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com

of Acupuncture:
Foundations
Morphological
of Acupuncture
An AnatomicalNomenclature
Structures
clausC schnorrenberger

Westerntextbookstry lo make us bel'eve. Correctly

understood,acupuncture"points"ate anatomical
which in most cases
structures
and morpholo:lical
c a n e a s i l y b e d e l e c t e dw i t h t h e n a k e d e y e
, Il 34,
(e.gS
. l . 1 BA, P 1 B S
, i . 1 9C
, B . 2 0 ,L U . s ,1 1 . 4C
are
and many more).In fact thesestructures visillle
on the exter'orof the human
hollowsor elevations
nt the
l erjvatioo
o r g a n i s me,x p l a i n i n tgh e l o g i c a d
"Foramen"
(Xue'wei)western
Most
originalterm
a n d m a n y C h i n e s ep u b l i c a t i o n cs o n c e a lt h L s
importantfact.And in particularit is not rnentioned
in the foreign languaBetexts on acupunctureby
C h i n e s ep u b l i s h i n gh o u s e sa, s f o r i n s t a n c ei n
"Outline ol ChineseAcupuncture"ot "Essentials
ol
(
Chi neseAcupuncture" 1,2).
S u r p r i s i n B l ym
, o d e r n C h i n e s ea u t h o r s o f
textbookswhen wfiting in Western
acLrpuncture
l a n g u a g etse n d t o t a c i t l y c o p y o u t t h e W e s t e r n
terminologywithoutnamingiG oriSin;
acupLrncture
the resultsare, as a mattel oi course,erroneous
Westerntransationsof the oriSinalChineseterms.
that
are misleadin theirassumplion
Westernreaders
theseworks referto genuinesoulces.They cannot
and are
perceivethe abovementionedimpl'cations
defrauded
of the opponunityto understand
therefore
The authentjc
of Chineseacupuncture.
the essence
Chineseworks,
arestillthe oriSinalclassical
sources
whjch to a Sreatextenthave not yet been translated
Duringthe I960s,'70sand
into Westernlangua8eso d ' \ ' 8 0 . ,r l - r e - . m e d r , . l, o l " ; e ' r r t r e P p o o l p .
R e p u orl n f I h i n . p L b l i . h c d' o m p r l aor r ' u f ' n m c
textsin modernChinesecharacters(Mao
ancient
_
fsetung's
reformatioo
n f t h e C h i n e s ec h a r a c t e r s
introduceda so called shortform, which however
Key words
of the classical
Acupuncture, Acupoints, Anatony, Nomenclature, doesnot containthe full information
valuable
texts
contain
These
revised
characters.)
ne.
nese
med
i
ci
iti
on
a
I
Ch
i
Trad
informationbecausethey integraterecentclinical
and
in Chinaas well as new technlques
experience
Introduction
(polrlis)or newforamina
lor the acupuncture additional
The typjcalChineseexpression
in Europeis to be
means The problemwith acupuncture
point is Xue Wei which correctlytranslated
"pit-place","hale-spo|"or in somecontextsrhesl'1In seenin a lackof generalmedicalknowledge
of early
c
l
assics
t
h
e
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
o
f
t
r
a
n
s
l
a
t
o
r
s
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
is
this
term
acupunctufe
of
classical
the language
"points", NLrrferous
in the
are
contained
errors
uncorrected
therapeutic
to
allthe
designaied
commonly
" L ' a c u p o n c t u r eC h i n o i s e " ,p u b l i s h e di n
points
w
o
t
k
at
reality
not
and
in
by
definition
which are
a l l b u t b o d i l y s t r u c t u r e sT. h e s es t r u c t u r e sa r e 2 v o l u m e sb y t h e F r e n c hn o v e l i s ta n d d i p l o m a t
describedthreedimensionallyin classicachinese CeorgesSouliede Morant. His work appearedin
texts.Accordingly,"poirts"of acupuncturedo not P a r i si n 1 9 3 9 a n d s t i l l i s t h e b a s i so f m a n y f a l s e
loday (3)
existbecausethey are not one- or two dimensional a s s u m p t i o nisn W e s t e r na c u p u n c t u r e
c o o r d i n a t e so n t h e s u r f a c eo f t h e s k i n a s m o s t S o L r l i ew, h o p r o b a b l ys p o k ea n d u n d e r s t o o d

Summary
ELlropeanmistranslationsof oriSinal Ch/nesetexis
have not merely intrcduced incorrecl concepts to
Westernacupunctutists,but have adverselyaffected
treatmentmethods. The FrenchdiplomaLSoulie cle
Morant published an important treatise,
"L'acuponctureChinoise",in 1939; this hasfomed
the basis ol Westernised"traditional" chinese
acupuncture. Becausehe hacl no medical
background,he was unable to interpretthe medical
,tEnili,dn,e ol tr"dilionrl ahina'e ' on cpt- in thl
LerL,th.t he had ,e"d. Ure hc, oulclnot \cp lhata
firm basisol medical knowledgeis necessarytor the
rcliable practise of acupuncture, thus unwittingly
inttoducin7 acupuncturc as a playgrcund for lay
theraptsts.
were: i the
The two most importantmistranslations
use of "point" lor Xue wei, which would be better
translatedas "foramen"to give fhe impressianof a
three dimensionalslructure;and ii. Qi, which is a
particularly difficulLconcept to translate,but is
c e r t a i n l y n o t e q u i v a l e n tt a t h e W e s t e r nt e r m
"energy".Theseerros have now been acceptedinto
standard usagethrough their transcriptioninto
ChineseLextbaoks
modern, westernlaDBuage,
are mainly unawareat' the
Westernaa:upuncturists
substantialanatomicalbasisfor the nomenclaturcin
a c u p u n c t u t e ta n d i n r i e e d o i t h e a n a t o m i c a l
knowledgeol the ancient Chinesephysiciansas
e x p r e s s e di n a r i g i n a l C h i n e s en e d i c a l t e x t s ,
examplesol which areBivetl in thispaper.

A. up uncLure i n Medl( i n,"

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C h i n e s eq u i t e w e l l , i n t r o d u c e df o r e x a m p l et h e
incorrecttranslation"poirt" insteadof the general
Chineseterm Xue-Weialthoughhe was welt aware
o f t h e t h r e e - d i m e n s i o nnaal t u r eo f t h e c l a s s i c a l
acupunctlrre
structures.
ln his book he quitestresses
t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t if ce a t u r eo f t h e p o i n t sa s h o l e s
(foramina)
or as hollows,but nevertheless
chosethe
word point as his translation.
ln particularhe is the
originatorof the ambiguousterm "energy"for the
ChineseQi as he himselfadmits"fautede mieux".
The latterhas leadto endlessmisunderstandings
in
European
acupuncture.
Furthefmore,
Souliedid not
h a v ec o r r e c tu n d e f s t a n d i nogf t h e n a t u r eo f t h e
metidiarc(Jing-Luo)
which are time orientatedas
well as anatomicaland topographicai
by definition.
A s a r e s u l tS o u l i ec o u l d b e c a l l e dt h e f a t h e ro f
"Euro-Puncturc",
the playgroundof many laymenas
w e l l a s p h y s i c i a n sb, e c a u s ei t s e e m e dt h a t
accordingto SouJie,solid medicalknowledgewas
not absolutelynecessary
for the reliablepracticeoi
acupuncture,
Anatomical and topographical informa on
conlainedin original acupunclurc le.ms
T h e o l d e s t t r a d i t i o n a lt e x t r e l a t i n Bt o C h i n e s e
medicine,entitled Huang-Di Nei-JinBSu-Wen,is
quilc ' l.dr in :lsrl.l(.\o1l tl^rmdlon , or(err rB lhe
anatomicalstructures
of acupunctureloramina(4).

