
r
e
s
c
e
n
t
c
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
s
Special
Properties :
absorbed by
glass ,
c
a
u
s
e
m
a
n
y
c

h
e
m
i
c
a
l
r
e
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
,
d
a
m
a
g
e
s
a
n
d
k
i
l
l
s
l
i
v
i
n
g
c
e
l
l
s
,
c
a
u
s
e
s
s
u
n
b
u
r
n
,

c
a
u
s
e
s
b
l
i
n
d
n
e
s
s

s
k
i
n

(4)

Visible light
Sources
:
the
sun,
hot
object
s,
l
a
m
p
s
,
l
a
s
e
r
s
,
l
i
g
h
t
e
n
i
n
g
,
f
l
a
m
e
s

Uses
:
treatment of skin
complaints,
killing bacteria,
fluorescent
lighting
burglar alarms
automatic
counting in industry
washing powders
to identify
counterfeit notes
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
v
i
t
a
m
i
n

i
n
t
h
e

47

,
p
h
o
t
o
c
e
l
l
s
Special
Properties :
refracted by
glass and focused
b
y
t
h
e
e
y
e
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d

p
h
o
t
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

r
a
t
e
s
o
f
p
r
e
m
a
t
u
r
e

Detector :

i
l
m
,
e
y
e

k
i
n
a
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
k
i
n
c
a
n
c
e
r
Uses
:
observation of
visible world,
e
s
s
e
n
t
i
a
l
f
o
r
p
h
o
t
o
s
y
n
t
h
e
s
i
s
a
n
d
p
l
a
n

t
g
r
o
w
t
h
l
a
s
e
r
a
n
d

c
h
e
m
i
s
t
r
y
f
l
a
s
h

t
h
e
r
m
o
p
i
l
e
,
p
h
o
t
o

i
n

o
p
t
i
c
a
l
f
i
b
r
e
s
f
l
a
m
e

(5)

t
e
s
t
t
o

c
a
m
e
r
a
Infra-red light (IR)
Sources
:
the sun,
warm and hot
objects
s
uch as
fires
and
people
,
Detector :
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
p
h
o
t
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c

i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
i
n

f
i
l
m
,

48

t
r
a
n
s
i
s
t
o
r
e
y
e
,
p
h
o
t
o
c
e
l
l
s
Special
Properties :
causes heating
when
a
b
s
o
r
b
e
d
,
m
a
k
e
s

s
k
i
n
f
e
e
l
w
a
r
m
,
s
k
i
n
b
u
r
n
s
Uses
:
night vision
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
i
m
a
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
p
h
y
s
i
o
t
h
e
r
a
p
y
p
h
o
t

o
c
o
p
i
e
r
s
(
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
)
c
o
o
k
i
n
g
h
e
a
t
i
n
g
r
e
m
o
t
e

a
p
h
y

m
icrowa
ve
ovens
Detector :

t
h
r
o
u
g
h

w
a
v
e
g
u
i
d
e

h
a
z
e

t
u
b
e

a
n
d

Special
Properties :
spread round
hills and building
b
y
diffrac
tion
i
nternal
heatin
g of
body
tissues
Uses
:
cooking

f
o
g
c
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
a
n
d
h
a
n
d

c
o
n
t
r
o
l
f
o
r
T
V

p
h
o
n
e

radar system to
detect objects
(size ,form and
position)
satellite
transmissions
(7)

t
o

/
V
C
R
p
h
o
t
o
g
r

c
o
n
n
e
c
t
(6)

49

Microwave
Sources
:
microwave
transmitter ,

Radio waves
Sources
:
electrical
oscillating circuit
Detector :
a
e
r
i
a
l
s
c
o

n
n
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
T
V
o
r
r
a
d
i
o
Special
Properties :
harm body cells,
prevalence of

Uses

m
igraine
,
headac
he
disord
ers
:

telecommunications
(telephone)
broadcasting (TV
and radio)
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

f
t
s
,
s
h
i
p
s
a
n
d

A
B
radiation
C
D
wave
3

i
n

Radio wave
Ultrasonic

Which of the
following has the
lowest speed ?

A
B
radiation
C
D
wave

m
i
s
s
i
l
e
s
u
s
e
d

X-ray
Infra-red

White light
Ultra-violet
Radio wave
Sub-sonic

Which of the
following is the
common
properties of the
electromagnetic
waves?

A
They all
have the same
wavelength
B
They all
have the same frequency
C
They all
have the same speed in
vacuum

r
a
d
i
o
a
s
t
r
o
n
o
m
y

TUTORIAL 8
Which of the
following is not
an electromagnetic
waves?
A
Microwave
B
Sound wave
C
Radio wave
D
Light
wave

Which of the
following has a
wavelength
shorter than the
wavelength of
light wave ??

A
radiation
B
radiation
C
D

Ultra-violet
Infra red
Radio wave
Microwave

i
n
a
i
r
c
r
a

50

Which of the
following cannot
travels in vacuum?

The letter
I,U,R,X and V
represents the
electromagnetic
waves .
Letter
Electromagnetic

wave
I
Infra-red radiation

U
Ultra-violet
radiation
R
Radio wave
X
X-ray
V
Light wave

Microwaves
B
Sound
waves
C
Ultra-violet
radiation D
X-ray
10

Which of the
following
arrangement of the
electromagnetic
waves in
ascending order of
frequency?
X,V,R,U,I
B
R,U,I,X,V
C
V,R,I,U,X
D
R,I,V,U,X

Hair drier
D
Microwave oven
13

X and Y are
different wave
motions. In air, X
travels much
faster than Y but
has a much shorter
wavelength.
Which types of
wave motion
could X and Y be?

