Numerical analysis of wake flow on heated

cylinder
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
DULARISH K A
INTI SANDEEP

312211114029
312211114043

in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SSN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, CHENNAI -603110

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2015

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report Numerical analysis of wake flow of

heated cylinder is the bonafide work of Dularish K A, Inti
Sandeep who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE
Dr. V.E ANNAMALAI
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Mechanical Engineering,
SN College of Engineering,
OMR, Kalavakkam- 603110.

SIGNATURE
Dr. S. SOMA SUNDARAM
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
Mechanical Engineering
SSN College of Engineering,
OMR, Kalavakkam- 603110.

SUBMITTED FOR THE VIVA VOCE EXAM HELD ON: ___________

INTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are grateful to our Principal Dr. S. Salivahanan for
providing us a constructive environment for carrying
out our project.
We sincerely thank our Head of the Department,
Dr. V. E. Annamalai for giving us permission to carry
out our numerical analysis project.
We would like to express our gratitude to our guide
Dr. S.Soma Sundaram, for his valuable guidance and
support throughout the period of this project work.

iii

ABSTRACT
The thermal effects of the wake flow behind a heated
cylinder operating in mixed convection region is
studied numerically and is been compared with
experimental study. Water with constant temperature
flows under gravity from the top over a heated bluff
body maintained at a constant temperature. By adjusting
the surface temperature of solid, the corresponding
Richardson number is varied. This variation is observed
for different cross sectional bluff bodies. The optimal
cross section for which there is minimum heat transfer
and the one for which there is maximum heat transfer is
determined. The analysis was done on a CFD software
to determine the pattern of velocity and temperature
distribution. The study revealed that cross-section shape
changes the flow pattern significantly for the same area.
Heat transfer is maximum for circular cross section and
minimum in equilateral triangle . The change in
velocity pattern due to change of Richardson number is
negligible for a cross-section shape considered.

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO.

TITLE

PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT

iv

LIST OF FIGURES

vii

LIST OF SYMBOLS

1. Introduction
1.1 Wake Flow
1.2 Vortex shedding
1.3 Reynolds Number
1.4 Turbulent flow
1.5 Nusselts number

1
2
3
4
4
5

2. Literature Survey

3. Procedure

4. Design Calculations
4.1 Time Step Calculation
4.2 No. of Time Steps
4.3 Geometry
4.4 Mesh process
4.5 Assumptions
4.6 Boundary Conditions

13
13
13
13
14
15
15

5. Numerical Results

16

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5

16
22
24
26
28

Circular cross section cases

Equilateral triangle cross section cases
Hexagon cross section cases
Inverse equilateral triangle cross section case
Square cross section cases

6. Conclusions

33

vi

List of Figures & Tables

Figure 1.1 Wake flow
Figure 3.1 Temperature grid study
Figure 3.2 Velocity grid study
Figure 3.3 Temperature temporal study
Figure 3.4 Velocity temporal study
Figure 4.1 Geometry of circular cross section in cylindrical pipe
Figure 4.2 Mesh Region
Figure 4.3 Prism layer and wake refinement
Table 5.1 Tabulation of cases considered
Figure 5.1 Velocity magnitude plot for circular cross section
Figure 5.2 Temperature magnitude plot for circular cross section
Figure 5.3 Temperature magnitude plot for circular cross section
Figure 5.4 Temperature magnitude plot for circular cross section
Figure 5.5 Temperature magnitude plot for circular cross section
Figure 5.6 Temperature magnitude plot for circular cross section
Figure 5.7 Temperature magnitude plot for circular cross section
Figure 5.8 Velocity magnitude plot for circular cross section
Figure 5.9 Temperature magnitude plot for equivalent triangle cross
section
vii