w>t 1^E

;il;

4ffi#

itrth
r,tr*
E4F
'iffillL
l\tr

3rn
)2rE

Plate1.5u Wen.Chaptet64.
middle:"Ihis totunen @)nment:rcfe6 ta Stamach12,
Que Pen)liesbetweenthe tupafthe shouldetantl thc
h o t z . - ' t ' h . " t d q b o " , \ , n r p ' t . t . - | d \r : l
left:"lt is possible(comment:fq backpain and tenicularpain)
Io puncturclhe E sa.Jalforamina(Chin:Ba Liaa)and the points
ofpain.Ihe 8 saualforanina lie in depr$sionsbetweenthc
lunbar and sactatrcBbns."

Navenber 1996 Val 11 No.2

II,'J

(tu .:Ji:

Eri9e
#r.ffi
Plate2. LinBShu,Chapte.3l.
"Thehunan latynxis 1A Lian1
lapTox. 1|Ad heary and
2.5 Cun (apprcx.5cn) r,ide, to thestona.h the distance
1.6Chi" (apprcx.25cm).

Forinstance,
the B sacralfofamina(Bal/ao) as welJ
a s s e v e T aol t h e r a n a t o m i c a lb o n e o r i f i c e sa r e
referredto in the 16th Fascicle,
Chapter60, section
"Cu-Kong-Lun"which rneans "Essayon the Bone
Orifices"lsee P/are /, original pag of the su-Wen,
Chapter60, containingthe Chinesecharacters
for
t l - eB - a , r " l l o r d m i n drJ5 / . r h e \ d , a l f o r " m i r dd r e
known to modernEuropeanacupuncturists
as the
p o i n t s B l a d d e r3 1 , 3 2 , 3 3 a n d J 4 . T h e y a r e ,
however,not in lact "points"but well described
bonestructures.
The samechapterof the su-We, is alsoconcerned
with the anatomicalstructures
of numerousother
b o n e so f t h e h e r m a nb o d y . l t i s n o l o n g e rj u s t
a s s u m e db, u t h a s b e e n h i s t o r i c a l l p
y r o v e n ,t h a t
medicalpractilioners
in ancientChina carriedout
extensiva
e n a t o m i c asl t u d i e s f 6Tl .h i s f a c t i s s t i l l
widely unknownin Westerncountries,neithernonp h y s i c i a n e n t h u s i a s t sn o r m a n y m e d i c a l
acupuncturists
with specialised
trainingareawareof
the exacthistorical
context.
Moreover,the second part of the Huang-Dl Nei
sometimesreferredto as the
JinB,Ihe Ling-Shu-Jing,
" B i b l eo f A c u p u n c t u r e "c, o n t a i n sd o c u m e n t a r y
evidenceof anatomical
studiesin ancientChina.For
exampleChapter31, ChangWei-Lun,which means
"Essayon the lntestinesand Stor?ach"
Bivesan exact
accountof the lengthand structureof the different
sectionsof the digestivesystemwhich coulclnot
havebeenachievedwithoutpreviousand thorough
d i s s e c t i o no f t h e a r e a sc o n c e r n e d( 7 ) ( P l a t e2 l
originalpageof lhe LinB-Shu-JinB,
Chapter31, see
also Table I) (8, 9).
9A

\.upun.tLne tn MedLne

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I H t M I A s U R T M T \I S O F I H I D I G E S I I V I\ Y s T E M
f r o mL i n s - S h lui n 8 ,C h a P l e3r l
Chinese
Measurements:
oi slonrach l5Chin.lect lcht) o 25-|.
1 . Pharyfxto enbance
l 3 C h i n .t e e t

5.80m

2l Chin.lecl

1.60m

( D u o d e n ! m, n d J e j ! n u m )
( l e u mw i t h a s c e n . l i n B
and tr)nsve6ecolon)
2 . 8 C h i n .i e e t
l D c s c e n d i nasn d s i E m o i d
Comparisonofancient Chinseio modernmeasurements
RatioofOelophaSus: Intestnes
1.6:56.8Chin.t=
e e tI r J 6
=
1::t7
0.25:9.25m

Plate4.Iane Ren'hu XueZlen liu Tu1i18,Fasci.tF1

Iftnslatian lftun left to riSht):
af 2 fotaminabath
a) "TheShangLiaa(Bladder31)caDsists
ot the
si.lesaf the centteof thesPine,which lie in depresstans
proje.tions"
ltetets
bone
1
Cun
beiav'the
.njfices,
hilhestbane
ta the latuetnedial naryins ofthc ilia..rest)
b)"The Ci Liaa(Eladder32) consi'tsai 2 to nina both sides
af lhe secand
of the cente of the spine Thev lie in deptessions
(of
sactun)
the
Os
banearifice"
c) "TheZhon| Liao(Biadde.33) consktt of 2 fotanina both
sidesof thecentteal the spine lhey lie ln.lepresslansot the
thid banearifice"(of the Os sacrun)
d) "The XiaLiao lBladdet34) cansistsof 2 fatanina bdh sides
ofth foutlh
b the centreaf the spine.Ihey lie in depressians
bone orifice"bf the Os sac.un)

II l i I L I
'4&W
EvEM'
_',
1
rt i
t
t

Wl.rttr-

ii,\'xX

iltl4liX
tEfre
i;i$ffi;fr
ft4f
tr,l.lEE
6r1.fltir,t
R,r,4
r
D$+i1Et
-r$,^\trfr
t4tfr.,1
,1ft*r6'r

t F i ) t l , E + - + t + + E + +Trl
^=44'

3 \,*,1,=*r.g :,2,n,

q^=*, *t

aiigir
O ":4" (+:lq) firili'FH=i'1f "--l',
i6r!IJE=i "=i'.
(i&iEr X?,EH:!iiElL+, it6*2,
trT-5Ein:+.F. Afilt6'=-ii.

(fa)

t.ffi

8tE,

r!+1tE=I

r+ri 1!

{ft1

t F ' l l d E . 1 i f: : G 4 c 6 r , i , l
'J+E. {= E .,E,.r- ,='"
\-i.

i+i
I
t l

(iE+r ,.81.
(Si:l F9iEF=i{rd}LF, riE.lxz, + +E:A-5
e&IzrA. eFtt4'=-i,
Plate3. ZhenJiu lia YiJinS,Fas.icle3

Plate5. TongRenShuXoeZhenliu Tuling, Fasci.lP1

Containsantoni.atdetaik an thepositionofthc I sactal

lotaminaCiLiao lBladderi2), zhans Liao lBtact.let3J),
XlaLiao (Bla.lclet34).