The contents in
the bag are examined by
using

A
B
C
D
8

X-ray
Longitudinal wave
High speed
Short wavelength
Can travels
through vacuum

11

Which of the
following ray
moves with the
speed of light?
A

Gamma ray
B
Beta

Alpha ray

ray
9
The figure shows
different regions of the
electromagnetic
spectrum.

What region does


P represent?

Y
Microwave
Red

14

One of the
following devices
does not make use
of electromagnetic
waves in its
operation.
Which one is it?

Infra red
D
Sound

Which of the
following figure is
not relevant to
electromagnetic
waves?

The figure shows


a signal is
transmitted to
determine the
position of an aero
plane .

18

Diagram 18 shows
ultrasound being
used to study an
unborn baby.

What type of
wave is used?
A

Radio wave
B
Microwave
C
Light wave
D
Sound

A
A
loudspeaker
B
A television
set
C
A camera
D
A
hand phone
12

Radio wave
B
Ultra

17

X-ray
B
gamma rays
C
ultraviolet
rays
D
infrared rays

light
B
Radio wave
Infrared
C
Red light
Sound
D
Sound
Ultraviolet

X-rays and the


red light?

wave

Which of the
following is true
regarding the

What type of
wave is used?

violet

At an airport, a
passengers bag is
placed in the
baggage scanner.

(a)

wave
15

Which of the
following
equipment does
not use heating
element to
operate?

Which waves pass


through fog and
low cloud most
easily?
A
C
D

Bulb
B
Toaster

Infra-red
B
Light
Radio
Ultra-violet

16 The figure shows


a TV remote control .

51

(b)

Diagram 18
What is
meant by
ultrasound?

Explain how
the waves is
used to scan
the baby?

(c)

(d)

Why using
this method
to scan an
unborn
baby is safer
than using
X-rays?

Ultrasound
used in
medicine
has a
frequency
which is
about 100
times higher
than the
maximum
frequency
that can be
heard by
humans.
If the speed
of
ultrasound
in the
human body
is
1 500 ms-1,
determine
(i) the
freque
ncy
that
might
be
used
for
ultraso
und in
medici
ne.
(ii)

the
wavele
ngth of
the
ultraso
und in
the

human
body.
19

(c)

Diagram 19 shows
the
electromagnetic
spectrum.
(d)

(i)

(ii)

Name a
source to
produce Q.

(e) Name a
wave can
cause skin
burns

(f) Complete
the following table.
Uses
satellite
transmissions
to identify
counterfeit notes

Diagram 19
(a) Name the
waves mark by
P

20

(iii)
R
.
(b) What is the
speed of the
electromagn
etic waves
in vacuum?

3.0 x 108 ms1


towards the
aero plane
and detects
the reflected
signal 4.0 x
10-4 s later.
Calculate
the distance
of P from
the radar
transmitter
at that time.

Name an
apparatus to
detect
gamma rays.

(c)

The radar
detects the
same signal
after
reflection by
another aero
plane , Q.
The signals
from Q
arrives later
than the
signal from
P.
(i)
Comp
are the
distan
ces of
P and
Q
from
the
radar.

The figure shows


an airport radar
transmitting
microwave
signals.
Microwaves are
transmitted to
determine the
position of aero
planes.

(ii)

Diagram 20
(a) Microwaves
are a type of
electromagn
etic waves.

(b)

52

The radar
transmits a
signal at a
velocity of

..
State
the
relatio
nship
betwe
en the
time
of the
receivi
ng
again
the
signal
and

the
distan
ce
betwe
en
airport
and
aero
plane..

..
21 Diagram 21
represents the
electromagnetic
spectrum.

(b)

.
Valuable
item can be
security
marked
using special
ink . The ink
can only be
seen in
ultraviolet
radiation

Table 22

22 (a) You
are assigned to
choose a suitable
design
ed of
parabo
lic
dish to
be
used
as
a
transm
itting
and
receivi
ng
dish
for
comm
unicati
on and
inform
ation
using
radio
waves.

Explain
what happen to
make this ink
visible?

Diagram 21
(a) Name the
type of
electromagn
etic
radiation
that is used
(I) to
sterilise
surgical
instruments.

(ii) to
send a
signal
to a
TV
from a
remote
contro
l.

(c) Explain why


skin cells
need to be
protected
from
ultraviolet
radiation?

(d) Name two


types of
electromagnetic
Waves
radiation
that the oven
can use to
cook
food

and

Position of
sub reflector
Between
dish and
focal point

At focal
Q point

Between
R focal point
and centre of
curvature

At centre of
curvature

Beyond
T centre of
curvature

53

By referring
to the information given
in Table
22, explain
the
suitability of
each
characteristi
c and
suggest the
most
suitable
parabolic
dish to be
installed as
radar at
control
tower of an
airport.
(b) Radar has
very short range in
water, so ships use
ultrasound to
determine the depth of
the sea.
A ship send
out a pulse of
ultrasound and
detect
an echo 1.5
s later. The

Diameter of
dish
Low diameter

Wave
Long wave
length
narrow beam
radio waves

Surface
of dish
Smooth
and
metallic

Short
wavelength
narrow beam
radio wave

Smooth
and
metallic

Long
wavelength
wide beam
radio wave

Smooth
, black
and
opaque

Large
diameter

Short
wavelength
narrow beam
radio wave

Smooth
and
metallic

Large
diameter

Short
wavelength
wide beam
radio wave

Smooth
, black
and
opaque

Large
diameter

Low diameter

depth of the
sea is
1125 m.
(i) What
is meant by ultrasound?
(ii)
Calculate
the speed of
ultrasound
transm
itted in
water.

54

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