Figure 5.10 Velocity magnitude plot for equivalent triangle cross

section
Figure 5.11 Temperature magnitude plot for equivalent triangle cross
section
Figure 5.12 Velocity magnitude plot for equivalent Triangle cross
section
Figure 5.13 Temperature magnitude plot for hexagon cross section
Figure 5.14 Velocity magnitude plot for hexagon cross section
Figure 5.15 Temperature magnitude plot for hexagon cross section
Figure 5.16 Velocity magnitude plot for hexagon cross section
Figure 5.17 Temperature magnitude plot for inverse equivalent
triangle cross section
Figure 5.18 Velocity magnitude plot for inverse equivalent triangle
cross section
Figure 5.19 Temperature magnitude plot for inverse equivalent
Triangle cross section
Figure 5.20 Velocity magnitude plot for inverse equivalent triangle
cross section
Figure 5.21 Temperature magnitude plot for square cross section
Figure 5.22 Velocity magnitude plot for square cross section
Figure 5.23 Temperature magnitude plot for square cross section
Figure 5.24 Velocity magnitude plot for square cross section
Figure 5.25 Velocity with respect to position graph for circular cross
section

viii

Figure 5.26 Temperature with respect to position graph for circular

cross section
Figure 5.27 Temperature with respect to position graph for different
geometries
Figure 5.28 Velocity with respect to position graph for different
geometries
Table 5.2 Parameters along the probe

ix

LIST OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS AND NOMENCLATURE

Re - Reynolds Number (no unit)

Gr - Grashof Number

(no unit)

Ri - Richardson Number (no unit)

Pr - Prandtl Number (no unit)
St - Strouhl Number (no unit)
Nu - Nusselt Number (no unit)
f

- Frequency (hertz)

D - Diameter Of Pipe (metre)

V - Velocity Of Fluid (m/s)
T - Time Period ( seconds )

Chapter 1
Introduction
An understanding of the flow around a bluff body is of great
importance owing to its fundamental nature as well as its many
related engineering applications. A circular cylinder is the most
commonly studied bluff body. Despite its simple shape, a circular
cylinder generates a wake that is dynamically complex. By varying
the Reynolds number, a variety of flow patterns and vortex shedding
characteristics in the wakes of circular cylinders have already been
observed. The wake behaviour behind a heated cylinder is physically
more complicated owing to the thermal effects added to the viscous
phenomena. Heat transfer from a heated cylinder to the surrounding
fluid can be either forced convection, mixed convection or pure free
convection, depending on the ratio between the thermally induced
buoyancy force and the inertial force, characterized by the Richardson
number (Ri = Gr/Re2, where Gr is the Grashof number and Re is the
Reynolds number). In forced convection (Ri << 1), where the effect of
the thermally induced buoyancy force is negligible, heat transfer is a
function of Reynolds number and Prandtl number (Pr). In free
convection ( Ri >>1), where the flow inertial force is negligible, heat
transfer is a function of Grashof number (Gr) and Prandtl number
(Pr). In mixed convection, both forced convention and free convection
are important, and heat transfer is a function of Grashof number (Gr),
Reynolds number (Re) and Prandtl number (Pr) as well as the
approaching forced flow direction. Despite the fact that mixed
convection around bluff bodies is of great importance for various
engineering applications such as electronics cooling, micro heat
exchangers and fuel cells, the thermal effects on the wake flow
behaviour behind a bluff body in the mixed convection regime have
received little attention compared to those in the forced or free

convection. When a heated cylinder operates in the mixed convection

regime, the thermally induced buoyancy force plays an important role
in the flow behaviour in the wake. For a horizontally placed heated
cylinder, the free-stream approach flow can be either horizontal,
vertically upward or vertically downward, they are called horizontal
cross-flow, parallel flow and contra-flow arrangements based on the
angle between the approach flow direction and the thermally induced
buoyancy force acting on the fluid surrounding the heated cylinder.

1.1 Wake Flow

The flow downstream of a body immersed in a stream or the flow
behind a body propagating through a fluid. Wakes are narrow
elongated regions; filled with large and small eddies. The wakes
eddies of a bridge pier immersed in a river stream, or of a ship
propelled through the water, are often visible on the surface. On
windy days, similar wakes form downstream of smoke stacks or other
structures, but the eddies in the air are not visible unless some smoke
or dust is entrained in them.
Turbulence in the wake of bluff bodies consists of all sizes of eddies,
which interact with each other in their unruly motion. Yet, out of this
chaos emerges some organization, whereby large groups of eddies
form a well-ordered sequence of vortices. The sense of rotation of
these vortices alternates and their spacing is quite regular. As a result,
they can drive a structure that they encounter or they can exert on the
body that created them a force alternating in sign with the same
frequency as that of the formation of the vortices. Such forces can
impose on structures unwanted vibrations which often lead to serious
damage. Flow induced forces can be catastrophic if they are in tune
with the frequency of vibration of the structure. Wakes are sustained
for very large distances downstream of a body. Ship wakes retain
their turbulent character for miles behind a vessel and can be detected
by special satellites hours after their generation. Similarly
Page | 2

condensation in the wake of aircraft sometimes makes it look like a

narrow braided cloud, traversing the sky.