"Ihe YansLins Quan(Callbladdet31).onsinsaf 2 Fadmina

and tier 1 Cun belaw each kneein Ihe nid.lle of thc
.Jeptessions
ofthc wai Lian"(= headoffibula)

AcupurctLre In M e.li c ine

91

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l n a d d i t i o n ,t h e w o r k o f t h e f a m o u sp h y s i c i a n
Huang Fu-Mi, entitledZhen,Jiulia-Yi-ling which he
c o m p i l e di n 2 5 9 A D , c o n t a i n sa n a b u n d a n c e
of
exact descriptionsof the anatomicalstructures
of
acupuncture
loci (Plate3) (10).
T h e p r i m a r y s o u r c eo f i n f o r m a t i o na n d e x a c t
anatomicalaccountsis howeverthe classiclon6
Rer, the CopperMan f:i7) (seealso Plates4, 5,6
and 14). Platel providesdocumentaryevidenceof
t o p o E r a p h i c a al n d a n a t o r n i c a li n t o r m a t t o n
concerningthe foramina Bladder31, 32, 33 and 31,
found in this text in classical
Chinesecharacters_
A
japanesework of acupuncture
classical
dating
from
the middleof the '19thcentury,which waswflttenln
Chineseand thereforeread in China, containsan
a n a t o m i c a l l ya c c u r a t ei l l u s t r a t i o no f t n e s a c r a t
foraminaT
. h i s w o r k m a y a l r e a d yh a v e b e e n
influencedby earlyWesternanatomy,but it stands

4 , 3 i { F. ,g t

4$i.f+ r* f4 *'i!

r31.: F fi
- 6 E"
J,i

3#. z*^tpry
f

t
t1,
1 -

'F

L o - p d r ' \ o r \ ^ r l h a 1 ) ^ o d c r ' l d ' 1 d l o r r i t , J r l , a sa s ' a r

a s i t s p r e c i s i o ni s c o n c e r n e d( P l a t e s7 , 8 ) ( 1 2 ) .
4E
Ptate 7. OtiEinal page fran rhe classicalwark Jins Xue Hui-lie.

dt

+tF
tlfi'

-A{ hE

A
l*
,\

B.
u
Pl
Oti9lnal paqe fron the classi.al work Jing-Xue
Plate6. TonERenShu Xue ZhenJiu Tuline, fascicle1.
"TheYanELins

Quan (Callbladder31).onsist;af 2 Fotanina

and lies 1 Cun below each kneein the mitldle af uE
depresstans
ofthewai Lian"(= headofftbula).

This issueis provenby comparingit to an almost

identicaJillustrationof the sacralforaminawhich
hasbeentakenfrom a well knownanatomical
atlas
of our day (Plateg). Ovet and abovemany other
structures,which cannotpossiblybe referreclto hefe
in full, the /lng-XueHuilie describes
the foramina
YanBLing Quan (Gallbladder34) and Yin Ling
Quan (Spleen9/ with greatcompetence(Plates10
/2). The author Soulie de Morant was aware of
Novenber 1996 Vol 14 Na.2

these illustrationsin the ling-Xue Hui-Jie,as he

p u b l i s h e dt h e m i n h i s v , t o r k( 1 3 ) .^ s d n o n physician,however,and withoutsufficientmedical
knowledgeand understanding,
he was not capable
of interpretinB
t h e i r m e d i c a la n d a b o v e a l l
morphologicalsi8nificance,
and just addedto the
conlustonAlso, in his predicament,
he soughtrefugejn the
term "erer8y'for the ChineseQi. ln rcality,"enetgy"
explainsnothing but only repJaces
one unknown
tactor by anothef, resulting in lhe ',energetic"
a c u p u n c t u r et h e o r y , p o p u l a r i n t h e E u r o p e a n
acupuncturesceneof today.The medicalessence
and foundationsof the importantclassicaltexts
remained
out of Soulie'sreach-

92

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elementof the false,eafy

How greatthe suggestive
texts
of Chineseacupunctlrre
Europeantranslations
by the factthatthe authof
actuailywas,is illustrated
o f t h i s a r t i c l eh i m s e l fa d o p t e dm a n y a m b i g u o u s
F r e n c ht e r m sd u r i n gh i s e a r l yd a y sa s a r . e d i c a
a u t h o r -H e w a s , i n f a c t , f o r c e d t o d o s o a s h e
o t h e r w i s ew o u l d n o t h a v e b e e n u n d e r s t o o di n
for exampleto the
circles.ThisappJies
acuplrncture
incorrectuse of the term "ener1y"lot the Chinese
expression
Qi which he still usedin his translation
of the work Huang-Dl NeiJinBLing-Shuin 1974 (14).

E
g

C
(
(

t:

Plate 11. Otder af the rJetidiarsand fotaminain the

interc%talspa.eslfrcm the "ling Xuc Hurlie").

j*g*tr

Piate9. VenttalanddaBalvie\r ofthe os sactunt

Plate12. Vertebralsttuclures,scapula,humetusanct
"ling Xuellui lie")
tapollaphy of sone fotamlnalfrcn the

PlaE 1a. 1he fotamenvin LinEQuan(Spleen9)

ftom the "JingXue Hurlie.

and Risks
EuropeanAcupuncturc: Discrepancies
rnatter
of
unqualified
It followsthat it is not only a
why
degree
explain
controvers,but can to sorne
r
i
l
l
o
r
e
'
c
,
8li'"
\ \ p r l p r no t i i r . r ' .d r o J n r \ e r . . i e \
s
o
.
r
e
iles
a
c
u
p
u
n
c
t
u
r
e
a c up un c t ur e . E u r o p e a n
rnake
of
members,
with theirthousands
thernselves,
pertaining
to Chinesemedicineand
Eravemistakes
acupuncture.In additionthey olten passon false
d u b l j c ,t o . . e d l c a l
i n { o r m a t j o tno t h e i n t e f e s t e p
r
r
d
m
' d i , J l i , l . L r r d 1F'
o o ( o r \ d - . u ri a l i o r s
Western
authorseven
companies.The errors oi
oi
acupuncturespreadasfar asChina,the cradle
"holes",
While the Chinesestill correctlyreferto
"nests"and "piis" (originalter.a: Xue Wel) when
in
speakingof needleand rnoxatherapy(Zhen-Jiu)
t
a
lk
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
i
s
t
s
t h e i r m o t h e rt o n B U et,h e s es a m e
"poinis"
$'ith
when
dealinB
of acupuncture
about
interestedWesternpatties(1,2).The onLyrelatlvely
are a few pointson the ear
exceptions
insignificant
'hew"
pointsof the hand,
acupuncture
and the 18
w h i c h e v e n i n m o d e r nC h i n e s ea r e a l s o c a l l e d
"points"(Dian).

