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B.Tech Students, Department of ECE, Vijaya Institute of Technology for Women, Vijayawada, India.
lakshmichowdary72@gmail.com , nagarevathi94.muddineni@gmail.com , medasanijyothi@gmail.com ,
aaqilafathima111@gmail.com
Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, Vijaya Institute of Technology for Women, Vijayawada, India.
kalipindimurali@gmail.com
Article Info
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Corresponding Author:
K. Murali
Assistant Professor, Department of ECE,
Vijaya Institute of Technology for Women,
Vijayawada, India.
Email Id: kalipindimurali@gmail.com
Reduction of Frequency Offset Using Joint Clock for OFDM Based Cellular Systems over Generalized Fading Channels
Page 1
Frequency
offset
Loss of
orthogonality
Reduction of Frequency Offset Using Joint Clock for OFDM Based Cellular Systems over Generalized Fading Channels
Page 2
(1)
Where
duration in seconds,
signal and
I
I
,...., L 1
N ,...., N L 1 ,
= 200 kHz
(2)
Where the factor 2 accounts for the transmitter and
receiver having errors with opposite signs. This error is
relatively large compared to the frequency spacing of the
carrier.
The general approaches to the problem of
synchronization consist of a number of steps, including
frame detection, carrier frequency offset and sampling
error correction. Frame detection is used to determine the
symbol boundary needed for correct demodulation. Within
each frame, the carrier frequency offset between the
transmitter and the receiver causes an unknown phase shift
factor[12].
D.
, caused
k I :
s2 n2 m 0
E r k r * k m s2 e j 2 m N
0
otherwise
Reduction of Frequency Offset Using Joint Clock for OFDM Based Cellular Systems over Generalized Fading Channels
Page 3
function f r ,
, log f r ,
log f r k , r k N f r k
kI I
kI
f r k , r k N
log
f r k ,
5
kI f r k f r k N k
k f r k in (4) is
and
the ML estimation of
, maxmax , max , .
max
,
, r cos 2
10
ML
ML
1
n,
2
11
12 ;
cos 2 ML 1 ,
thus n = 0. Since
the
log-likelihood
, ML
and the joint ML estimation of
12
and becomes
ML arg max ,
13
is the argument
ML
1
ML .
2
14
m L 1
r k r k N ,
k m
2
2
1 m L1
r k r k N
2 k m
and
E r k r * k N
E r k E r k N
2
s2
SNR
2
2
s n SNR 1
Notice that only two quantities affect the loglikelihood function (and thus the performance of the
estimator): the number of samples in the cyclic prefix L
and the correlation coefficient given by the SNR. The
former is known at the receiver, and the latter can be fixed.
Basically, the quantity
Reduction of Frequency Offset Using Joint Clock for OFDM Based Cellular Systems over Generalized Fading Channels
Page 4
becomes
Re
and ML
is
its
maximizing argument. This estimator and a lowcomplexity variant are analyzed in [9]. In an OFDM
receiver, the quantity
calculated
on-line,
,
cf.
Figure
3.
The
signals
(whose
Fig: 5 A typical Rayleigh Fading Envelope
ML
Reduction of Frequency Offset Using Joint Clock for OFDM Based Cellular Systems over Generalized Fading Channels
Page 5
IV. CONCLUSION
The data-driven method performed best in terms of
frequency offset estimate. However, it requires the data to
be repeated twice, which affects the data rate. The blind
method is sensitive to noise, but it performs satisfactorily
with high SNR.
The use of preambles in frequency offset estimation
was also examined. It was seen that the use of preambles
and cyclic prefixes increase the robustness of the
frequency offset estimation on that user data which comes
after the preamble.
.
REFERENCES
Reduction of Frequency Offset Using Joint Clock for OFDM Based Cellular Systems over Generalized Fading Channels
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Reduction of Frequency Offset Using Joint Clock for OFDM Based Cellular Systems over Generalized Fading Channels
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