Figure 1.1

1.2 Vortex Shedding

Vortex shedding is an oscillating flow that takes place when a fluid
such as air or water flows past a bluff (as opposed to streamlined)
body at certain velocities, depending on the size and shape of the
body. In this flow, vortices are created at the back of the body and
detach periodically from either side of the body. The fluid flow past
the object creates alternating low-pressure vortices on the downstream
side of the object. The object will tend to move toward the lowpressure zone. If the bluff structure is not mounted rigidly and the
frequency of vortex shedding matches the resonance frequency of the
structure, the structure can begin to resonate, vibrating with harmonic
oscillations driven by the energy of the flow. This vibration is the
cause of the singing of overhead power line wires in a wind, and the
fluttering of automobile whip radio antennas at some speeds.
Tall chimneys constructed of thin-walled steel tube can be sufficiently
flexible that, in air flow with a speed in the critical range, vortex
shedding can drive the chimney into violent oscillations that can
damage or destroy the chimney. These chimneys can be protected
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from this phenomenon by installing a series of fences (sometimes

called strakes or spoilers) at the top and running down the exterior of
the chimney for approximately 20% of its length. The fences are
usually located in a helical pattern.
The fences prevent strong vortex shedding with low separation
frequencies. The optimal pitch for vortex shedding is a 5D pitch (5 x
the diameter of the stack).

1.3 Reynolds Number

The Reynolds number is defined as the ratio of inertial forces
to viscous forces and consequently quantifies the relative importance
of these two types of forces for given flow conditions. Reynolds
numbers frequently arise when performing scaling of fluid dynamics
problems, and as such can be used to determine dynamic
similitude between two different cases of fluid flow. They are also
used to characterize different flow regimes within a similar fluid, such
as laminar or turbulent flow
Laminar flow occurs at low Reynolds numbers, where viscous forces
are dominant, and is characterized by smooth, constant fluid motion.
Turbulent flow occurs at high Reynolds numbers and is dominated by
inertial forces, which tend to produce chaotic eddies, vortices and
other flow instabilities.

1.4 Turbulent flow

Turbulent flow, type of fluid (gas or liquid) flow in which the fluid
undergoes irregular fluctuations, or mixing, in contrast to laminar
flow, in which the fluid moves in smooth paths or layers. In turbulent
flow the speed of the fluid at a point is continuously undergoing
changes in both magnitude and direction. The flow of wind and rivers
is generally turbulent in this sense, even if the currents are gentle. The
air or water swirls and eddies while its overall bulk moves along a
specific direction.
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Most kinds of fluid flow are turbulent, except for laminar flow at the
leading edge of solids moving relative to fluids or extremely close to
solid surfaces, such as the inside wall of a pipe, or in cases of fluids of
high viscosity (relatively great sluggishness) flowing slowly through
small channels. Common examples of turbulent flow are blood flow
in arteries, oil transport in pipelines, lava flow, atmosphere and ocean
currents, the flow through pumps and turbines, and the flow in boat
wakes and around aircraft-wing tips.

1.5 Nusselt Number

Page | 5

Chapter 2
Literature Survey
2.1 The Thermal Effects on the Wake Flow behind a
Heated Circular Cylinder Operating In the Mixed
Convection Regime[1]
The thermal effects on the wake flow were investigated
experimentally. The experiment was conducted such that water flows
in a channel over a heated cylinder which is maintained at a particular
temperature. By controlling the temperature, Richardson number is
varied from 0 to 1.04 resulting the heat transfer change from forced
convection to buoyancy induced free convection. Molecular Tagging
Velocimetry & Thermometry (MTV &T) technique is used to
visualize velocity and temperature distribution. By varying
Richardson number, significant changes in the characteristics of the
system such as recirculation distance, wake closure length, vortex
shedding process. It was observed that when Richardson number is
increased , the usual Karman vortices at the two sides of the bluff
body is delayed and replaced by Kelvin-Helmholtz like vortex
structures and drag coefficients were found to be increased due to
thermally induced flow. The average Nusselt number were found to
be linearly decreasing with increasing Richardson numbers. A
numerical study yielded similar results in predicting wake vortex
characteristics and flow pattern