Acupun.tLrc h Medicine

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In the author'sopinion, an acupuncturist

who is: humanbody in the senseof upper(superior),
middle
L not acquainted
with the histoficaland anaromrcat- ( m e d i a l a
) n d l o w e r ( i n f e r i o r )T. h e C h i n e s et e r m s
t o p o g r a p h i c a lt,h r e e d i m e n s i o n a lb a s i so { t h e "Shang"(uppetl, "Zhong"(middle)and ,X/a,,(lower)
foramina,who:
havethe samemeaning.Thesetermscan neatlybe
ri. perhapsout of misguidedtraditionalperception translatedinto a Latin anatomicalnomenclature
neglects
the thoroughanatomicalfoundationof his w h i c h i s i l l u s t r a t e di n T a b l e2 . T h e o n l y t w o
dailywork,and who:
exceptionshere are the basic terms yin and yarg,
i / r ' . c a n n o t r e c o g n i s e t h e m o r p h o l o g i c a l , which are of a pre-categorial
character,i.e. they
topographicaa
l n d a n a t o m i c a ls i g n i f i c a n c eo f have no equivalentin ouf occidentalAristotelian
acupuncture
s t r u c t u r e ss,h o u l db e s td i s c a r dh i s t r a d i t i o no f t h i n k i n g a n d s p e a k i n gi n t e r m s o f
needlesand closehis practice.He is certainlya risk categories.
The integrationof time and spacethat
to his patientshealth.Thisappliesas muchtodayas y l r - y a n g i m p l i e sh a s n o e q u i v a l e n ti n m o d e r n
it did duringthe periodof the classicbook ling-Shu Westefnlanguages
at all f2Z.
J i n g 2 0 0 0 y e a r s a g o , w h e r e e x p e r i e n c ew a r n s D u e t o t h e c o n s i d e r a b l ea n d c o m p r e h e n s i v e
a g a i n s tu n s c h o o l e dt h e r a p i s t a
s n d t h e r e s u l t i n g d i f f e r e n t i a t i oonf m e d i c a l a n a t o m y ,m o d e r n
dangerousinjuriescausedby poor acopuncture. anatomicalnomenclattrregoesas a matterot course
E v i d e n c eo f t h i s f a c t c a n r e a d i l y b e f o u n d i n into Ereatdetail, as the contemporarystandardwork
historicalaswell as in contemporary
literaturef/5 26). "NominaAnatomicafillustrates
(28).The traditional,
d n a l o m , ca
. h n e r e " , u p u n rl u e t e r m \ d r e i n
The Thrce'dimensional Orientation of
comparisonmore simple, but often a great deal
ChineseMedicine in the Human Bodv
nioregraphic.Neveftheless,
the conformityin many
B e s i d e tsh e t h r e e - d i m e n s i o noarli e n t a t i o ni n t h e cases,the objectiveand logicalparallels,and the
world and environment,
the correctstructural
order analogies
of our anatomicalnomenclature
with the
of the humanbody also playsan importantrole in traditional
Chinesenamesarenotonly evident,but to
the ancientChineseacupuncture
texts.Theclassical a largedegreeanatomically
andtoposraphicalJy
proved.
C h i n e s eo r d e r o f s p a c e i s d e r i v e df r o m t h e
I a b l e 3 s u m m a r i s etsh e C h i n e s et o p o g r a p h i c a l
correlatjonbetweenheaven,mankind ano eartn, synonyrns
tor the genericterm rxue Wel" (literally:
M a n i s s e e n a s b e t w e e n h e a v e n a n d e a r t h . hole spot,pit-place)
on the humanbody as we as
The Chinesecharactefs"Tiar" (heaven),"Ren"(man) other topographicalnameswith their translations
and "D/" (earth)ar thereforeoften found in the a n d c o m p a r e sw
, h e r e v e rp o s s i b l e t, h e L a t i n
n a m e so f a c u p u n c t u r e
f o r a m i n a( T a b l e2 ) . I h e y e q u i v a l e n tw, h i c h m a y u s u a l l yb e f o u n d i n o u r
s e r v et h e t h r e e d i m e n s i o n aol r i e n t a t i o no n t h e modernanatomical
nomenclature.
CENERAT
TOPOGRAPHICAT
TIRMS OF CHINESEMTDICINEFORTHREE.DIMENSIONAL
ORtINIAfION ON THEBODY
TraditionalChineseropographi.al Terms
LatinAnatomicalTrandation

t
Zhong
Di

1O

Traditional
Chinese
[E
YanB

Yin

FX

Qian

Ei

(Earth)
English

fraditional
Chinese

Maning

wai

tl

You

Medianus

C r a n i ai s
Centralis
Ca!dalis

English
Meaning

nSnr
Sinister

HenB
Bei

.ffi
H

ru

BE

Obliquus
Dorsalis
R e g l op e r i n e a h s

tr
Ial Yans ,t[E
Mian

tu Yin ::Pff

jinc
xions

tn
l@

HuiYin AFA

Bei

?f

Regionesabdominales

Navenbet 1996Val 14 No.2

94

Acupuncturcn Medi.ine

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Table3
SYNoNYMS
FORTHEBAslcIERMXue'Wei
AND ANATOMICAT
cHfNESE
TOPOCRAPHICAL
fonmina
wilh eramples
of someilpiel acupunclure
English

Traditional

Latinanatomical

Examples
1stcRoUP: meaning"hole,hollow"

,\fi
t*
Tang

K t . 1 3N, Pl 3
st.18,81.31-34,
AP160

pit
halJ

lcatinusl
lDomusl
tHorreuml

st11, BL_49
LU.1
L l. 1 7
PC.8
st4, 81.50

IScutulal

tu.2, Hr.7, AP112

cv17
sT_11,
st38
st.16,5116
sl12

ft
DinB
Cong
CanE

"gate,door.opening"
2ndGROUP:meanin8
ll
door,gate
tr

mouth,estuary

f,

bowl

Chuang

3rd CROUP:meaning"bodyof water,watrcourse"

,n8
Ze
Zhu
chi

r+

poot,pudote

tstagnuml

it
is

pond
ve,

ILacud
IFonsl

auan

au
Cou

Q'
Chong

ra

groove, channel

14
ffi

't,"uabundantwater

ii
E
i$

receipt of water
sea,ocean
risincwhirlpool

Canalis
tRivrsl
tAbundantial
Receptaculum
aquae
IMarel
IVortexl

T E . 1 0C
, 8.21
1 U , 5 ,P C . 3
Kt.t5
1I.11
TE.11
K L 1 ,K t . 5
LU.8
1 R . 5C
, V26
1 t . 5 ,S P l S
Kt.14
5tl

sP.10,
cv6
BL,3
Kt.7

vall, path"
4th GROUP: meaning"depression,

t;
t4

cu
xi

Rivus

K1.20
11.4,
1t.5,Kl.3
st28, c8.28

Caput

8 L . 5 7A
, P4
PC.7,G8.34, SP.9
A P 1 4 6 , 8 78, 8 , 1 0 6 , 1 5 1

"hill,elevalion"
5rhGROUP:meaning

dr
[n
+

shan
Lins
)ian

m o u n d ,h i l l

"bone.bonestructure"
6th GROUP:meanine
C
Jian

Os

lEl

Spatium

"boundar,dge
7rhGRoUP:meaning
Cuan
;
Margo

Acupu ncture i n Med icine

95

Ll.t6,AP1s7
sT.3,8t.31-34
Lt.2,3

PC.6,1R.7,
TE.5
1t.8,9
LR,4

Novenber1996vol 14No-2

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English

Traditional

8th CROUP: meaning

Dlrtantia

1t.13,
St35

9th GROUPTmeaning",unction,meetingplace,distribution"
{
Ji

crosslng
distribution

IDistributiol

C8.42
SP6
81.41

1oth GROUP: meaning"tendon,blood vessel"

[;i.
E

vesel
tendon

81.62
C V 8 , A P 1 4 7 ,B 1 . 5 6C
, B.2]

1 1 t hG R O U P :meaning"place,plain

Ting

fi

(niarket)p ace

IE

innercourt

51t3,cB.3l
N P7 7 ,A P 9 5],] 9
st44

12th GRoUP: meaninS'crevice,cleft, split

xi

(Aj)

cleft

P C4 , H T 6

13th GROUP: meaning poinl

Dian

N P4 1 , 5 0 ,H a n dl - 1 8 ,E . rl

"bodypartsandorgans"
14thCROUP:meaning
,
yaro,eroow
lF
abdomen

Er
Bi

l@
E

ffi
F
^fl8[6

LU.5
5P16.14
5 1 . 91, 4 ,1 5 , T E . ] 4
SP19
T E . 2 1A, P ] O
A P 1 5 ,1 6 ,N P 1 2

chest
ear

upperabdomen
lumbar
resion
innerorsans

Cap!t

sr8

Epiganri!m

c v ] 0 ,r 2 ,1 3
CV2
81.12-2A

15th GRoUP: Poini namesrefeftinSto tems oftradilional chinesemedicineor indicaiions

Feng

lil

wind

lventurl
lvis vitalisl

Qi
Zhong

Ian
,n8

Liq!oftSuc!t

w
t4

8 L . 1 2A
, P 137,C8.2O,CV.16
s t . t 2 ,A s P2 8 , 6 8 , 8 9
c v 6 , A P 5 9 , S t t t , I 3 , K t . t3 , A P 4 1
slt0, Kt.5
L U . t ,K t . 1 5 , 2 6
Kl_7,81.44,CV.24
IE-2
A P3 3

nlght,darkness,lower etc.

cannotbe translated

day,briSh(ness,
upper,etc. cannotbe translated

sPtl
K1.25

fll
(ZanB)

Novenber1996vol 11No.2

C V 1 ,S I 3 3 , C V 7 , B L . 6 Z ,
K t . 1 01, 1 ,A P 1 6 6 - r 6 8C, B . l t ,1 t . 9 1, 1
c v 9 , c B . . l 5 ,3 4 , 3 3 , C V 3 8 ,A P 9 ,
1 1 . 5S, T . 4 2S, 1 . 58, 1 . 4 8 5
, 5 , 5 9 ,C 8 . 1 4

96

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"point" nafies
on the meaning of the original
in classicalacupuncture
are not
acupuncturists
The maiorityof the European
a w a r et h a t t h e o r i g i n a n a m e so f t h e C h i n e s e
foramina are derived either from the anatomical
of the humanbody,or in rarecasesfrom
topography
l hinese
t h e i r e f f e c t ,i n t h e s e n s eo f t r a d i t i o n a C
m e d i c i n e I. n a d d i t i o n t, h e c o n c e p to f m o d e r n
Westernmedicine is at best incorporatedin the
a c u p u n c t u r e" p o i n f "n a r a e so f e a r a n d s c a l p
acupuncture.In some casesthe AddilionalPoints
( A P ) a n d N e w P o i n t s( N P ) a r e n a m e do u t o f
of traditionalChinesemedicalthories
conceptions
More often, however, their names contain
to the anatomy,topography,
informationpertaining
therapeuticeffector iraditionalphysiologyof these
foramina.
A maiority of the namesof the 361 well-known
to
classicalmeridianpointsmakeexpJicitreference
how
the
4
shows
Iable
topo8raphy.
anatomical
originalnamesof the foraminaon the 14 so_called
jnto the following
Main Meridiansmay be classified
A o u p ' : d . r o p o 8. o h r b . e f f e r, . , . p h r so o g v o f
r . o . t i o n rLl l ' r e . e^ c o r ,i n e . . r dd . o l h e r ,r i p r t a l
is cJearthat anatomicaland topographicalnames
Dredorrinate,as 259 of the 361 are thus named.
T h i s i u s t i f i e st h e t r a n s c r i p t i o on f t h e t r a d i t i o n a l
C h i n e s en a m e si n t o t h e t e r m i n o l o g yo t m o d e r n
Westernanatomy(29).Only 51 of the 361 meridian
points are named after their effect,'14 aftertheir
c h a r a c t e r i s t i ci sn t h e s e n s eo f t h e t e a c h i n g so f
traditionalChinesemedicineand only 7 havetheir
(e8. lung 77
ofientalionin othertraditionalaspects
= L i t t l e 5 t h n o t e o f t h e C h i n e s em u s i c a ls c a l e ;
Largelntesline1 = 5th note of Yang;Spleen5 = Htll
of the 5th note; Sma///ttestine 6 = Careof Old Age;
Pericardium8 = Palaceof Work; ConceptionVessel
2 ? = R o t a t i n gA x l e , r e f e r t i n gt o a n a s t r o n o m i c
constelation).
OER I G I N
NOMENCTATUR
O T T H E3 6 I M E R I D I A NF O R A M I N A( % )

5T
SP
HT
S1
BL
KI
PC
TE
CB
CV lDM)

cv (RM)
folal

grapny
l0
17
4
0

2
4

3
6
5l
15

)
2
tl
5

17
2
8
11
2
0
12
259
72

Acupuncturcin Medicin

3
9
|
5
1
51
14

PhysiologyOiher Total
(ChinMed)
ll
2l)
45
21
1
I
27
9
2)

I
3
7
2
3
5
12

28
25
361
100

ORIGIN
NOMENCTATURE
f O R A M I N A( % )
O F T H [ 2 0 3A D D T f I O N A T
Topo- Effect PhysiologyOther Total
(chin Med)
graphy
I
l4
0
13
20

croup
l - l e a da i d
Th.rraa
x nd

23

12

39

Backand

25

l0

38

Totaf
%

144
7 1

50
2 5

3
1

2O3

6
o

ORICIN
NOMENCLATURE
o f T H E1 1 8 N I W T O R A M I N Ae / . )
croup

Topo_ tffect PhysiologyOther Total

(chin Med)
Siaphy
2
0
0
I
J
3
7
3

Backand

0
2

62
53

5
4

4
0

15
Total
o/.

6
7

8
1

lrr

0
0

0
0

118
100

I n s h o r t ,i n t h e o r i g i n a lC h i n e s et h e n a m e so f
almosrT2okof the 361 meridianpointsare derived
or anatomicalstructuresOf the
from topographical
(or
PaM)thereare 71'k (Table5),
Points
Additional
Points
537"
the
New
of
lkble 6) in this cateSory.
of the foraminaof the ear ls irom
The nomenclature
a d;fferentsource.Someo{ them bearthe original
name 'bolnr". The .najority,i.e. 186 out ot 192
foraminaof the ear,relateto an innerofganor an
affectedpart of the body or to their therapeutic
etrect(Table7). Only 6 of the 192 ear tofamLnaare
n a m e d a f t e r a n a t o m i c a lt o p o g r a p h ya n d i t i s
t o n o t e t h a t t h e s e6 o r i S i n a l ef r o r n
interestinB
t
e
c l a s s i c a l x t s .T h e p l a u s i b l er e a s o nf o r t h i s i s ,
amonSotherthings,that the outer struciureoi the
characterlstlcs:
ear offersonly a few mofphological
in
the
anatomyof
criteria
is
few
differentiating
that
large
numberol
relatively
to
the
cornpared
the ear
eaf
foramina,
known
I t s h o u l da l s o b t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i otnh a t
a u r i c u l o t h e r a p yi n i t s p r e s e n tf o r m h a s b e e n
mainlythroughthe work of
only recently,
developed
physician
PFM Nogier f30)
French
the renowned
c
h
i n e s ed o c t o r s .
m
o
d
e
r
n
o
l
h
e
r
and several