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2.2 Passive Control of wake flow behind a

circular cylinder by parallel dual plates[2]
This is a numerical study on the effect of control device, consisting of
two plates placed parallel to the wake centreline, on wake
characteristics with the objective of wake stabilization. Two parallel
plates were placed behind the circular bluff body over which flow
takes placed in a low Reynolds number regime. Extensive studies
were performed by varying the angle of the plates and the number of
plates. There was significant difference in the wake parameters by
introducing plates at the rear of a bluff body and for thorough wake
stabilization, the length of the plate must be 5 times that of bluff body
diameter. The coefficient of drag experience change as high as 23%
close to L/D ratio of 1.5. Depending of the angle of the plates, the
wake regime can be classified into three regimes, when the angle of
the plates increased there was a decrease in coefficient of drag. In this
paper, two mechanisms for the control of dual plates is suggested.
First is the stabilization of free shear layer fluctuation and the other
one is the basal cavity effect which accounts for pressure
redistribution upon the base surface region.

2.3 Heat Transfer From A Cylinder In The Wake

Flow[3]
In this work, the effect of obstacle size and the shape on the heat
transfer characteristics is studied. An additional cylinder is placed
downstream of the bluff body and convective characteristics are
determined. Conductive and radiation heat transfer is considered
negligible. Lumped heat capacitance method is used in determining
heat transfer coefficients. For every obstacle shape and size, the effect
of spacing between obstacles and location of obstacles relative to one
another is studied. It was observed that heat transfer did not vary
Page | 7

significantly at lower Reynolds number but when Reynolds number

was higher, heat transfer was significantly higher. For higher
Reynolds number, the larger the obstacle size, the higher was the
average Nusselt number. When the obstacle was present just behind
the circular object, the obstacle had a negative effect on the heat
transfer, but for square cross section object, heat transfer showed an
improvement.

2.4 Dependence of flow classification on the

Reynolds number for a two-cylinder wake[4]
This is a study on aerodynamic interference between multiple
structures. Flow behind two staggered cylinders is more complicated
than with single cylinder configuration. Moreover, flow
characteristics depend on angle between the flow direction and the
line joining two cylinders and the pitch distance between two
cylinders. The experiments were performed in a wind tunnel of
section 2.4m x 0.6m x 0.6m in which uniform flow takes place. Two
hotwires are used to simultaneously measure velocity fluctuation.
Flow modes are divided based on the values of pitch ratio and angle.
An increase in Reynolds number reduces boundary layer thickness,
causes a shift in separation point towards forward stagnation point,
increases separation angle and decrease in vortex formation length. It
was found that transition from one flow mode to another or the border
of flow regime solely dependent on the variation of Reynolds number.

Page | 8

Chapter-3

Procedure
The analysis is attempted in a CFD software, and the final results
are to be compared with experimental results. The properties of
the fluid and temperature are considered same as experiment
performed.
The problem is modelled as per the experiment and suitable
boundary conditions and initial conditions are set. The suitable
options in the models set are chosen.
Grid independence and temporal independence studies are done in
order to determine base size and time step size. Too low base
sizes and time step sizes would yield accurate results but consume
unaffordable computational time. Large base and time step sizes
would take less computational time but with a compromise on
accuracy. Therefore, base size and time step sizes must be chosen
such that they give results of sufficient accuracy with affordable
computational time.

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Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2
Page | 10

After finalizing with base size and time step size, the analysis of six
cases are performed. The temperature and velocity plots are extracted
from scalar scene and to be compared with the plots from the
experiment.

Figure 3.3

Page | 11

Figure 3.4

Additionally, the ideal geometries for minimum and maximum heat

transfer are to be determined. So the other geometries that are
considered include Equilateral Triangle, Inverse Equilateral Triangle,
Square, Hexagon.