97

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NOMENCTAfUREORICIN
O F f H E 1 9 7 E A RF O R A M I N A( % )
Croup

tr

Topo- Effect Physiolo8y

Other Total
(chinMed)
grapny

Tra8us

AntitraSus

C r u si n f . a n t h .
Triangular

13
9
2
:
18
tl
7
,1

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1l
10
2
1
18
13
7
1

13
17

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
o
0
0
a
o
0
0
0
0

13
1 7
t8
6
12
12
8
4 1
t97
100

m
m
E

Plate 13. NeNe distribution ofthe eaL

medicinewere taken into account only in a few

exceptions(eg.Ear 35, 55, 76, 77, and 159).A new,
m o d e r n . a a a r o m i c a l l ra n o t o p o g r a p h i t a l l l
o l | e r l d l a d1 0 m e 1 . l J t u . es e e . l \ , l h e r e l o r en, o r "
s!itablefor auriculothefapy
as well, particularly
as
the effectof the nerveswhich supplythe ear and
Total
17
I a l - m ' l r h e r e s u l lo. f a , u p u n tr u r eo n t h eo r g a n i s m
a n d t h e i n n e r o r g a n sc a n b e m o r e c l e a r l y
distinguishedfPlate /J). Examplesof anatomical
namesof the acupuncture
foraminaof the primary
This fesultedin the effectsof the earfofaminabeing m p r i d i d nr o l a l i o nr l , i 1 g t o 5 p l e e l \ 4 e . i o . d n .m d )
expressedin terms of Westernmedicine,which be seetlin TableB t31-2).
explainswhy the conceptsof tradjtionalChinese
C r u sh e l i c i s
1
C r u sh e l .f e 8 i o n 0

5
t2
12
8
3
9
186
9
4

ACUPUNCTUREFORAMTNAOF fHE PRIMARYMERIDIANCIRCULATTON

(LungMeridianio SpleenMeridian)
L U N CM I R I D I A N
L U . S h o uT a i Y i nF e i l i n g
PulmonaFPectoral-BrachialRadial-Proiction
Great Yin ofthe Arm - LungMeridian{Lu)
LU.1 Zhong F!
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A. axjllarts,V axi aris IR. ventralisn. rhoraciciU
P a l a c eo f t h e M i d d l eE u r n e r
(the Lungand SpleenMeridiansmeetto fom the lal-ytn)
LU.2 YunMen....-...
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V c e p h a t i c1ap e c t o r a t i s
Clold gatelrefeu to topographyof rhe,,uppea,
thorax)
tU.3 TianFu.........
..............Vcephatica2dehoidessuperior
Heavens house(refe6to locatjonon upper arm)
LU.4 Xia gai
. .V cephatica3 dehojdesinrefior
O n b o t hs i d e so f t h e l u n s s
(colouo
r f t h e l u n s s- w h i t e ,C h i n .B a t
LU.5 Chi Ze
. .Tendom. bicipitk Iarratis(art.cubiti |)
Ell puddle (or Ell pond) (toposraphyand anaromy)
Lu.6 Kongzui
. . .A. radiatisproximatisl, Vv. radiatesproximalesl
Depenhole kefe6 to topographyand effect)
n. radialit, M. bra.hioradiatisdistalis
IR.supedicialis
LU.7 Lie Que
.procersus
stytoidesradii iN. radia|r, R. supe.ftciatisl
A4aneeme.ri. a depie$ion tropo8raphy)
LU 8 linq Gu
A. radialtsproximatis2, W. radialesprox.2
Croove ofthe meridians course(topography)
N. radialis,C5_Thtl
tR superficiatis
tU.9 Tai yuan
.A. radiatisdistalis,Vu radiatesdEtares
Deeppond (topography)
n. radia|s,C5_Thtl
IR. super{iciatjs
tu.1a vuJi......... ..
....
. . . . M .a b d u c r op ro l t i c ibsr e v i ;
Flankof a fish kefersto firhlike appearance
o f t h e b a l lo f t h e h a n d )
L U . 1 1S h a oS h a n g( s e e a l s o L l . l )
........Va umunBukpollicjsradiatis(A.erVpalmaris
p o l J i c irsa d i a l h )
Little5ih nore(5,5ana
is the 5th noteofrhe chinesemusicalscale,correspondinS
ro metal= LundlarSeInrestine)

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Acupuncture in Meclcine

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MERIDIAN
LARCI INTESTINE
Lt.
ShouvangMing Da changIing
Bright Yangofthe Arm - LargeIntestineMeridian(Ll)

Radial-Brachial"Ceivical-lnfraorbital'Proiection

Ll.lsr'a'Avang(seeasoLU.ll)......VallumunguisindicisradiaislNdisitalisdo6alislb,
R .s ! p e r f i c i a l n
i s. m e d i a n u s l

Lt.2
tt \
L.1
IL
Ib
L).7
Ll.8
Ll.g

5th noteof YaDa(Shargis the 5th noie of rhe Chinesescale,corcsponding to metaI = L! ng/LaeIntestine
N digitalisdonalisla
t N r a d i a l ies t R s u p e r f i c i a l i s
lian
(Art.
2 dist )
metacarpophalangea
n
medjanusl
2nd spacehefersto topography
joint)
distalmetacalpophalanseal
s t R . s u p e rt i c i a l G
N . d i g i t a l i ds o | s a l i 1
s b t N . r a d i a l ie
tan tDn
2 prox.)
n. medianusl(Art. metacarpophalansea
ansealjoini)
3rd space(iopography proxima metacarpopha
T
hl, N.
1
r
a
d
i
a
l
i
s
'
C
5
M
.
a
d
d
u
c
t
o
r
p
o
l
c
l
i
s
t
N
.
HeGu
u l n a r i s- C 8 - T h 1N
; . m e d i a n u-sC 6 T h l l
ealley")
M e e r i n gp o i n ti n t h e v a l l e y( o rr a t h e r ' B o nV
po licis)
Fo$a radialis(articulatiocarpometacarpea
YanpXi
Yan!vally (or ransdepresion;
refersto structureand lopoEraphy)
N. curaneusantebrachiiposterior1 [N. radialis]
PianLi
(ruoVessel
paih
offhere)
branches
Branchinsofi
N cutanelsaniebrachiiposterior2 lN fadialGl
Wen Liu
C i r c ! l a t i o no f w a m t h
N cutaneusantebrachiiposterjor3 tN radialisl
Xia Lian
shangLi;n

..

ii poneior 4 tN radjalisl
. N. cutaneusantebrach

.
. . M e x t e n s ocra r p ir a d i a l i lso n g u s( M s l p i n a t o r )
.... .. ..
L l . l 0 S l ' o us a n I i
C5-Thll
ot the arms
tN.radia,, r profu.dus;
Threemeaslrfements
(ri= Cun, ;.e. 3 Cun below the elbow when arm is extended)
. M b r a c h i o r a d i1
a (l ias' 1c.u bt i l ) t N r a d i a l i s ,
..........
1r.11 QuCr,i.........
r r m u s c l l a r e sc;5 T h l l
A r c h e db a s i n
N . c u t a n e ubsr a c h i i l a t e r ai nl ifse r i oI r I N .r a d i a l j s l
.......
Lt.12ZhouLiao.......
Crooveof the elbow (toposraphY)
. N . c u t a n e ubsr a c h ilia t e r a l iisn f e r i o . 2t N r a d i a l i s l
L1.13 WuLi
F i v ep a t hm e a s l r e (st l = C u n ,t e . a C u n b e i o wL U . l )
M d e l t o i d e u3si n f e r i o r
Ll.l4 ai Nao
Shouldernruscle
. M de loideus1 superior[N axillaris(N cutanels
Lt.15 JianYu
b r a c h ilia t e r a l issu p e r i o f ) l
s h o u l d ebr o n e{ o r : c o r n eor f t h e s h o u l d e r )
I Cs 3 - C ' U
. . . N n s u p r a c l a v i c u llaarteesr a l e
Lt.16tucu..........
C i a n tb o n e( 1 . ec. l a v i c l e )
. . . N t r a n s v e r s cuo, l l i t Pe x u sc e r v i c a l i s l
L1.17 TianDing.......
Heavenlysaucepan
"uppef', "heaven)
{refe$to positionofthe neck:
N . a l r c u l a r i sm a g n u s1 l P l e x u cs e N i c a l l s l
..... .
L l . l 8 N e c k - F !I u
Lateraloverhang(Prominentiaaryngea)
. . . N. infnobiialis et rr buccale,1 tTriseminls/Facialisl
. .
1t.19 Nose-HeLtao
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l i tsr r .b u c c a l e2s t T r i 8 e im
.. .. N infraorbitae
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L))a vinl ^ianl . . . . . . . . . . ..........
Greetne ofthe scentlrefersto eilect)

MERIDIAN
STOMACH
sT. zu YangMinB wei JinB
BriShtY.ngof the leB- slomachMerididni51)

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s
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Receptionot tears
.
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Fossacanina
SL3 )u iiao
Enormou5ditch (topography)
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SL4 Dicans
Eadhg;nary (for the five cereals)l.e. mouth
(sensorvIN triseminus
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sT.s Da vig
facialis
Vlll
anastomos6)
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and
motoric
(refers
tN
g;eting
lo
function)
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N mandibularis,
cart ofthe cheek
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N . a u r i c u l o t e m p oi lsa1 t N . m a n d i b u l a r i r ,
ST.7 Xia Cuan
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sI.1

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Acupunctu.ein Med icine

99

November1996 val 1,1No.2

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( ) p . n i i e o i t h c s t rf e ( i i t h c a t rp e b e l w c c nI b i a . i n di t b ! l a i

No'nrle, i996 fbl r? No.:

100

N fcr.

r P ! \ p r o i ! r d ! ! ( r \ 1 p. . r o n e e ! s l o i g ! l

A.upun.tuc tn Mecli.ine

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. .N. peronaeussuperflcialis2 [14 52]

. .
xia lu Xu
Creat lower emplines (spacebeLweentibla and libu a)
. . . M r o u J r ' b r P \'
\tt}
r c n AL o n t
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r
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n blood and Qlflows into lhe SpleenMerid an)
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5t.41 Jiexi
the depressionofthei)nkle herc)
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.A dorsais ped s
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.N cutaneusdorsais medi.lis 2 (Relevenosumpedis)
SI lJ Xian Cu
I N . p e r o n a e !ss! p e r f i c i ai s ,L 4 5 1 1
Deep va ley (in a depressionbetlveen
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...
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. . A . d i g i t asld o r s ai sp e ds 2 a t e r ai s '
....
SL15 LiDui..........
p e d i s2 t N p e r ^ n r e u s u p el i , . r , L4 S2l
S h o r ep o i n t( o r :d o o ro f t h e n o m a c h )
sT]g

S P L E EM
N ERIDIAN
Zu Tai Yin Pi ling
SP.
creat Yin ofthe Leg- SplenMeridian (SP.)
S P . 1 v i n B a t. . . . . . . . . . - . . . .
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SP2 D a D u . . . . . - . . . . . . . . .
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...
5 P 3 T a iB a i . . .
SP4

sP5
SP6

Gongsun ...........
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s h a n gQ i u . . . . . . . . . . . .
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meta poinrof the nieridian)
S a nY i nJ i a o . . . . . . . . . .

Tibial-rmoral-Thoracic-tingual-Projection
.. .
...

A h a l l u c idso B ac t i b i ai s 'V h a l l u c idso r sd i g i t

t i b i a l i st N d i s i i ai sd o r s a l ips e d i sl l
. . . . N .d i g i t a l pi sa n t a r ipsr o p r l u2sd l s t a l i[ sN t i b i a i s l
s p r o x i m a l ilsN t i b i a l ' l
. . N d g i t ai s p a n t a r j sp r c p r i u 3
, -Sll
. . . M a b d u c t ohra l l c i s1 [ N p ] a n t a rmi se d i a l i Ls 4

..

A t a r s a Lm
i se d i a l l s

2 sd i s t ai 5( A t i b i a l ipso s t e f l o r ;
. . . . . . . . N .s a p h e n u

oithe I Yi, meridjins

Crossroads
L o uC u . . . . .
o p c n i n gi n t h ev a l l c y( i . e .i n a S r o o v eb e h i n dt h et i b i a )
sPrl D i ) i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(D; = earih, i.e. ower positionon the bodyl
.
. ...
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' u . , . F ; f , \ ' " h l l r o p . s r d p h' r, ' F ) n . i d - o r " . r
opposte and to the sideot CB.34)
5 P t 0 Xue Hai . . . .
.
whn lessar stretched)
shoveldoor (refersto appearance
...
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door (tor Q,
R ver door or: passa8
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.
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ol the horizonta line
Crcat crossins(reference
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.. .
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. . .
5P-17 ShiDou
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lactationand digestlon)
..
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streanrrelersto niercostalspac)
..
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.
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the nutfitlonQt
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.
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Crearsheathing(Spleenas the centreofstorageorgans)

5P1l J i M e n . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

AcDpu ncture i D Med i ci ne

101

. N s a p h e n l s8 c e . t r a l i st N l e n r o r asl ; 1 2 L 4 l

N. tibiais 2 {Rr musc'rarer)tla S3l

' rticularet
. A t i b i a l i sp o s i e r l o(rR r a
.M vastls medlalis1
. M s a r i o r i2l sn t m e d i l s

F o $ ai n 8 !n a l i lsa t e r a l i s
i sh l 2 - L r l
N i l i o h v p o 8 a s t5r ll ac tuesr a l T
. .N interconalis1l Lateralls
N intercosiais 10later.rlis

N .inierco(alis08 aterals
.
.