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Chapter 4
Design calculations
4.1 Time step calculation:
For flow over cylinders, strouhal number can be approximated to 0.2
St = f D / V
Where f is the frequency of vortex shedding.
By substituting D = 4.76mm & V = 0.026m/s
We get f =1.09 Hz, Time period = 0.917s.
So, we choose a standard time step close to 0.917s as 0.1s.
Temporal independence study is done by varying time period below
0.1s.
4.2 Number of time steps:
We know distance of fluid travel = 200mm,
Velocity of fluid = 0.026m/s
Therefore, time taken for fluid to travel = 7.611s
For more accurate values, we take time as 20s.
For t = 0.1, No: of time steps: 20/0.1 = 200
For t = 0.01, No: of time steps: 20/0.01 = 2000
4.3 Geometry

Figure 3.1
Page | 13

4.4 Mess process

Trimmer type elements are utilised in building up the geometry.
Additionally, prism layer and wake refinement are implemented
around the bluff body so as to obtain more accurate results.
Arbitrarily base size of 0.005m, which is close to the diameter of the
cylinder is chosen. In the wake refinement region, the size is 6% of
base size. Grid independence study is performed by decreasing the
base sizes below 0.005m. Due to the capability of the computers we
possess, base sizes below 0.003m could not be meshed.

Figure 5.2
Prism Layer and wake refinement:

Figure 5.3
Page | 14

4.5 Assumptions
The analysis is symmetric along the cross section. Hence twodimensional analysis is sufficient. The fluid used is water which is
incompressible and of constant density. Owing to Reynolds number
being very low, laminar flow is assumed. Gravity function is turned
on, as the water flows under gravity. Segregated flow is assumed.

4.6 Boundary conditions

The temperature of the water is initially set as 24C and flows with a
intial velocity of 0.026 m/s from the top edge. The temperature of
bluff body is maintained constant throughout the analysis and depends
on the specific case. The bottom edge of the section is assumed
pressure outlet.
4.7 Converging criteria
Mass balance and enthalpy balance errors are calculated for every
analysis done and made sure whether the errors are within acceptable
limits. Mass balance is the difference between mass entering through
the inlet and mass leaving the outlet. Similarly, enthalpy balance is
the difference between enthalpy of the inlet edge and the enthalpy
through the outer edge

Page | 15

Chapter 5
Numerical Results
Considering for the below cases
Case
no.
1
2
3
4
5
6

Tw (0C)
24
35
42
53
66
85

T (0C)

Re

24.0
135
24.0
135
24.0
135
24.0
135
24.0
135
24.0
135
Table 5.1

Gr

Ri

0
3400
5600
9100
13100
19100

0.00
0.19
0.31
0.50
0.72
1.04

5.1 Circular Cross section cases: Tw =240C

Velocity

Figure 5.1

Page | 16

Temperature

Figure 5.2

Tw =350C:
Temperature

Figure 5.3

Page | 17

Tw =420C:

Temperature

Figure 5.4

Tw =530C:
Temperature

Figure 5.5
Page | 18

Tw =660C:
Temperature

Figure 5.6

Tw =850C:
Temperature

Figure 5.7

Page | 19

Velocity

Figure 5.8
The change in velocity plot for different Richardson numbers is
negligible. As the Richardson number increases, the temperature in
the wake region increases considerably.
A central vertical probe is considered and the velocity and
temperature values are tabulated and analysed for temperature
regainment distance and velocity recirculation distance. The
maximum temperature along the central probe is higher than that of
other shapes under similar condition.

Page | 20

5.2 Equilateral Triangle cross section Tw =240C

Temperature

Figure 5.9

Velocity

Figure 5.10

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Equilateral Triangle cross section Tw =850C

Temperature

Figure 5.11

Velocity

Figure 5.12
In case of Equilateral triangle, the wake vortices observed were more
disorder and the peak velocity observed along the centreline is
relatively higher when compared with other shapes. It has the
maximum temperature regainment distance with the value 200%
Page | 22

greater than that of circle and has velocity recirculation distance 31%
lower than that of circle.
5.3 Hexagon cross section Tw =240C
Temperature
Figure 5.17

Velocity
Figure 5.18
Figure 5.13
Velocity

Figure 5.14

Page | 23

Hexagon cross section Tw =850C

Temperature

Figure 5.15

Velocity

Figure 5.16

In case of hexagon, the wake plots are similar to circle but with higher
velocity recirculation and temperature regainment distances. Velocity

Page | 24

recirculation distance is 18% higher than that of circle and

temperature regainment distance is 50% higher than that of circle.