05 Laterals
N. intercostalis
N inlercostais 04 lateralis
N. nlercostalk03 aleralis
02 aleralls
N. intercostalis

..

N intercosLalt0Tlaterah (A' etV thoracodorsaljs)

tN thoracicuslon8usl

Navenbet 1996 Vol 11 Na.2

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Conclusion
I t i s n o 1d i f f i c u l tt o c o n c l u d et h a t t h e i n 8 e n j o u s I l A c a d e h ] ,o f T r a d i t i o n aC h i n e s eM e d i c i n e( ' 1 9 7 5A) n
Outline ol ChinescA.upuncturc. FoteiA. LanBuag.sprc$,
a u t h o ra n d c r e a t o ro f l h e c l a s s i c aCl o p p e rM a n
(Platel4), LhephysicianWafg Wei-Yi(98/ 1067
2 . B e i j i n sC o l l e s eo i T r a dr i o n a lC h i n c s eM e d j c i n S
, hanshai
A.D.),would havenamedthe acupuncture
foramina
C
olleBo
e f T r a dr i o n a C
l h i i e s eM e d c i n e ,N a n j j n sC o e s ; o t
'liadit
afterthe terminoJogyof the Noml/raAratomica if he
onal ChineseMed cine, and thc A.uprnciure Instrtute
o f r r a d i t i o n aM
l e d i c i n e( 1 9 8 0 ) E s t c n t i a losf C h i n e s e
w e r e a l i v e a n d w o r k i n g i n h i s f i e l d t o d a y .t J i s
a.upurclure. fori8n Lansuagcs
Press,tleijifg
C o p p e rM a n i s a n a t o m i c a l Jey x e m p J a r ay n d
: r . 5 o u i e d e M o r a n t ( 1 l 9 . 1 9L) ' a c u p a n c t u t c C h i n a i s e ,2
c o m p l e t e l ya n d a c c L r r a t e lm
y o d e l l e de v e n b y
y o l u , r e sP. a rs r V o. I , p l 9 I l . , 2 3 a l l . , e t .
modernstandafdsf33).This ancientmodcl,which 4 . H u a n l jD i N e i - J i h5Eu W r , ( S i m p l ee l e s l i o n so i l h e l n n e r
has recentlybeen investigatedand describedby
Classicof the Yellow [mperor) 7t6J Ncw ti]/toD. RenMin
W e i S h e nc h ! B . r ns h c ( P u b l i s h i nH
s o l s e o l t h p e o p t es
P r o l e s s oH
r o n g c h i e nH a o f t h e C h i n a M e d i c a l
l r y Be n e ) B
, c i j j n BC: h a p r e6r 0
College,TaichunEi,
Tajwan,is exhibitedin Tokyo.lt
NeiJiDgSD-wenl11872)anltn1atedition.pti etl
is hollow and can be opened;ori8inallyit probably 5. ittuan*Di
n 5! Zhou
c o n t a i n e dr e p l i c a so f t h e i n n e r o f g a n sw h i c h , 6. HuanBDi Nel-ltnELinEsha Trans.SchnorcnbeerCC et
unlortunatel,no longerremainaJ4J.
al., see Refcrcnc7 and HuanE-Dj Nei Jrjs Su-w;n jiaa.yi,
In the Chinaof
2
vatumes.i982) Publish-"dby ShanDonCZhofS yi Xle
thosedays,however,a highlydetaileddissection
of
Y ! ! n , P u b l i s l r i nH
g o ! s e o f r h e p e o pc ' s H y g t e n e B
, etjiiS
t h e h L r m a no r g a n i s mw a s u f c o m m o n ,a n d i t s
microscopic
histological
exploration,
as practisedin 7 . S . l r n o r e n b e r s eCr C e t a l . 1 1 9 7 1 JK l a s s i s c hAek u p u n k t u t
modefnWesternanatomy,impossible.
lt foliowsthat
. J . . _ . . . H t . . . . \ - . t d p. . h E " | \ , , , r n
in the text relatingto the Copper Man, cornmon P H , . . . . D ! b . / . . . / . . o \ / . r . 8 q 2 o r 8 ' t . . r o n , u - t I
namesof traditionalChinesemedicinefor the parts r . c l ' . ' . b . 8 6 . , i t r 8 8 D . . - - J . . , \ " . - . ^ / d . . . / r J
d e r A k u p u n k t u r( T h e Y e l l o w E m p e r o r , sC a s s i co f
of the human body were chosento diffefentiale
ncturc),2r.1 dittor. I lochschu Vcr ag, Freiburg:2J4{
d r , r l o - : r , r r. t L , t J t F . .l h p r m e r n r g . a . o i n m o s l a . HAcupu
D i n r - D i j i a Y i - l i n He, d . 6 y H u a n s F u M j . t h e D i s p o s e r l
c a s e s i d e n t i c a lt o o u r m o d c r n a n a t o m i c a l
Cla$ic oI LheYcllow E.rperor beftefknown a5Zherrtulja
topography
and morphologyY i j i r g . t h e D s p o s e dC l r s s i c o l A c ! p ! n c t u r e a n d
M o x i b u ( i o n .l 2 F a s . i c l e s , ,V1o i . 8 y H l a n e F u M i ( s h t A n )
( 2 1 52 8 6 A . D I c o m p ie d 2 - 5 9A . D . a f d d i s p o s ed u r i n gt h e
Q i n D y n a s r (y2 6 5 - , + 2A0. D . ) J. i a n 8Z u o S h ! - L t n( n t h e B o o (
Fornleft of rhe ltiver, Lithographr(t 9t 7l ShirnShai
l a n t R e nZ h e n l i u - S h uX u e t u - l i n ? ,T h e c l a s s i c arle x t o f
illuslr,rtion
o sf t h e a c u l r ! n c t u r a
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r-, ool, Md. L.
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D a C h e r g( f h e C r c a rW o r k o f C h i n e s eH e a i n d . S h a n S h a i
D a D o n g S h u j u ( S h a n g h nEi o o k s r o r o
e i t h e G r e a rE a s r ) ,
{ 1 9 3 5l 9 l 7 ) S h r n S h a i
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Professor Dr Claus C Schnorrenberger MD

Cerman Researchltlstituteof ChineseMedjcine,
Silberbachstrasse
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Downloaded from http://aim.bmj.com/ on March 18, 2015 - Published by group.bmj.com

Morphological foundations of acupuncture:

an anatomical nomenclature of acupuncture
structures
Claus C Schnorrenberger
Acupunct Med 1996 14: 89-103

doi: 10.1136/aim.14.2.89
Updated information and services can be found at:
http://aim.bmj.com/content/14/2/89

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