5.4 Inverse equilateral Triangle Tw =240C

Temperature

Figure 5.17

Velocity

Figure 5.18

Page | 25

Inverse equilateral Triangle Tw =850C

Temperature

Figure 5.19

Velocity

Figure 5.20
In case of Inverted Equilateral triangle, the region where buoyancy
forces are predominant is wider when compared to other geometries.
It is interesting to note that the wake vortices formed are exactly
behind the apex of the triangle, but they form behind the other sides
too. Temperature regainment distance is 50% higher than that of
Page | 26

circle and velocity recirculation distance is 31% lower than that of

circle.
5.5 Square cross section Tw =240C
Temperature

Figure 5.21
Velocity

Figure 5.22

Page | 27

Square cross section Tw =850C

Temperature

Figure 5.23
Velocity

Figure 5.24
The temperature plot of Square cross section is similar to that of
circular but the velocity plot differs significantly such that it has the
maximum velocity recirculation distance among all the shapes that
have been studied. Relatively lower values of peak temperature and
peak velocity are observed. The velocity recirculation distance is
37.5% higher than that of circle and temperature regainment distance
is same as that of circle.
Page | 28

Velocity with respect to Position graph for circular cross section

Figure 5.25
Temperature with respect to Position graph for circular cross
section

Figure 5.26
Page | 29

Temperature with respect to Position graph for different

geometrical cross sections:

Figure 5.27

Page | 30

Velocity with respect to Position graph for different geometrical

cross sections:

Figure 5.28
There is no change in the values of velocity observed along the
centreline probe for same cross section. However, for different
geometries, there is a significant change in velocity recirculation
distance and temperature regainment distance. As the Richardson
number increases, the temperature peak increases. The change in
temperature regainment distance can vary as much as 200% and the
change in velocity recirculation distance can vary as much as 100%

Page | 31

Parameters along the probe

Shapes

Velocity
Recirculation
Region
Distance
(mm)

Temperature Peak
Peak
Regainment Temperature Velocity
Distance
(Deg. C)
(mm/s)
(mm)

Equilateral
Triangle

11

12

35.5

12.81

Hexagon

19

62.47

6.26

Inverted
Equilateral
Triangle

11

48.85

8.84

Square

22

40

6.8

Circle

16

72.5

7.97

Table 5.2

Page | 32

Chapter 6

Conclusions
It was observed that there was no velocity distribution along the
centreline for the same cross section. The decreasing order of
maximum temperature along the centreline is Circle, Hexagon,
Inverted Equilateral triangle, Square, Equilateral triangle. The
decreasing order of peak velocity along the centreline is Equilateral
triangle, Inverted Equilateral triangle, Circle, Square, Hexagon.
Temperature regainment distance is maximum for Equilateral triangle
and the decreasing order is Equilateral triangle, Hexagon, Inverted
Equilateral triangle, Square, Circle. Velocity recirculation distance is
maximum for Square and the decreasing order is Square, Hexagon,
Circle, Inverted Equilateral triangle, Equilateral triangle. In
applications where heat transfer is necessary, Circular cross section
can be implemented and in applications where heat transfer is to be
minimum, Equilateral triangle can be implemented as it has the
maximum temperature regainment distance.

Page | 33

References
[1]
H. HU AND M. M. KOOCHESFAHANI 2011, Thermal
effects on the wake of heated cylinder operating in a mixed
convection regime, Cambridge University Press
[2]
Y BAO, J TAO 2013, The passive control of wake flow
behind a circular cylinder by parallel dual plates, Journal of
fluids and structures
[3]
A DALOGLU, A UNAL 2000, Heat transfer from a
cylinder in the wake flow
[4]
C.W.WONG , Y.ZHOU, MD.MAHBUB ALAM ,
T.M.ZHOU , 2014, Dependence of flow classification on
Reynolds number for a two-cylinder wake, Journal of fluids and
structures

Page | 34